Mutual intelligibility: Difference between revisions
Seb az86556 (talk | contribs) →Written and spoken forms: not supported by given sources |
each pair has two entries now; removing the second |
||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
*'''[[Czech language|Czech]]''': [[Slovak language|Slovak]], and [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref name=CzeSloPol>{{cite book |title=Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective |chapter=Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe |chapterurl=http://www.newjumbo.info/go/nph-go.cgi/000110A/http/web.archive.org/web/20060313102742/http:/=2fwww.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/Jack_Chambers/globalisation.pdf |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Trudgill |editor1-last=Duszak |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Okulska |editor2-first=Urszula |publisher=Peter Lang |series=Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11 |year=2004 |isbn=0820473286}}</ref> |
*'''[[Czech language|Czech]]''': [[Slovak language|Slovak]], and [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref name=CzeSloPol>{{cite book |title=Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective |chapter=Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe |chapterurl=http://www.newjumbo.info/go/nph-go.cgi/000110A/http/web.archive.org/web/20060313102742/http:/=2fwww.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/Jack_Chambers/globalisation.pdf |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Trudgill |editor1-last=Duszak |editor1-first=Anna |editor2-last=Okulska |editor2-first=Urszula |publisher=Peter Lang |series=Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11 |year=2004 |isbn=0820473286}}</ref> |
||
*'''[[Danish language|Danish]]''': [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref name=DanNorSve>{{cite journal | last=Bø | first=I | year=1976 | title=Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen. | journal=Rogalandsforskning | volume=4}} <!--see http://www.let.rug.nl/~gooskens/project/pdf/publ_methods_2009b.pdf--></ref> |
*'''[[Danish language|Danish]]''': [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref name=DanNorSve>{{cite journal | last=Bø | first=I | year=1976 | title=Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen. | journal=Rogalandsforskning | volume=4}} <!--see http://www.let.rug.nl/~gooskens/project/pdf/publ_methods_2009b.pdf--></ref> |
||
*'''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]''': [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]<ref name=DutAfr/><ref name=AfrDut/> |
|||
*'''[[Galician language|Galician]]''': [[Castilian Spanish|Spanish]]<ref name=GalEsp>{{cite book |title=Language Planning at the Crossroads: The Case of Contemporary Spain |last=Hoffman |first=Charlotte |date=1996 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=1853593605}}</ref>{{dubious|Spanish and Galician|date=February 2010}}, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref name=GalPor>{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Jaine |year=2005 |title=Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities| journal=Estudios de Sociolingüística |volume=6 |issue=1| pages=39-64}}</ref> |
*'''[[Galician language|Galician]]''': [[Castilian Spanish|Spanish]]<ref name=GalEsp>{{cite book |title=Language Planning at the Crossroads: The Case of Contemporary Spain |last=Hoffman |first=Charlotte |date=1996 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=1853593605}}</ref>{{dubious|Spanish and Galician|date=February 2010}}, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref name=GalPor>{{cite journal |last=Beswick |first=Jaine |year=2005 |title=Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities| journal=Estudios de Sociolingüística |volume=6 |issue=1| pages=39-64}}</ref> |
||
*'''[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]''': [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref name=DanNorSve/> |
*'''[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]''': [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref name=DanNorSve/> |
||
Revision as of 00:58, 10 February 2010
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand each other without intentional study or extraordinary effort. It is sometimes used as one criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, though sociolinguistic factors are also important.
Intelligibility between languages can be asymmetric, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understand of the first. It is when it is relatively symmetric that it is characterized as 'mutual'. It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum.
Intelligibility
 |
For individuals to achieve moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their mother tongue or first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and/or practical application. However, for those many groups of languages displaying mutual intelligibility, namely, those, usually genetically related languages, similar to each other in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or other features, speakers of one language usually find it relatively easy to achieve some degree of understanding in the related language(s). Languages mutually intelligible but not genetically related may be creoles and parent languages, or geographically adjacent variants of two unrelated languages.
Intelligibility among languages can vary between individuals or groups within a language population, according to their knowledge of various registers and vocabulary in their own language, their interest in or familiarity with other cultures, the domain of discussion, psycho-cognitive traits, the mode of language used (written vs. oral), and other factors.
Mutually intelligible languages or variants of one language?
|
According to some definitions, two or more languages that demonstrate a sufficiently high degree of mutual intelligibility should properly not be considered two distinct languages but, in fact, multiple varieties of the same language [citation needed]. Conversely, it is sometimes the case that different varieties of what is considered the same language—according to popular belief, governmental stance, or historical convention—are not, in fact, mutually intelligible in practice. For example, while although Sardinian, Lombard, Liguorian, Venetian, and Sicilian may be considered "dialects" of Italian, it would be difficult, and in some cases very difficult, for monolingual speakers of these languages to communicate with each other. (For more on this, see Dialect, Dialect continuum and Pluricentric language—as well as Diasystem and Diglossia for two closely related but distinct language forms.)
List of mutually intelligible languages
Written and spoken forms
- Bosnian: Croatian and Serbian (when written in Latin script)[1]
- Croatian: Bosnian and Serbian (when written in Latin script)[1]
- Czech: Slovak, and Polish[2]
- Danish: Norwegian and Swedish[3]
- Galician: Spanish[4][dubious – discuss], Portuguese[5]
- Norwegian: Danish and Swedish[3]
- Polish: Czech and Slovak[2]
- Portuguese: Galician[5]
- Serbian: Bosnian and Croatian (when written in Latin script)[1]
- Slovak: Czech and Polish[2]
- Spanish: Galician[4][dubious – discuss]
- Swedish: Danish and Norwegian[3]
Spoken forms only
Written forms only
List of mutually intelligible languages in ancient times
EU-Projects
See also
- Dialect continuum
- Dialect levelling
- Diasystem
- Lexical similarity
- Multilingualism
- Non-convergent discourse
References
- ^ a b c Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780199258154.
- ^ a b c Trudgill, Peter (2004). "Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe". In Duszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (eds.). Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective. Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11. Peter Lang. ISBN 0820473286.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Bø, I (1976). "Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen". Rogalandsforskning. 4.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Charlotte (1996). Language Planning at the Crossroads: The Case of Contemporary Spain. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1853593605.
- ^ a b Beswick, Jaine (2005). "Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities". Estudios de Sociolingüística. 6 (1): 39–64.
- ^ a b Gumperz, John J. (February, 1957). "Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India". The Journal of Asian Studies. 16 (2): 251–259.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Hahn, Reinard F. (1998). "Uyghur". The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. p. 379. ISBN 9780415082006.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Barbour, Stephen (2000). Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 9780199250851.
- Vajda, Edward J. Dialectology
External links
- Harold Schiffman, "Linguists' Definition: mutual intelligibility". University of Pennsylvania.