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Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious or national group. The term was coined in 1944 by Raphael Lemkin. It is defined in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) of 1948 as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the groups conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."^[1]

The preamble to the CPPCG states that "genocide is a crime under international law, contrary to the spirit and aims of the United Nations and condemned by the civilized world" and that "at all periods of history genocide has inflicted great losses on humanity."^[1]

Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. In nearly every case where accusations of genocide have circulated, partisans of various sides have fiercely disputed the details and interpretation of the event, often to the point of depicting wildly different versions of the facts.

For reasons of size, this article is broken into three parts:

Alternate definitions

The debate continues over what legally constitutes genocide. One definition is any conflict that the International Criminal Court has so designated. Many conflicts that have been labeled genocide in the popular press have not been so designated.^[2]

M. Hassan Kakar^[3] argued that the definition should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator. He prefers the definition from Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group so defined by the perpetrator."^[4]

Some critics^[who?] of the international definition argued that the definition was influenced by Joseph Stalin to exclude political groups.^[5]^[6]

According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has multiple meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by a government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning is defined by CCPG. This includes actions such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children to another group. Rummel created the term democide to include assaults on political groups.^[7]

In this article, atrocities that have been characterized as genocide by some reliable source are included, whether or not this is supported by mainstream scholarship. The acts may involve mass killings, mass deportations, politicides, democides, withholding of food and/or other necessities of life, death by deliberate exposure to invasive infectious disease agents or combinations of these. Thus examples listed may constitute genocide by the United Nations definition, or by one of the alternate interpretations.

Notes

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 January 1951. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Note: "ethnical", although unusual, is found in several dictionaries.
^ "Debate continues over what constitutes genocide". Blogwatch. Worldfocus. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
^ M. Hassan Kakar Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 University of California press 1995 The Regents of the University of California.
^ Chalk & Jonassohn 1990.
^ Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, K: Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-521-52750-7.
^ Staub, Ervin (1989). The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-42214-7.
^ Rummel 1998, p. Democide versus genocide; which is what?.

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External links

[CPPCG-1] "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 January 1951. Archived from the original on 11 December 2005. Note: "ethnical", although unusual, is found in several dictionaries.

[2] "Debate continues over what constitutes genocide". Blogwatch. Worldfocus. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.

[HassanKakar-Index-3] M. Hassan Kakar Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 University of California press 1995 The Regents of the University of California.

[FOOTNOTEChalkJonassohn1990-4] Chalk & Jonassohn 1990.

[5] Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, K: Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-521-52750-7.

[6] Staub, Ervin (1989). The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-42214-7.

[FOOTNOTERummel1998[httpwwwHawaiiedupowerkillsGENOCIDEHTM_Democide_versus_genocide;_which_is_what?]-7] Rummel 1998, p. Democide versus genocide; which is what?.

