User:750h+/laterproject

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jag[edit]

For an overview of all Jaguar XJ models, see Jaguar XJ.
Jaguar XJ (X351)
Picture of a black Jaguar XJ in a dark environment
Overview
Manufacturer
Production
  • March 2010 – July 2019
  • a. 122,330 examples
Assembly
Designer
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size luxury car
Body style4-door saloon
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive / all-wheel-drive
PlatformJLR D2a
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 6-speed automatic (2010–2013)
  • 8-speed automatic (2013–2019)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
  • XJ: 3,032 mm (119.4 in)
  • XJ-L: 3,157 mm (124.3 in)
Length
  • XJ: 5,130 mm (202 in)
  • XJ-L: 5,255 mm (206.9 in)
Width
  • 1,899 mm (74.8 in) (mirrors open)
  • 2,110 mm (83 in) (mirrors closed)
Height1,461 mm (57.5 in)
Kerb weight1,773–1,915 kg (3,909–4,222 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorJaguar XJ (X358)

The Jaguar XJ (X351) is the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ, a series of full-size luxury saloon cars produced by the automaker Jaguar Cars.[1] Produced between 2010 and 2019, it marked Jaguar's departure from the conservative styling of previous XJs.

The development of the X351 began in 2005, and the design approval process took place in November 2006. The designers Ian Callum and Matthew Beaven led the styling team of the XJ, which included various other prominent stylers such as Giles Taylor, Adam Hatton, Mark Phillips, Nicholas Finney and Kim Challinor. Jaguar tasked the designers with producing a new design incorporating most of the underpinnings from XJ (X350). But despite the X350 serving as its basis, the X351 had to include a style that fit in with the newly-introduced but unrelated XK (X150) and the XF (X250), which were already successful within the market sector. Beaven claimed that the design team had developed a series of vehicles ranging from a sports saloon to a large luxury car. The team finalised the design in 2008, and the XJ debuted in July 2009.

The official series manufacture began in March 2010 at the Castle Bromwich Assembly facility in Birmingham, England, and sales started in May. Initially, XJs were produced only at the English facility, but in 2014, the assembly of complete knockdown kits began at Jaguar's facility in Pune, India. In 2015, Jaguar introduced a facelift for the X351, with its most prominent change being the inclusion of Jaguar's "J-Blade" headlamps. The production of the X351 ended in July 2019, after Jaguar had produced over 122,330 examples. An electric version of the X351 was to be launched in 2020, but plans were cancelled in 2021 due to the economic infeasibility.

Development[edit]

Picture of a black Jaguar XJ in a dark environment
The rear view of the XJ

The development and design work of the fourth generation of the Jaguar XJ—codenamed the "X351"—began in 2005.[2]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Wilkins, David (1 July 2010), "Jaguar XJ6 Series 1 4.2 litre (1968)", The Independent, archived from the original on 6 July 2022, retrieved 20 April 2024
  2. ^ "Eighth Generation Jaguar XJ Saloon -X351", Jaguar Heritage Trust, retrieved 20 April 2024

Bibliography and print sources[edit]

van[edit]

This page is about the 2001–2007 Vanquish. For a complete overview of all generations, see Aston Martin Vanquish.
Aston Martin Vanquish
A photo of a dark green 2002 Vanquish, parked in a parking lot.
Overview
ManufacturerAston Martin Lagonda Limited
Production
  • March 2001 – July 2007
  • 2,589 examples
AssemblyUnited Kingdom: Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire
DesignerIan Callum (1998)
Body and chassis
ClassGrand tourer
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine5.9 L Aston Martin V12
Transmission6-speed automated manual
6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,690 mm (105.9 in)[1]
Length4,665 mm (183.7 in)[1]
Width1,923 mm (75.7 in)[2]
Height1,318 mm (51.9 in)[1]
Kerb weight
  • 1,835 kg (4,045 lb) (Vanquish)[3][4]
  • 1,875 kg (4,134 lb) (Vanquish S)[5]
Chronology
PredecessorAston Martin Virage
SuccessorAston Martin DBS

The Aston Martin Vanquish is a grand touring car produced between 2001 and 2007 by the British automaker Aston Martin. Replacing the Virage produced between 1989 and 2000, the Vanquish is known for its cinematic appearances.

