Page (servant) and Saint Christopher: Difference between pages
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{{Infobox Saint |
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A '''page''' or '''page boy''' is a traditionally young male [[domestic worker|servant]]. |
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|name=Saint Christopher |
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|birth_date= unknown |
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|death_date=''c''. 251 |
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|feast_day=[[25 July]] (West), [[9 May]] (East) |
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|venerated_in=[[Anglicanism]]<br>[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br>[[Lutheran Church|Lutheranism]]<br>[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br>[[Roman Catholicism]] |
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|image=Bosch65.jpg |
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|imagesize=250px |
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|caption=''St. Christopher Carrying the Christ Child'', by [[Hieronymus Bosch]] (''c.'' 1485) |
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|birth_place=[[Canaan]] (Western accounts) or [[Libya|Marmarica]] (Eastern accounts) |
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|death_place=[[Asia Minor]] |
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|titles=Martyr |
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|beatified_date= |
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|beatified_place= |
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|beatified_by= |
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|canonized_date= |
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|canonized_place= |
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|canonized_by= |
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|attributes=tree, branch, as a [[giant (mythology)|giant]] or [[ogre]], carrying Jesus, spear, shield, as a dog-headed man |
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|patronage=[[bachelor]]s, [[transportation]] (drivers, sailors, etc.), [[travel]]ling (especially for long journeys), [[storm]]s, [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]], Saint Christopher's Island ([[Saint Kitts]]), Island [[Rab]], [[epilepsy]], gardeners, holy death, [[toothache]] |
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|major_shrine= |
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|suppressed_date= |
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|issues= |
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}} |
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'''Saint Christopher''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: '''Άγιος Χριστόφορος''') is a [[saint]] [[veneration|venerated]] by [[Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] and [[Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christians]], listed as a [[martyr]] killed in the reign of the 3rd century [[Roman emperor]] [[Decius]] (reigned 249–251). |
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The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] venerates Saint Christopher on [[9 May]]. The [[Tridentine Calendar]] allowed a commemoration of Saint Christopher on [[25 July]] only in private [[Mass (liturgy)|Masses]]. This restriction was lifted later (see [[General Roman Calendar as in 1954]]). While the [[Roman Catholic Church]] still approves devotion to him, listing him in the [[Roman Martyrology]] among the saints venerated on [[25 July]],<ref>''Martyrologium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)</ref> it removed his feast day from the [[Roman Catholic calendar of saints]] in 1969. At that time the church declared that this commemoration was not of Roman tradition, in view of the relatively late date (about 1550) and limited manner in which it was accepted into the Roman calendar.<ref>''Calendarium Romanum'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 131</ref> |
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==The medieval page== |
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In [[Middle Ages|medieval times]], a page was an attendant to a [[knight]]; an [[apprentice]] [[squire]]. A young boy served as a page for seven years, from the age of seven (after cutting hair) until he was fourteen. At age fourteen, he could graduate to become a [[squire]], and by age 21, perhaps a knight himself. Similar pages served in [[castle]]s, and [[great house]]s fetching things and running messages for [[aristocrat]]s and [[Royal family|royalty]]. These boys were often the scions of other great families who were learning the ropes of the manorial system by watching and learning. Their residence in the house served as a goodwill gesture between the two families involved and helped them gain political contacts for their adult lives. A reference to this kind of page is found in the [[Christmas carol]] ''[[Good King Wenceslaus]]'': "Hither, page, and stand by me, if thou know'st it, telling...." |
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==Legends of St. Christopher== |
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==The modern household page== |
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[[Image:L 022.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Saint Christopher is sometimes represented with the head of a dog.]] |
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Boys of humble background might also gain a similar place in a great house. According to the [http://www.butlerschool.com International Butler Academy], these pages were apprentice [[footman|footmen]]. Unlike the [[hall boy]]s, who did heavy work, these pages performed light odd jobs and were [[livery|liveried]] when the aristocrat was entertaining. |
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Although the Catholic Church suggests that almost nothing certain is known about the life and death of Saint Christopher,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/faq.php#St.%20Christopher |title=FAQ's - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online |format= |work= |accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref> there are several legends attributed to him. These include the story in which Christopher carries a small, yet almost unbearably heavy, child across a river. The child is later revealed to be Jesus Christ. It is this popular story from which Christopher became the patron saint of travellers, and it is the source for the derivation of his name. The [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''Christophoros'' translates into "Christ-bearer." <ref name="brewer">Brewer, E. Cobham, [http://books.google.com/books?id=eT4FAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA6-PA858,M1 ''The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, References, Plots and Stories''], Trinity Hall, Cambridge, (1880), pg 858, Retrieved [[2008-05-31]]</ref> though ''Offerus'' may simply be a [[back-formation]] of (''Christ'')''ophorus''. |
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==The decorative page== |
