Tughlaq dynasty

Tughlaq Sultanate
1320–1414
Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi
Capital	Delhi
Common languages	Persian and Turkic
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Sultanate
Sultan
• 1321–1325	Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
• 1393–1394	Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah
History
• Established	1320
• Disestablished	1414
Preceded by Succeeded by Khilji dynasty Khusro Khan Sayyid dynasty

The Tughlaq dynasty (Template:Lang-fa) was a Turkic dynasty of Delhi sultanate, whose reign started in 1321 in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq. The Tughluqs were a Muslim family of Turkic origin.

History

The empire grew under his son and successor Muhammad bin Tughluq, but the latter became notorious for ill-advised policy experiments such as shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and introducing copper coins without effective regulation against forgery. Tughluqi has as a result become synonym for brilliant if stubborn eccentricity in the Urdu language.

After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month, until a cousin Feroz Shah Tughlaq killed him and assumed the throne. His rule was somewhat weak militarily, mainly because of inept army. After Feroz died in 1388, the Tughlaq dynasty's power continued to fade, and no more able leaders came to the throne; the dynasty was essentially over within 10 years.

The lowest point for the dynasty however came in 1398, when Turco-Mongol invader, Timur (Tamerlane) defeated four armies of the Sultanate on December 15, 1398. Subsequently the Sultan Mahmud Khan fled before Tamerlane entered Delhi on December 18. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.