At the North American International Auto Show in 1998, Aston Martin revealed the "Project Vantage"; initially, Aston Martin planned for it to remain a concept car, but its nature inspired the Aston Martin executives, and the company began developing a production version in March 1998. The designer of the Vanquish was Ian Callum, who also worked on the DB7, which largely inspired the design of the former. The official production version of the Vanquish debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in February 2001, and manufacture of the car began in March of the same year at its facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. The vehicle uses aluminium extensively throughout its construction and is often considered the forerunner of the vertical/horizontal platform.

A facelift was implemented in 2004, which involved improvements to its power output, revisions to its design, and improved aerodynamic efficiency, as well as a name change to "Vanquish S". The car appeared in the 2002 film Die Another Day for which it received widespread public interest and earned the number three spot on the "Best Film Cars Ever" list. The Vanquish also appeared in the 2003 film The Italian Job and has appeared in at least four video games. Aston Martin discontinued the Vanquish in 2007 after a six-year production run during which 2,589 examples were produced; its replacement was the DBS. The Vanquish nameplate was resurrected in 2012, based on the DB9's chassis and platform.

Development[edit]

The conception of the Vanquish dates back to a meeting in early 1997 between Jacques Nasser, chief executive officer (CEO) of Ford Motor Company; Bob Dover, CEO and chairman of Aston Martin; and senior executives at Jaguar Cars. Nasser proposed the idea of a concept car, to which the executives responded that they did not want one; but when the same proposition was presented to Dover, he expressed interest in the concept.[6]

What nobody actually knew outside Astons was that the Project Vantage was actually the prototype for the Vanquish. We knew that if we got a lot of support at the Detroit Show that we could build a car, which we obviously went on to do.

—Bob Dover[7]

Nasser wanted the design of the Project Vantage completed in time for the January 1998 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS). This required selecting a design by October and completely finishing the project by mid-December. Dover quickly implemented plans and processes to ensure the concept car was finished within the given timeframe; one of the initial steps was to search for a designer.[6] Aston Martin, lacking a design department of its own, commissioned a design from the Kidlington-based racing team Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR), whose chief designer, Ian Callum, styled the DB7.[8][9][10] Callum completed the design of Project Vantage in approximately twelve weeks.[11]

The Project Vantage involved engineers and designers from Aston Martin, Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology, Magneti Marelli, AP Racing, Cosworth Racing and ITT. Aston Martin, Jim Clarke, and Ford Advanced Vehicle Technology developed the engine, with Magneti Marelli manufacturing the paddle shift transmission. AP Racing produced the braking system. The Project Vantage used several advanced technologies in constructing the body structure and chassis. The body shell was constructed of aluminium honeycomb, while the extruded aluminium chassis sections and roof pillar were reinforced with carbon fibre. These materials resulted in a weight saving of fifty per cent and a torsional rigidity increase of one hundred per cent.[12]

Aston Martin debuted the Project Vantage at the North American International Auto Show in January 1998.[13][14][15] The vehicle remained a one-off concept car, but its nature inspired the Aston Martin executives and plans were implemented to put the car into series production.[7] After the motor show, Dover and his team began assembling the financial plan for the production version of the Project Vantage.[16][7] The development of the production version of the Vanquish began in March 1998. Ian Minards, whom Jaguar appointed as lead designer for the XJ8 project, was the chief programme manager. He stated that, during development, the codename of the Vanquish was "Project Bolton" before it received its "AMV08" designation.[17] Dover stepped down as Aston Martin CEO in mid-2000 and was replaced by Ulrich Bez in July of that year.[18][19][20]

Due to the more advanced technology incorporated into the car, the Vanquish required more extensive pre-production testing than usual. The development costs were rumoured to be much greater than the initial budget, but Aston Martin stated at the Vanquish's launch that fifty prototypes had been produced. These cars were tested worldwide, including hot-weather testing in Australia and cold-weather testing in Canada; temperatures were as cold as −40 °C (−40 °F) and as hot as 81 °C (178 °F).[21][22] The Aston Martin engineers collaborated with Lotus Engineering and Ford to increase engine efficiency and output with the help of the suspension expert Richard Parry-Jones.[21] The prototypes collectively amassed over 1,500,000 miles (2,400,000 km).[23]