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During and following the [[Renaissance]] it became fashionable for [[blacks|black]] boys and young men to be decorative pages, placed into fancy costumes and attending fashionable [[lady|ladies]] and lords. This custom lasted for several centuries and the "African page" became a staple accoutrement of [[baroque]] and [[rococo]] style. The character is frequently illustrated in literature and film, particularly [[period piece|period]]work: |
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*In the [[Grace Kelly]] film, ''To Catch a Thief'', an undercover [[detective]] wears the costume of her "African page" to a [[costume]] [[ball (dance)|ball]]. |
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*[[Valentine Nwanze]] played an "African page" attending [[James Graham, Marquess of Montrose]] in the film [[Rob Roy]]. |
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*"Koko", the fictional manservant of an [[opera]] diva, is cast as her African page in ''A Nut at the Opera'' by [[Maurice Vellekoop]]. |
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*Decorative pages feature in a drawing room scene in ''[[Persuasion (1995 film)|Persuasion]]''. |
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===Martyrdom=== |
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This type of page is almost unheard of today outside of [[palace|royal residence]]s, although the functions and status of [[United States House of Representatives Page]]s are a clear continuation of the earlier precedent. |
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According to legend, during the reign of the Emperor [[Decius]], a man named Reprebus or Reprobus (root of English "reprobate") was captured in combat against tribes to the west of [[Egypt]] and was assigned to the ''numerus Marmaritarum'' or "Unit of the Marmaritae", which suggests an otherwise-unidentified "Marmaritae" [[Berber people|Berber]] tribe of Cyrenaica. He was of enormous size and terrifying demeanor, being a [[cannibal]] with [[cynocephaly]] (the head of a dog instead of a man), like all the Marmaritae.<ref>In both East and West, stories, such as the [http://www.ucc.ie/milmart/chrsirish.html Irish Passion of St. Christopher], and [[icon]]ography, such as that illustrated at [http://www.gymflesh.com/school/dogface.html dog-headed The Legend of Saint Christopher the Dogface] present him as literally having a dog's face. The dog-faced version is found not only in the East, where it is more common, but also in the West, as shown in some of the images in the source just quoted and in a thirteenth-century stained-glass window in the cathédral St-Maurice of [[Angers]], [[France]]; and the image of the Christ-bearing Christopher is also found in Eastern iconography.</ref> Reprebus accepted [[baptism]] and began to preach the faith. Eventually, the governor of [[Antioch]] (or in some versions, the Emperor himself) decreed that Reprebus was to be [[execution (legal)|executed]] for his faith. He miraculously survived many attempts at execution, eventually permitting himself to be [[martyred]] after converting multitudes. His body was then taken back to [[Alexandria]] by Peter of Attalia. |
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===The Golden Legend=== |
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{{See also|Lawn jockey}} |
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According to the account in the [[Golden Legend]] by [[Jacobus de Voragine]],<ref> [http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden234.htm The Life of Saint Christopher]</ref> Christopher was a [[Canaan]]ite 12 cubits (18 ft) tall and with a fearsome face. While serving the king of Canaan, he took it into his head to go and serve the greatest king there was. He went to the king who was reputed to be the greatest, but one day he saw the king cross himself at the mention of the devil. On thus learning that the king feared the devil, he departed to look for the devil. He came across a band of marauders, one of whom declared himself to be the devil, so Christopher decided to serve him. But when he saw his new master avoid a wayside cross and found out that the devil feared Christ, he left him and enquired from people where to find Christ. He met a [[hermit]] who instructed him in the Christian faith. Christopher asked him how he could serve Christ. When the hermit suggested fasting and prayer, Christopher replied that he was unable to perform that service. The hermit then suggested that because of his size and strength Christopher could serve Christ by assisting people to cross a dangerous river, where many were perishing in the attempt. The hermit promised that this service would be pleasing to Christ. |
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After Christopher had performed this service for some time, a little child asked him to take him across the river. During the crossing, the river became swollen and the child seemed as heavy as lead, so much that Christopher could scarcely carry him and found himself in great difficulty. When he finally reached the other side, he said to the child: "You have put me in the greatest danger. I do not think the whole world could have been as heavy on my shoulders as you were." The child replied: "You had on your shoulders not only the whole world but him who made it. I am Christ your king, whom you are serving by this work." The child then vanished. |
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==U.S. Government Pages== |
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Many state level government bodies uses pages as assistants to Senators, Representatives and/or Delegates during session. They mainly perform small tasks such as running errands, delivering coffee or assisting a speaker with visual aids. |
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Christopher later visited the city of Lycia and there comforted the Christians who were being martyred. Brought before the local king, he refused to sacrifice to the pagan gods. The king tried to win him by riches and by sending two beautiful women to tempt him. Christopher converted the women to Christianity, as he had already converted thousands in the city. The king ordered him to be killed. Various attempts failed, but finally Christopher was [[decapitation|decapitated]]. |
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*In the VA General Assembly the pages range from young males and females 13-15. They assist Senators and Delegates with delivering and errands. |
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*In the United States Congress, pages are high school juniors. The application process is very competitive. They are always present on the Senate and House floor during session to assist the proceedings as needed. |
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==Historical verifiability== |
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{{See also|United States House of Representatives Page|United States Senate Page}} |
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The first hurdle is the idea that he was a dog-headed cannibal. This can be understood in the light of the practice of the time, which was to describe all people outside the "civilized" (Greco-Roman-Persian) world as cannibals, or dog-headed albeit [[metaphor]]ically. A later generation could then mistake a metaphor or [[hyperbole]] for a literal statement. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Page of Honour]] |