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 In this article, atrocities that have been characterized as genocide by some reliable source are included, whether or not this is supported by mainstream scholarship. The acts may involve mass killings, mass deportations, [[politicide]]s, democides, withholding of food and/or other necessities of life, death by deliberate exposure to invasive infectious disease agents or combinations of these. Thus examples listed may constitute genocide by the United Nations definition, or by one of the alternate interpretations.<section end=lead />
 <section begin=links />
-==International prosecution==
-===Ad hoc tribunals===
-In 1951 only two of the five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] (UNSC) were parties to the CPPCG: France and the Republic of China(Taiwan). The CPPCG was ratified by the Soviet Union in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. In the 1990s the international law on the crime of genocide began to be enforced.
-====Bosnia and Herzegovina====
-{{See also|Bosnian genocide|Srebrenica massacre}}
-[[File:Srebrenica Massacre - Exhumed Grave of Victims - Potocari 2007.jpg|thumb|Exhumed mass grave of Srebrenica massacre victims in 2007]]
-In July 1995 Serbian forces killed more than 8,000<ref name="potocarimc.ba">{{cite web|url=http://www.potocarimc.ba/_ba/liste/nestali_a.php|title=Srebrenica-Potočari: spomen obilježje i mezarje za žrtve genocida iz 1995 godine. Liste žrtava prema prezimenu|trans-title=Srebrenica-Potocari: Memorial and Cemetery for the victims of the genocide of 1995. Lists of victims by surname|language=bs|date=1995|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418221608/http://www.potocarimc.ba/_ba/liste/nestali_a.php|archive-date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICTY: The Conflicts|publisher=[[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]|access-date=5 August 2013|url=http://www.icty.org/sid/322}}
-* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jrsEaRIzFkC&pg=PA81|title=The United Nations |author=Kirsten Nakjavani Bookmiller|year=2008|publisher= Infobase Publishing |access-date=4 August 2013|isbn=978-1438102993 }}, p.&nbsp;81.
-* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_JZbLElKkC&pg=PA25|title=Victory Has a Thousand Fathers: Sources of Success in Counterinsurgency |first1=Christopher |last1=Paul |first2=Colin P. |last2=Clarke |first3=Beth |last3=Grill |year=2010|publisher= Rand Corporation |access-date=4 August 2013|isbn=978-0833050786 }}, p.&nbsp;25.
-* {{cite news | title = Mladic Arrives in The Hague |date = 31 May 2011| work = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/world/europe/01serbia.html | first=Marlise | last=Simons}}</ref> [[Bosniaks]] (Bosnian Muslims), mainly men and boys, both in and around the town of [[Srebrenica]] during the [[Bosnian War]]. The killing was perpetrated by units of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] (VRS) [[command responsibility|which were under the command]] of General [[Ratko Mladić]]. The Secretary-General of the United Nations described the [[mass murder]] as the worst crime on European soil since the Second World War.<ref name="UN SecGen 10th anniv">[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sgsm9993.doc.htm UN Press Release SG/SM/9993UN, 11/07/2005 "Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s message to the ceremony marking the tenth anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre in Potocari-Srebrenica"]. Retrieved 9 August 2010.</ref><ref name="iwpr.net">Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Tribunal Update: Briefly Noted (TU No 398, 18 March 2005) [http://www.iwpr.net/?p=tri&s=f&o=235656&apc_state=henitri2005]</ref> A paramilitary unit from [[Republic of Serbia (1990–2006)|Serbia]] known as the [[Scorpions (paramilitary)|Scorpions]], officially a part of the Serbian Interior Ministry until 1991, participated in the massacre,<ref name="Williams">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/24/AR2005062401501_pf.html |title=Srebrenica Video Vindicates Long Pursuit by Serb Activist |work=The Washington Post |access-date=26 May 2011 |first=Daniel |last=Williams}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kordic_cerkez/tjug/en/kor-tj010226e.pdf |title=ICTY – Kordic and Cerkez Judgement – 3. After the Conflict |access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref> along with several hundred Russian and [[Greek Volunteer Guard|Greek]] volunteers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS1vHuAgcZgC&pg=PA3|title=Memories of Mass Repression: Narrating Life Stories in the Aftermath of Atrocity |first=Norman M.|last=Naimark|year=2011|publisher= Transaction Publishers |access-date=4 August 2013|isbn=978-1412812047 }}, p.&nbsp;3.
-* {{cite web | title = Greece faces shame of role in Serb massacre |date = 5 January 2013 | newspaper = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jan/05/balkans.warcrimes}}</ref>
-In 2001 the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) delivered its first conviction for the crime of genocide, against General [[Radislav Krstić|Krstić]] for his role in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre (on appeal he was found not guilty of genocide but was instead found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide).<ref>The [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]] found in [https://archive.today/20120525111049/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)] that genocide had been committed. (see paragraph 560 for name of group in English on whom the genocide was committed). The judgement was upheld in ''[https://archive.today/20120529184845/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2004/7.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004)]''</ref>