The production version of the Vanquish was revealed to groups of potential customers and designated media representatives in October 2000.[24] Its official debut took place at the February 2001 Geneva Motor Show;[25][26][27] the official series manufacture of the Vanquish began in March 2001 at the facility in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire.[28][29][30] At launch, Aston Martin planned to produce between 200 and 300 examples annually.[31][32][33]

Design and construction[edit]

A rear-three quarters view of a very dark blue Vanquish outdoor, with some Porsches parked in the background.
2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish

The construction of the Vanquish employed techniques derived from the aerospace industry to produce a strong and rigid platform without compromising cost considerations.[34] Its body structure is composed mainly of aluminium, composite materials and carbon fibre.[35][36][37] At a factory in Worcester, England, pre-cut aluminium extrusions are riveted and bonded around the car's carbon fibre backbone.[38][34] Compared to the Vantage produced between 1993 and 2000, the Vanquish reduced over fifty per cent of its weight and had a torsional rigidity increase of 100 per cent.[34][12]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "2005 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". The Baltimore Sun.
  2. ^ "2006 new vehicle preview: Aston Martin V12 Vanquish S coupe". The Daily Herald.
  3. ^ "Vanquish that impulse to share the wealth". Edmonton Journal.
  4. ^ "Bond – James Bond – and his Aston Martin wheels". The Gazette.
  5. ^ Phillips 2012, p. 160.
  6. ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 200.
  7. ^ a b c Dowsey 2007, p. 250.
  8. ^ Taylor 2024, pp. 60–62.
  9. ^ "The pleasure of driving the new Aston Martin DB7 convertible is almost too much to bear". The Sunday Telegraph.
  10. ^ Lamm, John (December 1994). "Aston Martin DB7". Road & Track. Vol. 46, no. 4. p. 132. ISSN 0035-7189.
  11. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 202.
  12. ^ a b Dowsey 2007, p. 203.
  13. ^ "Start shouting!". The Daily Telegraph.
  14. ^ "Advantage, Aston". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  15. ^ "Importer seeks exclusive dealers for Aston Martin". The Age.
  16. ^ Waddington, Glen (January 2022). "Stirred, but not shaken". Octane. No. 223. pp. 56–66. ISSN 1740-0023.
  17. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 252.
  18. ^ "New drivers for Land Rover". The Age.
  19. ^ Dowsey 2007, p. 231.
  20. ^ Enright, Andy (September 2020). "Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Wheels. pp. 22–25. ISSN 0043-4779.
  21. ^ a b Taylor 2024, pp. 94–95.
  22. ^ "2003 Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". Palm Beach Daily News.
  23. ^ "Savile Row suit, Ford underpinnings". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  24. ^ Taylor 2024, p. 102.
  25. ^ "Aston-Martin raises flagship". Chicago Tribune.
  26. ^ "Wealth bomber". The Daily Telegraph.
  27. ^ "2001 Geneva". Autoweek. Vol. 51, no. 12. 12 March 2001. p. 20. ISSN 0192-9674.
  28. ^ Dawe, Jason (7 August 2005). "Aston Martin Vanquish". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  29. ^ "Squatter, shorter, wider, and wilder". The Independent.
  30. ^ "Aston Martin offers velocity for $228,000". Lansing State Journal.
  31. ^ "Spring sees new models in showrooms". The Daily Chronicle.
  32. ^ Wernle, Bradford (14 August 2000). "Aston to build 3rd plant, delays V12 Vanquish". Automotive News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024.
  33. ^ Wilson, Kevin A; Magee, Charlie (30 October 2000). "Heroic Ambitions". Autoweek. Vol. 50, no. 45. p. 16. ISSN 0192-9674.
  34. ^ a b c Taylor 2024, pp. 72–75.
  35. ^ "Edgy Aston has supercars in its sights". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  36. ^ "The Aston Martin V12 Vanquish". ATZautotechnology. 1 (4): 26–29. 2001. doi:10.1007/BF03246615. ISSN 1616-8216.
  37. ^ Marsh, George (2014). "Composites and metals – a marriage of convenience?". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 58 (2): 38–42. doi:10.1016/S0034-3617(14)70108-0.
  38. ^ "Aston attack: Vanquish leads supercar assualt". The Age.