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The man in question is also said to have been assigned to a military unit made up of Marmaritae. The Marmaritae were the independent tribes of Marmarica (now in modern [[Libya]]), who would have been pushed to the frontier region after Roman settlement. Since he was from a frontier tribe, describing him as being from the land of dog-headed people would have been a literary convention of the day. |
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[[Category:Feudalism]] |
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[[Category:Titles]] |
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The various miracles attributed to him could be explained as ordinary embroidering typical of [[hagiography]], especially regarding saints of the early centuries of [[Christianity]]. |
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{{job-stub}} |
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{{Euro-hist-stub}} |
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Finally, we have the statements that he was killed in Antioch and his body taken elsewhere by a bishop. St. Christopher could not have been killed in the fourth year of the Emperor Decius, as Decius only reigned for two years. However, before ascending to the throne of the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], [[Maximinus]] was known as "Daza" before rising to power. Unfortunately, there is no record of a visit to Antioch by Maximinus in the fourth year of his reign (308). It is, of course, possible that St. Christopher was executed in Antioch during this year by the order of a lower authority; a personal trial before one of the [[Caesar (title)|Caesars]] could be a later embellishment. |
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[[ca:Patge]] |
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[[es:Paje]] |
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Unfortunately, none of this information permits identification of the actual man. ''Christopher'' is simply [[Greek language|Greek]] for "[[Christ]]-bearer", and it can refer, as in the Eastern tradition and in Jacobus de Voragine's explanation of the name, to St. Christopher's willingness to "take up the cross" - a common metaphor for converting to Christianity. ''Reprobus'' simply means "wicked person", so saying that ''Reprobus'' became ''Christopher'' amounts to saying "A wicked person became a Christian." Furthermore, no place claims to be the burial site of St. Christopher, which would be very unusual for a martyr. |
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[[eo:Paĝio]] |
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[[fr:Page (serviteur)]] |
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It has been speculated that St. Christopher could be the same man known as [[Saint Menas]] among the [[Coptic Christianity|Copts]], for whom a 4th century burial site is known but has no verifiable details about his life or martyrdom attached to him. However, there is no conclusive link. |
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[[nl:Page (jongen)]] |
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[[nds-nl:Page]] |
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==Veneration and patronage== |
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[[ja:小姓]] |
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===Eastern Orthodox liturgy=== |
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[[no:Pasje]] |
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[[pl:Paź]] |
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The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]'s hymn for the [[9 May]] feastday of St Christopher refers to elements of his story found also in the Western [[Golden Legend]]: |
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[[pt:Pajem]] |
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[[ru:Паж]] |
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Christopher, Great Martyr (Kontakion Tone 4): |
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[[uk:Паж]] |
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''Your physique was overwhelming and your face horrifying.'' / |
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''You willingly suffered trauma from your own people.'' / |
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''Men and women tried to arouse consuming fires of passion in you,'' / |
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''but instead they followed you to your martyrdom.'' / |
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''You are our strong protector, o great martyr Christopher!'' |
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[[Image:Christian Cross Saint Christopher.JPG|right|thumb|200px|An image of Saint Christopher, such as is worn or is placed in a vehicle, for protection on journeys]] |
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===Relics and medals=== |
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After having been held in [[Constantinople]], the [[relic]]s and the head of the saint were moved to the island of [[Rab]] in [[Croatia]]. When [[Normans]] tried to invade the islands and besieged the city, its inhabitants placed the saint's relics on the city walls. Miraculously, the winds changed and the bows and ships were blown away from the city. One of the city's largest medieval squares is named after the saint. |
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Christopher is one of the [[Fourteen Holy Helpers]], and the [[patron saint]] of travellers. [[Medal]]lions with his name and image are worn to show devotion to a certain saint and ask for that saint's prayers. They are frequently displayed in [[automobile]]s. In French a widespread phrase for such medals is "Regarde St Christophe et va-t-en rassuré" ("Look at St Christopher and go on reassured"); Saint Christopher medals and [[holy card]]s in Spanish have the phrase "Si en San Cristóbal confías, de accidente no morirás" ("If you trust St. Christopher, you won't die in an accident"). In [[Austria]] an annual collection for providing vehicles for the use of missionaries is taken up on a Sunday close to the feast of Saint Christopher, asking people to contribute a very small sum of money for every kilometre that they have travelled safely during the year. |
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[[Image:Kölner Dom - Christophorus (2008).jpg|thumb|left|Saint Christopher and the Christ Child, by Tilman van der Burch, ca. 1470 (in situ, 2365[[Cologne Cathedral]])]] |
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===General patronage=== |
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Christopher has always been a widely popular saint, being especially revered by athletes, [[mariner]]s, [[ferry]]men, and travellers.<ref name="mershman">Mershman, F. (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03728a.htm ''St. Christopher. In The Catholic Encyclopedia'']. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 16, 2008</ref> He is revered as one of the [[Fourteen Holy Helpers]]. He holds patronage of things related to travel and travellers: against [[lightning]]; against [[pestilence]]; [[Archery|archers]]; [[bachelor]]s; boatmen; [[bookbinder]]s; [[epilepsy]]; floods; fruit dealers; [[fuller]]s; [[gardener]]s; for a holy death; mariners; market carriers; motorists and drivers; sailors; storms; surfers<ref>[http://www.rcbo.org/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=376&Itemid=100000001 ''Dioces of Orange hosts First Annual Blessing of the Waves in Surf City''] Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange, September 15 2008</ref>; [[toothache]]; and transportation workers. |