-In February 2007 the [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) returned a judgement in the [[Bosnian Genocide Case]]. It upheld the ICTY's findings that genocide had been committed in and around Srebrenica but did not find that genocide had been committed on the wider territory of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] during the war. The ICJ also ruled that [[Serbia]] was not responsible for the genocide nor was it responsible for "aiding and abetting it", although it ruled that Serbia could have done more to prevent the genocide and that Serbia failed to punish the perpetrators.<ref>{{cite news|first=Arthur|last=Max|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2007/02/26/international/i033600S38.DTL&type=politics|title=Court: Serbia failed to prevent genocide|publisher=The San Francisco Chronicle|agency=Associated Press|date=26 February 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810091849/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2007%2F02%2F26%2Finternational%2Fi033600S38.DTL&type=politics|archive-date=10 August 2007|df=dmy}}</ref> Before this ruling the term [[Bosnian Genocide]] had been used by some academics<ref name=UCR>{{cite web|url=http://www.honors.ucr.edu/Courses/hnpg036p.htm|title=HNPG 036P (or 033T) History: Bosnian Genocide In the Historical Perspective|publisher=University of California Riverside|date=2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516181854/http://www.honors.ucr.edu/Courses/hnpg036p.htm|archive-date=16 May 2007|df=dmy}}<br>{{cite web|url=https://www.honors.ucr.edu/Courses/winter2007.htm|title=Winter 2007 Honors Courses|publisher=University of California Riverside|date=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810134723/http://www.honors.ucr.edu/Courses/winter2007.htm|archive-date=10 August 2007|df=dmy}}<br>{{cite web|url=http://www.honors.ucr.edu/Courses/winter2008.htm|title=Winter 2008 Honors Courses|publisher=University of California Riverside|date=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029073204/http://www.honors.ucr.edu/Courses/winter2008.htm|archive-date=29 October 2007|df=dmy}}</ref> and human rights officials.<ref name=HRW>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2001/12/11/milosevic-face-bosnian-genocide-charges|title=Milosevic to Face Bosnian Genocide Charges|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=11 December 2001|access-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>
-In 2010, [[Vujadin Popović]], [[Lieutenant Colonel]] and the Chief of Security of the Drina Corps of the [[Bosnian Serb Army]], and [[Ljubiša Beara]], [[Colonel]] and Chief of Security of the same army, were convicted of genocide, extermination, murder and persecution by the ICTY for their role in the Srebrenica massacre and were each sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/06/10/hague.srebrenica.verdict/?hpt=T1 |title=Seven convicted over 1995 Srebrenica massacre |publisher=CNN |date=10 June 2010}}
-* {{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10283403 |title=Life for Bosnian Serbs over genocide at Srebrenica |work=BBC News |date=10 June 2010}}
-* {{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article7147500.ece |title=Hague court sentences Bosnian Serbs to life for Srebrenica genocide |work=Times Online |date=10 June 2010 | location=London | first=David | last=Charter}}
-* {{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bosnia/7818653/Bosnian-Serbs-convicted-of-genocide-over-Srebrenica-massacre.html |title=Bosnian Serbs convicted of genocide over Srebrenica massacre |work=The Telegraph |date=10 June 2010 | location=London | first=Bruno | last=Waterfield}}</ref> In 2016 and 2017, [[Radovan Karadžić]]<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 March 2016 | title=Radovan Karadzic sentenced to 40-year imprisonment for Srebrenica genocide, war crimes | url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Radovan-Karadzic-sentenced-to-40-year-imprisonment-for-Srebrenica-genocide-war-crimes/article14173135.ece }}</ref> and Ratko Mladić were sentenced for genocide.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58143#.WhadpdLiXIU|title=UN hails conviction of Mladic, the 'epitome of evil,' a momentous victory for justice|date=22 November 2017|publisher=UN News Centre|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref>
-German courts handed down convictions for genocide during the [[Bosnian War]]. [[Novislav Djajic]] was indicted for his participation in the genocide, but the Higher Regional Court failed to find that there was sufficient certainty for a criminal conviction for genocide. Nevertheless, Djajic was found guilty of 14 counts of murder and one count of attempted murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profils/profile/135/action/show/controller/Profile/tab/legal-procedure.html|title=Novislav Djajic|work=Trial Watch|date=19 June 2013|access-date=15 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214040321/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profils/profile/135/action/show/controller/Profile/tab/legal-procedure.html|archive-date=14 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At Djajic's appeal on 23 May 1997, the [[Bavaria]]n Appeals Chamber found that acts of genocide were committed in June 1992, confined within the administrative district of [[Foča|Foca]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120525111049/http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICTY/2001/8.html Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001)], The [[International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia]], paragraph 589. citing Bavarian Appeals Court, ''Novislav Djajic'' case, 23 May 1997, 3 St 20/96, section VI, p.