Rulers

Titular Name	Personal Name	Reign	Notes
Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ ‎	Ghazi Malik غازی ملک	1321–1325	Founder of the Tughluq dynasty of Delhi. He came to the throne after defeating the usurper Khusro Khan in 1321 CE. He also founded the Delhi neighborhood of Tughluqabad.
Sultan Muhammad Adil bin Tughluq Shah سلطان محمد عادل بن تغلق شاہ ‎ Ulugh Khan الغ خان Juna Khan جنا خان	Malik Fakhr-ud-din ملک فخر الدین	1325–1351	He constantly shifted the Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad & Daulatabad to Delhi. He crushed small scale rebellions in Multan & Sindh but many more were to follow. The Mongols of Chagatai Khanate under Tarmashirin, a brother of Qutlugh Khwaja invaded India & devastated her but were eventually defeated by the Sultan at the Battle of Kalanaur in 1329 C.E. He levied heavy taxes on the Ganges and Yamuna Doab region to the point that Delhi began to be deserted. This state of affairs also led to a diminution of the public funds. Among other sources of loss to the treasury was the introduction of copper coins which were placed on an equal footing with the silver coins.However, very few people exchanged their gold or silver coins for the new copper ones. Moreover, the tokens were easy to forge, which led to heavy losses, as the Sultan subsequently withdrew the forged currency by exchanging it for bullion coins.Around 1332-33 C.E. Ibn Battuta arrived in India & was appointed as Qadi but on some suspicion later, was appointed as ambassador to China. In 1337 C.E. an expedition to Himachal Pradesh was defeated by the natives. He also began to lose control over Bengal in Sonargaon, Lakhnauti and Satgaon. In 1341 C.E. in Deccan a certain Hasan Gangu rebelled. In 1347 C.E. a faction known as Amirs of Hundreds rebelled in Gujarat and Daulatabad but were defeated after a bloody battle. But taking advantage of the situation Hasan Gangu invaded Daulatabad and established the Bahamani Sultanate while the Sultan was quelling a new rebellion in Gujarat hence losing Deccan. By the end of his reign, state institutions and infrastructure were falling apart with disaffection and rebellion, mischief and sedition increasing day by day. He died during an expedition in Sindh.
Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq سلطان فیروز شاہ تغلق	Malik Feroze ibn Malik Rajab ملک فیروز ابن ملک رجب	1351–1388	Feroze Shah succeeded his cousin Muhammad bin Tughluq. He established Ferozabad neighborhood of Delhi with a fort known as Feroz Shah Kotla. He brought order to his army by removing Mughals from it. He managed state affairs well and brought some stability to the kingdom. He invaded the newly founded Ilyas Shahi Sultanate of Bengal in 1353 C.E. but after a protracted war formed a peace treaty with Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah & retraced his steps. This new friendship with Bengal would improve the Sultanate's economy immensely. He founded the city of Hissar-Feroza in 1354 C.E. In 1358 C.E. Mongols invaded India and reached Dipalpur but were repelled. He built the city of Ferozepur on the banks of Sutlej river. He also built a fort of the same name in Sirhind. He besieged Nagarkot in Himachal Pradesh and defeated the raja who surrendered. In reverence to his predecessor he renamed the city to Muhammadabad. During the Sultan's time was written the Dalail-e-Ferozi by Izz-ud-Din Khalid Khani. During this time were also written works on music, poetry and the art of dancing. In 1370 C.E. he twice invaded Thatta. After the rebellion of his vizier Juna Khan Khan Jahan in 1387 who was defeated by the heir apparent Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah, the Sultan appointed his son as the vizier, but after mismanaging state affairs the nobles revolted against the heir apparent and asked the Sultan to pick his grandson Tughluq Khan ibn Fateh Khan as vizier and heir apparent thereby losing all powers.
Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah سلطان غیاث الدین تغلق شاہ ‎	Tughluq Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah تغلق خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ	1388–1389	He ascended the throne in 1388 C.E. assuming the title of Ghiyath-ud-din. But succession crisis started almost immediately with Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah staking his claim with the support of his brother Fateh Khan’s grandson Abu Bakr Khan. Ghiyath-ud-din dispatched troops against his uncle towards the foot of the hills of Sirmur. Muhammad Shah after a brief battle took shelter in the fort of Nagarkot, and Ghiyath-ud-din’s army returned to Delhi without pursuing him any further due to the difficulties of the venture & terrain. Eventually though some Amirs joined Abu Bakr Khan son of Zafar Khan (brother of Ghiyath-ud-din II) and grandson of Fateh Khan, and great grandson of Feroze Shah and plotted to assassinate Ghiyath-ud-din. In 1389 they surrounded the Sultan and Khan Jahan, his vizier and, put them to death and hung up their heads over the gate of the city; the duration of the reign of Ghiyath-ud-din, was five months and eighteen days.
Sultan Abu Bakr Shah سلطان ابو بکر شاہ	Abu Bakr Khan ibn Zafar Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah ابو بکر خان ابن ظفر خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ	1389–1390
Sultan Muhammad Shah سلطان محمد شاہ‎	Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah محمد شاہ ابن فیروز شاہ	1390–1394
Sultan Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah سلطان علاءالدین سکندر شاہ ‎	Humayun Khan ھمایوں خان	1394	Humayun Khan, the son of Muhammad Shah ibn Feroze Shah ascended the imperial throne in virtue of his being heir apparent, as Ala-ud-din Sikandar Shah on February 1, 1394 C.E. But after one month and sixteen days he died of natural causes.
Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud Shah Tughluq سلطان ناصر الدین محمود شاہ تغلق ‎	Mahmud Shah ibn Muhammad Shah محمود شاہ ابن محمد شاہ	1394 - 1412/1413
Sultan Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq سلطان ناصر الدین نصرت شاہ تغلق ‎	Nusrat Khan ibn Fateh Khan ibn Feroze Shah نصرت خان ابن فتح خان ابن فیروز شاہ	1394–1398

• The colored rows signify the splitting of Delhi Sultanate under two Sultans; one in the east (Orange) at Firozabad & the other in the west (Yellow) at Delhi.

• 
  Tughlaqabad Fort, Tughlaqabad, Delhi.
• 
  Sultan Ghiyath-ud-din Tughluq Shah's Mausoleum in Tughlaqabad Fort, Tughlaqabad, Delhi.
• 
  Tughlaqabad fort wall
• 
  Tughlaqabad Fort
• 
  Sultan Feroze Shah Tughlaq's tomb with adjoining ‏Madrassa, in Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi.
• 
  Feroze Shah Kotla ruins, painted in 1802.
• 
  West Gate of Firozabad (present Feroz Shah Kotla), painted in 1802.
• 
  Feroz Shah Kotla remains next to the Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket Stadium.
• 
  Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi, Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, in the winter of 1397-1398

See also

• Delhi Sultanate
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

External links

• "Muhammad ibn Tughluq" Encyclopædia Britannica