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===Patronage of places=== |
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Christopher is the patron saint of the following places: [[Baden|Baden, Germany]]<ref name="mershman"/>; [[Barga|Barga, Italy]]; [[Braunschweig|Brunswick, Germany]]<ref name="mershman"/>; [[Mecklenburg|Mecklenburg, Germany]]<ref name="mershman"/>; [[Rab|Rab, Croatia]]; [[Roermond, The Netherlands]]; Saint Christopher's Island ([[Saint Kitts]]); [[Girona|Toses in Catalonia, Spain]]; [[Agrinion|Agrinion, Greece]]; [[Vilnius|Vilnius, Lithuania]];[[Havana|Havana, Cuba]]; and [[Paete|Paete, Laguna, Philippines]]. |
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==References in popular culture== |
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In Truman Capote's masterpiece novella ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'', the narrator gives Holly Golightly a St. Christopher's medal for Christmas, "[b]ut at least it came from Tiffany's." |
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During the [[The Beatles|Beatles]]’ visit to [[New York]] in August 1964, a fan named Angie McGowan grabbed a St. Christopher's medal from the neck of drummer [[Ringo Starr]]. McGowan later returned the medal in a much-publicized event. |
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Actor [[Christian Bale]] can often be seen wearing a St. Christopher medal, his character in ''[[The Machinist]]'' wore it throughout the film. |
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In the hit [[BBC]] drama ''Life on Mars'', the character Sam Tyler wears a St Christopher's medal. |
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Actress [[Jessica Alba]] carries a St. Christopher medal when she travels. |
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Professional Moto GP racers Anthony Schofer and six time title holder Justin Haghverdian both wear motorcycle jackets that carry the St. Christopher pendant in its upper left breast pocket. Many modern motorcycle jackets, such as those produced by Icon, are fitted with such an amenity. |
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In the movie ''[[The Spirit of St. Louis]]'', (1957), [[James Stewart (actor)|James Stewart]] stars as [[Charles Lindbergh]], the first man to fly solo non-stop from [[New York City]], across the [[Atlantic Ocean]], to [[Paris, France]]. Lindbergh is given a St Christopher medal before his big flight, which he refuses to accept, to save every unnecessary ounce of weight. His friend instead hides the medal in the aircraft, to make sure that the saint would be with him for the long and dangerous trip. Whether this short scene is based in fact, or a product of Hollywood is unknown. |
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In ''The Children of Green Knowe'', by Lucy M. Boston, there is a large statue of St Christopher in the garden at Green Knowe. |
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It is notable that the large [[African-American]] [[healer|healing]] protagonist John Coffey of the [[Stephen King]] [[novel]] and [[movie]] ''[[The Green Mile]]'' is given a medal of Saint Christopher on a necklace after healing a woman. It could be considered symbolic, since both men are large, have extraordinary abilities they use for good, and that some accounts report that Saint Christopher was from [[Libya]] or elsewhere in Africa, making him of African descent, the same as John Coffey. |
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[[Dennis DeYoung]] of the rock band [[Styx (band)|Styx]] wrote the song "Christopher, Mr. Christopher" for Styx's 1974 album ''[[Man of Miracles]]''. The song reflects fondly of the story of Saint Christopher and laments the perceived downgrade of Saint Christopher's status in 1969, when DeYoung sings "So when they took that saint away, all that's left were her fears". |
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[[Tom Waits]] wrote the song "Hang on St. Christopher", released on the album ''[[Franks Wild Years]]'' in 1987, in which he implores Saint Christopher to watch over him as he pushes his [[hot-rod]]ed cars and motorcycles to their limits. |
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Tom Waits also penned "Tom Traubert's Blues" where he sings, "I've lost my St. Christopher, Now that I've kissed her," supposedly implying he is no longer a bachelor or is reluctant to remain one. |
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In the 2003 movie "[[Cowboys & Angels]]", Shane Butler ([[Michael Legge]]) is given a Saint Christopher pendant by his mother just before leaving his parent's home for the first time. He later gives the pendant to his friend Vincent ([[Allen Leech]]) who is about to depart for New York. |
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In the 2004 movie ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'', Peter Waters ([[Larenz Tate]]) carries around a pocket sized statue of Saint Christopher. Waters hitches a ride from police officer Tom Hansen (played by [[Ryan Phillippe]]) who has the same statue figure on his dashboard. When Hansen laughs at the thought that Waters has one too, and Waters reaches to pull his statue from his pocket, the cop suspects a gun and shoots him. When Hansen approaches the dead man's body, he discovers the statue in his hand, not a gun. |
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In the 2004 movie ''[[The Butterfly Effect]]'', the story's main character, Evan Treborn ([[Ashton Kutcher]]) is seen wearing a Saint Christopher pendant throughout the entire movie in each stage of his life. This could symbolize the long "journey" that Evan took. |
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In the 2007 movie "[[Gone Baby Gone]]", a child who goes missing is said to have been wearing a Saint Christopher medallion. |
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In the episode entitled "Would You Want Me to Tell You?" (1.5) of the 2007 show ''[[Saving Grace (TV series)|Saving Grace]]'', Grace mentions that her husband (who does not exist) carries around a St. Christopher's medal for good luck while he his driving his trucks. She says that if she wanted to hurt him she would steal the medal just before a "long haul". |
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Saint Christopher is the [[patron saint]] of the [[Saltee Islands (Airman setting)|Saltee Islands]] in [[Airman (novel)|Airman]], a 2008 book by [[Eoin Colfer]].<ref name="airman132">{{Airman ref|132}}</ref> |
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In the opening of "My Traveling Star", James Taylor sings: "Watch over all those born St. Christopher's Day". |
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The band [[Fosca]] released a song entitled "Letter to Saint Christopher" on their 2002 album ''[[Diary of an Antibody]]''. In it, the protagonist asks Saint Christopher if he will "ever reach point B", using the story of Christopher and the young child's journey across the river as a metaphor for moving on from an unhappy life. |