Print sources[edit]

Newspapers[edit]

Books[edit]

mini[edit]

Mini
A white extremely small 1960s automobile with circular lights and wheels, one door on each side, and a licence plate that says "621 AOK".
The first Mini built with the registration number "621 AOK". This unit was never sold but is preserved at the British Motor Museum.
Overview
Manufacturer
Model codeADO15[note 1]
Production8 May 1959 – 4 October 2000
5,387,862 units
DesignerSir Alec Issigonis
Body and chassis
ClassSmall car
Body style
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Transmission
Chronology
SuccessorMini Hatch

The Mini is a small car produced from 1959 until 1968 by the British Motor Corporation, from 1968 to 1986 by British Leyland and from 1986 until 2000 by the Rover Group. It is considered one of the most influential automobiles of the twentieth century and is an icon of 1960s British popular culture. The Mini's design was maintained throughout its production which spanned forty-one years, making it the seventh-longest generation of automobile with an unaltered design.

The official series manufacture of the Mini began at the facility in Cowley, Oxford on 8 May 1959; the first unit is preserved at the British Motor Museum in Gaydon, Warwickshire. The car was styled by the automotive designer Sir Alec Issigonis and developed under the codename "ADO15". The production of the Mini occurred in Longbridge, England; Cowley, England; and Sydney, Australia, before numerous other global locations were introduced in the subsequent years. The Mini was predominantly produced as a two-door saloon but numerous other body styles were introduced including a convertible, estate, fastback and coupe utility. The designations "Mini Cooper" and "Mini Cooper S" are used to denote the high-performance variants of the Mini. In Italy, the machinery works Innocenti redesigned the Mini and sold it under the "Innocenti Mini" nameplate. A utility and recreational derivative of the Mini called the "Moke", was produced between 1964 and 1993.

The Mini's space-saving transverse engine and front-wheel drive layout—allowing eighty per cent of the area of the car's floorpan to be used for passengers and luggage—influenced a generation of automakers. The final Mini was produced at the Longbridge facility on 4 October 2000 after a production period of forty-one years, five months and twenty-six days during which 5,387,862 units had been produced. The automaker BMW acquired the Rover Group in 1994 and sold most of it in 2000, but retained the rights to build cars using the "Mini" name. Retrospectively, the car is often nicknamed the "Classic Mini" to distinguish it from the Mini Hatch family of vehicles produced since 2001.[3]

Background and conception[edit]

See also: Suez Crisis

The Mini was conceived by the British Motor Corporation (BMC),[4] a conglomerate of Austin Motor Company, Morris Motors, MG, Riley Motor and Wolseley Motors that was formed 1952.[5][6][7] The Mini was a solution to two opposing trends in 1950s Britain: the rise of economical 'micro' cars after the Suez Crisis and the growing influence of American culture in the post-war period. The Suez Crisis resulted from Anglo-French efforts to denationalise the Suez Canal in Egypt, resulting in its closure to Western shipping during 1956 and 1957. This closure disrupted oil supplies. The Suez Crisis also led to the reintroduction of fuel rationing in Britain and elevated taxes on luxury items. Consequently, the affordability of new cars was limited for many British citizens, which were also inefficient because of their outdated pre-war engines.[4][8]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "ADO" stands for "Austin Drawing Office", while "15" was its project number.[1][2]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Blake, Mike (18 November 2007), "2007 MINI Cooper S: Economical and Still a Fun Drive", Lancaster New Era, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, p. 69, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  2. ^ "The Mini giant", Birmingham Evening Mail, Birmingham, West Midlands, 13 March 1978, p. 36, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  3. ^ Mainland 2015, Front Cover.
  4. ^ a b Mainland 2015, pp. 13–14.
  5. ^ "Glorious past, but a challenging future", The Independent, London, Greater London, 5 April 2005, p. 61, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  6. ^ "British motor bid for Fisher & Ludlow", The Daily Telegraph, London, Greater London, 31 July 1953, p. 2, retrieved 4 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com Free access icon
  7. ^ Thorley 2019, p. 132.
  8. ^ Anthony, Andrew (29 August 2009), "On the road: Mini Cooper S", The Guardian, retrieved 4 May 2024

Bibliography[edit]

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