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Many Icon brand motorcycle jackets feature a St. Christopher medallion in an inside pocket. |
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In an episode during the second season of ''[[Veronica Mars]]'', a bus driver bought a St. Christopher medal at a gas station. This was an important plot point as this was the last thing the bus driver bought before he drove the bus off of a cliff into the ocean. |
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In an episode during the seventh season of ''[[Smallville (TV series)|Smallville]]'', Three Kryptonian symbols (Traveller, Savior and Sanctuary) were translated by Clark and Chloe to mean the (fictional) Saint Christopher Church in Montreal. |
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Mary Chapin Carpenter wrote the song "The Moon and St. Christopher" released on her third studio album "Shooting Straight in the Dark" (1990). |
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In "All the Kings Men" by Robert Penn Warren, Sugar-Boy wears a medallion that the narrator hopes is of |
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Saint Christopher. |
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In the middle verse of "The Call of the Wave", by Malibooz the lyric: "She smiles when she looks at his dresser/Sees his wax and St. Christopher there" refers to St. Christopher's patronage over surfers. |
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In Stephen King's "The Shining", the Cook of the Overlook Hotel has a St. Christopher's medal hanging from the rear-view mirror of his vintage Cadillac. This was in Part 5 "Matters of Life and Death". This character possessed supernatural abilities (hence "the shining") and could arguably be seen as a sort of saint himself. |
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In [[Denis Leary]]'s stand up [[Lock 'n Load]], he mentions that the Catholic church "kicked" St. Christopher out. |
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In [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s [[The Canterbury Tales]], in the [[General Prologue]], the Knight's Yeoman is described as wearing "A Cristopher on his brest of silver sheene" |
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In the TV series [[Bones (TV series)|Bones]], FBI Agent [[Seeley Booth]] habitually wears a St. Christopher's medal |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons|Saint Christopher}} |
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*[http://www.ucc.ie/milmart/ The Military Martyrs] A site with information on St. Christopher, St. Menas, and many other "soldier-saints" of the ancient era. |
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*''[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vorag.chris.html Historia de Sancto Christophoro]'' by Jacobus de Voragine ([[Latin]]) at [[The Latin Library]] |
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*''[http://www.paintedchurch.org/caxchris.htm The Legend of St Christopher]'' from Caxton's edition of the ''Golden Legend'' ([[Middle English]]) |
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*[http://www.biblestudy.ru/pub/saint.shtml A selection of icons] depicting St. Christopher in the traditional Eastern manner. |
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*[http://www.comeandseeicons.com/c/inp61.htm A modern Orthodox icon] of the saint. |
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*[http://www.gymflesh.com/dogface.htm Gymflesh.com, "The Legend of Saint Christopher the DogFace."] With Orthodox and Western icons. |
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*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoQBi38C0dU WABC-TV coverage of the loss – and return – of Ringo Starr's St. Christopher medal] |
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{{Fourteen Holy Helpers}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Christopher}} |
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[[Category:Roman Catholic saints]] |
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[[Category:Christian folklore]] |
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[[Category:Christian martyrs of the Roman era]] |
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[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]] |
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[[Category:Fourteen Holy Helpers]] |
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[[Category:251 deaths]] |
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[[be-x-old:Сьвяты Хрыстафор]] |
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[[ca:Sant Cristòfol màrtir]] |
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[[de:Christophorus]] |
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[[el:Άγιος Χριστόφορος]] |
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[[es:Cristóbal de Licia]] |
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[[fr:Christophe de Lycie]] |
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[[ko:크리스토포로스]] |
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[[hr:Sveti Kristofor]] |
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[[it:Cristoforo di Licia]] |
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[[he:כריסטופורוס הקדוש]] |
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[[hu:Szent Kristóf]] |
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[[nl:Christoffel (heilige)]] |
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[[ja:クリストフォロス]] |
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[[no:St. Kristoffer]] |
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[[pl:Święty Krzysztof]] |
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[[pt:São Cristóvão]] |
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[[ru:Святой Христофор]] |
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[[sk:Svätý Krištof (osoba)]] |
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[[sr:Свети Христифор]] |
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[[th:นักบุญคริสโตเฟอร์]] |
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[[uk:Святий Христофор]] |
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[[vec:San Cristoforo (santo)]] |
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Revision as of 03:11, 12 October 2008
Saint Christopher | |
|---|---|
 St. Christopher Carrying the Christ Child, by Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1485) | |
| Martyr | |
| Born | unknown Canaan (Western accounts) or Marmarica (Eastern accounts) |
| Died | c. 251 Asia Minor |
| Venerated in | Anglicanism Eastern Orthodoxy Lutheranism Oriental Orthodoxy Roman Catholicism |
| Feast | 25 July (West), 9 May (East) |
| Attributes | tree, branch, as a giant or ogre, carrying Jesus, spear, shield, as a dog-headed man |
| Patronage | bachelors, transportation (drivers, sailors, etc.), travelling (especially for long journeys), storms, Brunswick, Saint Christopher's Island (Saint Kitts), Island Rab, epilepsy, gardeners, holy death, toothache |
Saint Christopher (Greek: Άγιος Χριστόφορος) is a saint venerated by Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians, listed as a martyr killed in the reign of the 3rd century Roman emperor Decius (reigned 249–251).
The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Saint Christopher on 9 May. The Tridentine Calendar allowed a commemoration of Saint Christopher on 25 July only in private Masses. This restriction was lifted later (see General Roman Calendar as in 1954). While the Roman Catholic Church still approves devotion to him, listing him in the Roman Martyrology among the saints venerated on 25 July,[1] it removed his feast day from the Roman Catholic calendar of saints in 1969. At that time the church declared that this commemoration was not of Roman tradition, in view of the relatively late date (about 1550) and limited manner in which it was accepted into the Roman calendar.[2]
Legends of St. Christopher
Although the Catholic Church suggests that almost nothing certain is known about the life and death of Saint Christopher,[3] there are several legends attributed to him. These include the story in which Christopher carries a small, yet almost unbearably heavy, child across a river. The child is later revealed to be Jesus Christ. It is this popular story from which Christopher became the patron saint of travellers, and it is the source for the derivation of his name. The Greek word Christophoros translates into "Christ-bearer." [4] though Offerus may simply be a back-formation of (Christ)ophorus.
Martyrdom
According to legend, during the reign of the Emperor Decius, a man named Reprebus or Reprobus (root of English "reprobate") was captured in combat against tribes to the west of Egypt and was assigned to the numerus Marmaritarum or "Unit of the Marmaritae", which suggests an otherwise-unidentified "Marmaritae" Berber tribe of Cyrenaica. He was of enormous size and terrifying demeanor, being a cannibal with cynocephaly (the head of a dog instead of a man), like all the Marmaritae.[5] Reprebus accepted baptism and began to preach the faith. Eventually, the governor of Antioch (or in some versions, the Emperor himself) decreed that Reprebus was to be executed for his faith. He miraculously survived many attempts at execution, eventually permitting himself to be martyred after converting multitudes. His body was then taken back to Alexandria by Peter of Attalia.
The Golden Legend
According to the account in the Golden Legend by Jacobus de Voragine,[6] Christopher was a Canaanite 12 cubits (18 ft) tall and with a fearsome face. While serving the king of Canaan, he took it into his head to go and serve the greatest king there was. He went to the king who was reputed to be the greatest, but one day he saw the king cross himself at the mention of the devil. On thus learning that the king feared the devil, he departed to look for the devil. He came across a band of marauders, one of whom declared himself to be the devil, so Christopher decided to serve him. But when he saw his new master avoid a wayside cross and found out that the devil feared Christ, he left him and enquired from people where to find Christ. He met a hermit who instructed him in the Christian faith. Christopher asked him how he could serve Christ. When the hermit suggested fasting and prayer, Christopher replied that he was unable to perform that service. The hermit then suggested that because of his size and strength Christopher could serve Christ by assisting people to cross a dangerous river, where many were perishing in the attempt. The hermit promised that this service would be pleasing to Christ.
After Christopher had performed this service for some time, a little child asked him to take him across the river. During the crossing, the river became swollen and the child seemed as heavy as lead, so much that Christopher could scarcely carry him and found himself in great difficulty. When he finally reached the other side, he said to the child: "You have put me in the greatest danger. I do not think the whole world could have been as heavy on my shoulders as you were." The child replied: "You had on your shoulders not only the whole world but him who made it. I am Christ your king, whom you are serving by this work." The child then vanished.
Christopher later visited the city of Lycia and there comforted the Christians who were being martyred. Brought before the local king, he refused to sacrifice to the pagan gods. The king tried to win him by riches and by sending two beautiful women to tempt him. Christopher converted the women to Christianity, as he had already converted thousands in the city. The king ordered him to be killed. Various attempts failed, but finally Christopher was decapitated.
Historical verifiability
The first hurdle is the idea that he was a dog-headed cannibal. This can be understood in the light of the practice of the time, which was to describe all people outside the "civilized" (Greco-Roman-Persian) world as cannibals, or dog-headed albeit metaphorically. A later generation could then mistake a metaphor or hyperbole for a literal statement.
The man in question is also said to have been assigned to a military unit made up of Marmaritae. The Marmaritae were the independent tribes of Marmarica (now in modern Libya), who would have been pushed to the frontier region after Roman settlement. Since he was from a frontier tribe, describing him as being from the land of dog-headed people would have been a literary convention of the day.
The various miracles attributed to him could be explained as ordinary embroidering typical of hagiography, especially regarding saints of the early centuries of Christianity.
Finally, we have the statements that he was killed in Antioch and his body taken elsewhere by a bishop. St. Christopher could not have been killed in the fourth year of the Emperor Decius, as Decius only reigned for two years. However, before ascending to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire, Maximinus was known as "Daza" before rising to power. Unfortunately, there is no record of a visit to Antioch by Maximinus in the fourth year of his reign (308). It is, of course, possible that St. Christopher was executed in Antioch during this year by the order of a lower authority; a personal trial before one of the Caesars could be a later embellishment.
Unfortunately, none of this information permits identification of the actual man. Christopher is simply Greek for "Christ-bearer", and it can refer, as in the Eastern tradition and in Jacobus de Voragine's explanation of the name, to St. Christopher's willingness to "take up the cross" - a common metaphor for converting to Christianity. Reprobus simply means "wicked person", so saying that Reprobus became Christopher amounts to saying "A wicked person became a Christian." Furthermore, no place claims to be the burial site of St. Christopher, which would be very unusual for a martyr.
It has been speculated that St. Christopher could be the same man known as Saint Menas among the Copts, for whom a 4th century burial site is known but has no verifiable details about his life or martyrdom attached to him. However, there is no conclusive link.
Veneration and patronage
Eastern Orthodox liturgy
The Eastern Orthodox Church's hymn for the 9 May feastday of St Christopher refers to elements of his story found also in the Western Golden Legend:
Christopher, Great Martyr (Kontakion Tone 4): Your physique was overwhelming and your face horrifying. / You willingly suffered trauma from your own people. / Men and women tried to arouse consuming fires of passion in you, / but instead they followed you to your martyrdom. / You are our strong protector, o great martyr Christopher!
Relics and medals
After having been held in Constantinople, the relics and the head of the saint were moved to the island of Rab in Croatia. When Normans tried to invade the islands and besieged the city, its inhabitants placed the saint's relics on the city walls. Miraculously, the winds changed and the bows and ships were blown away from the city. One of the city's largest medieval squares is named after the saint.
Christopher is one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, and the patron saint of travellers. Medallions with his name and image are worn to show devotion to a certain saint and ask for that saint's prayers. They are frequently displayed in automobiles. In French a widespread phrase for such medals is "Regarde St Christophe et va-t-en rassuré" ("Look at St Christopher and go on reassured"); Saint Christopher medals and holy cards in Spanish have the phrase "Si en San Cristóbal confías, de accidente no morirás" ("If you trust St. Christopher, you won't die in an accident"). In Austria an annual collection for providing vehicles for the use of missionaries is taken up on a Sunday close to the feast of Saint Christopher, asking people to contribute a very small sum of money for every kilometre that they have travelled safely during the year.
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General patronage
Christopher has always been a widely popular saint, being especially revered by athletes, mariners, ferrymen, and travellers.[7] He is revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. He holds patronage of things related to travel and travellers: against lightning; against pestilence; archers; bachelors; boatmen; bookbinders; epilepsy; floods; fruit dealers; fullers; gardeners; for a holy death; mariners; market carriers; motorists and drivers; sailors; storms; surfers[8]; toothache; and transportation workers.
Patronage of places
Christopher is the patron saint of the following places: Baden, Germany[7]; Barga, Italy; Brunswick, Germany[7]; Mecklenburg, Germany[7]; Rab, Croatia; Roermond, The Netherlands; Saint Christopher's Island (Saint Kitts); Toses in Catalonia, Spain; Agrinion, Greece; Vilnius, Lithuania;Havana, Cuba; and Paete, Laguna, Philippines.
References in popular culture
In Truman Capote's masterpiece novella Breakfast at Tiffany's, the narrator gives Holly Golightly a St. Christopher's medal for Christmas, "[b]ut at least it came from Tiffany's."
During the Beatles’ visit to New York in August 1964, a fan named Angie McGowan grabbed a St. Christopher's medal from the neck of drummer Ringo Starr. McGowan later returned the medal in a much-publicized event.
Actor Christian Bale can often be seen wearing a St. Christopher medal, his character in The Machinist wore it throughout the film.
In the hit BBC drama Life on Mars, the character Sam Tyler wears a St Christopher's medal.
Actress Jessica Alba carries a St. Christopher medal when she travels.
Professional Moto GP racers Anthony Schofer and six time title holder Justin Haghverdian both wear motorcycle jackets that carry the St. Christopher pendant in its upper left breast pocket. Many modern motorcycle jackets, such as those produced by Icon, are fitted with such an amenity.
In the movie The Spirit of St. Louis, (1957), James Stewart stars as Charles Lindbergh, the first man to fly solo non-stop from New York City, across the Atlantic Ocean, to Paris, France. Lindbergh is given a St Christopher medal before his big flight, which he refuses to accept, to save every unnecessary ounce of weight. His friend instead hides the medal in the aircraft, to make sure that the saint would be with him for the long and dangerous trip. Whether this short scene is based in fact, or a product of Hollywood is unknown.
In The Children of Green Knowe, by Lucy M. Boston, there is a large statue of St Christopher in the garden at Green Knowe.
It is notable that the large African-American healing protagonist John Coffey of the Stephen King novel and movie The Green Mile is given a medal of Saint Christopher on a necklace after healing a woman. It could be considered symbolic, since both men are large, have extraordinary abilities they use for good, and that some accounts report that Saint Christopher was from Libya or elsewhere in Africa, making him of African descent, the same as John Coffey.
Dennis DeYoung of the rock band Styx wrote the song "Christopher, Mr. Christopher" for Styx's 1974 album Man of Miracles. The song reflects fondly of the story of Saint Christopher and laments the perceived downgrade of Saint Christopher's status in 1969, when DeYoung sings "So when they took that saint away, all that's left were her fears".
Tom Waits wrote the song "Hang on St. Christopher", released on the album Franks Wild Years in 1987, in which he implores Saint Christopher to watch over him as he pushes his hot-roded cars and motorcycles to their limits.
Tom Waits also penned "Tom Traubert's Blues" where he sings, "I've lost my St. Christopher, Now that I've kissed her," supposedly implying he is no longer a bachelor or is reluctant to remain one.
In the 2003 movie "Cowboys & Angels", Shane Butler (Michael Legge) is given a Saint Christopher pendant by his mother just before leaving his parent's home for the first time. He later gives the pendant to his friend Vincent (Allen Leech) who is about to depart for New York.
In the 2004 movie Crash, Peter Waters (Larenz Tate) carries around a pocket sized statue of Saint Christopher. Waters hitches a ride from police officer Tom Hansen (played by Ryan Phillippe) who has the same statue figure on his dashboard. When Hansen laughs at the thought that Waters has one too, and Waters reaches to pull his statue from his pocket, the cop suspects a gun and shoots him. When Hansen approaches the dead man's body, he discovers the statue in his hand, not a gun.
In the 2004 movie The Butterfly Effect, the story's main character, Evan Treborn (Ashton Kutcher) is seen wearing a Saint Christopher pendant throughout the entire movie in each stage of his life. This could symbolize the long "journey" that Evan took.
In the 2007 movie "Gone Baby Gone", a child who goes missing is said to have been wearing a Saint Christopher medallion.
In the episode entitled "Would You Want Me to Tell You?" (1.5) of the 2007 show Saving Grace, Grace mentions that her husband (who does not exist) carries around a St. Christopher's medal for good luck while he his driving his trucks. She says that if she wanted to hurt him she would steal the medal just before a "long haul".
Saint Christopher is the patron saint of the Saltee Islands in Airman, a 2008 book by Eoin Colfer.[9]
In the opening of "My Traveling Star", James Taylor sings: "Watch over all those born St. Christopher's Day".
The band Fosca released a song entitled "Letter to Saint Christopher" on their 2002 album Diary of an Antibody. In it, the protagonist asks Saint Christopher if he will "ever reach point B", using the story of Christopher and the young child's journey across the river as a metaphor for moving on from an unhappy life.
Many Icon brand motorcycle jackets feature a St. Christopher medallion in an inside pocket.
In an episode during the second season of Veronica Mars, a bus driver bought a St. Christopher medal at a gas station. This was an important plot point as this was the last thing the bus driver bought before he drove the bus off of a cliff into the ocean.
In an episode during the seventh season of Smallville, Three Kryptonian symbols (Traveller, Savior and Sanctuary) were translated by Clark and Chloe to mean the (fictional) Saint Christopher Church in Montreal.
Mary Chapin Carpenter wrote the song "The Moon and St. Christopher" released on her third studio album "Shooting Straight in the Dark" (1990).
In "All the Kings Men" by Robert Penn Warren, Sugar-Boy wears a medallion that the narrator hopes is of Saint Christopher.
In the middle verse of "The Call of the Wave", by Malibooz the lyric: "She smiles when she looks at his dresser/Sees his wax and St. Christopher there" refers to St. Christopher's patronage over surfers.
In Stephen King's "The Shining", the Cook of the Overlook Hotel has a St. Christopher's medal hanging from the rear-view mirror of his vintage Cadillac. This was in Part 5 "Matters of Life and Death". This character possessed supernatural abilities (hence "the shining") and could arguably be seen as a sort of saint himself.
In Denis Leary's stand up Lock 'n Load, he mentions that the Catholic church "kicked" St. Christopher out.
In Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, in the General Prologue, the Knight's Yeoman is described as wearing "A Cristopher on his brest of silver sheene"
In the TV series Bones, FBI Agent Seeley Booth habitually wears a St. Christopher's medal
Notes
- ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)
- ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 131
- ^ "FAQ's - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Retrieved 2008-07-13.
- ^ Brewer, E. Cobham, The Reader's Handbook of Allusions, References, Plots and Stories, Trinity Hall, Cambridge, (1880), pg 858, Retrieved 2008-05-31
- ^ In both East and West, stories, such as the Irish Passion of St. Christopher, and iconography, such as that illustrated at dog-headed The Legend of Saint Christopher the Dogface present him as literally having a dog's face. The dog-faced version is found not only in the East, where it is more common, but also in the West, as shown in some of the images in the source just quoted and in a thirteenth-century stained-glass window in the cathédral St-Maurice of Angers, France; and the image of the Christ-bearing Christopher is also found in Eastern iconography.
- ^ The Life of Saint Christopher
- ^ a b c d Mershman, F. (1908). St. Christopher. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved September 16, 2008
- ^ Dioces of Orange hosts First Annual Blessing of the Waves in Surf City Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange, September 15 2008
- ^ p. 132 - Airman, by Eoin Colfer. Published by Puffin, 2008.
External links
- The Military Martyrs A site with information on St. Christopher, St. Menas, and many other "soldier-saints" of the ancient era.
- Historia de Sancto Christophoro by Jacobus de Voragine (Latin) at The Latin Library
- The Legend of St Christopher from Caxton's edition of the Golden Legend (Middle English)
- A selection of icons depicting St. Christopher in the traditional Eastern manner.
- A modern Orthodox icon of the saint.
- Gymflesh.com, "The Legend of Saint Christopher the DogFace." With Orthodox and Western icons.
- WABC-TV coverage of the loss – and return – of Ringo Starr's St. Christopher medal