&nbsp;24 of the English translation.</ref> The Higher Regional Court ([[Oberlandesgericht]]) of Düsseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against [[Nikola Jorgic]], a [[Bosnian Serb]] from the [[Doboj]] region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. He was sentenced to four terms of [[life imprisonment]] for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica;<ref name=Jorgic>Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf, "Public Prosecutor v Jorgic", 26 September 1997 (Trial Watch) ''[http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profils/profile/283/action/show/controller/Profile/tab/legal-procedure.html Nikola Jorgic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224162507/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profils/profile/283/action/show/controller/Profile/tab/legal-procedure.html |date=24 February 2014 }}''</ref> and "On 29 November 1999, the Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Düsseldorf condemned [[Maksim Sokolovic]] to 9 years in prison for aiding and abetting the crime of genocide and for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions."<ref>Trial watch ''[http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profils/profile/139/action/show/controller/Profile/tab/legal-procedure.html Maksim Sokolovic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706082940/http://www.trial-ch.org/en/ressources/trial-watch/trial-watch/profils/profile/139/action/show/controller/Profile/tab/legal-procedure.html |date=6 July 2015 }}''</ref>
-====Rwanda====
-The [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offences committed in [[Rwanda]] during the [[Rwandan genocide|genocide that occurred there]] during April and May 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the UN Security Council to resolve claims in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994. For approximately 100 days from the assassination of President [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] on 6 April through mid-July, at least 800,000 people were killed, according to a Human Rights Watch estimate.
-As of mid-2011, the ICTR had convicted 57 people and acquitted 8. Another ten persons were still on trial while [[Bernard Munyagishari|one]] is awaiting trial. Nine remain at large.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unictr.org/Cases/StatusofCases/tabid/204/Default.aspx|title=United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Status of Cases|publisher=ICTR|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085127/http://www.unictr.org/Cases/StatusofCases/tabid/204/Default.aspx|archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> The first trial, of [[Jean Akayesu|Jean-Paul Akayesu]], ended in 1998 with his conviction for genocide and crimes against humanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/127/PID/18/default.aspx?id=4&mnid=4|title=United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Status of Cases|work=[[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|ICRT]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202141407/http://www.unictr.org/Cases/StatusofCases/tabid/204/Default.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> This was the world's first conviction for genocide, as defined by the 1948 Convention. [[Jean Kambanda]], interim Prime Minister during the genocide, pleaded guilty.
-====Cambodia====
-{{See also|The Killing Fields|Autogenocide|Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum|Cambodian genocide|Cambodian genocide denial}}
-[[File:Skulls from the killing fields.jpg|thumb|Skulls at the [[Choeung Ek]] memorial in Cambodia]]
-The [[Khmer Rouge]], led by [[Pol Pot]], [[Ta Mok]] and other leaders, organized the mass killing of ideologically suspect groups, ethnic minorities such as ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese (or Sino-Khmers), [[Cham (Asia)|Cham]]s and [[Thai People|Thais]], former civil servants, former government soldiers, [[Buddhist monk]]s, secular intellectuals and professionals, and former city dwellers. Khmer Rouge cadres defeated in factional struggles were also liquidated in [[purge]]s. Man-made famine and slave labor resulted in many hundreds of thousands of deaths.<ref name="Sliwinski1995">{{cite book|first=Marek|last=Sliwinski|title=Le génocide khmer rouge: une analyse démographique|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4RAunnjWRsC|year=1995|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-7384-3525-5|pages= 82}}</ref> Craig Etcheson suggested that the death toll was between 2 and 2.5&nbsp;million, with a "most likely" figure of 2.2&nbsp;million. After 5 years of researching 20,000 grave sites, he concluded that "these mass graves contain the remains of 1,386,734 victims of execution."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharp|first=Bruce|title=Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia|date = 1 April 2005|url = http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/deaths.htm|access-date =13 January 2013}}</ref> However, some scholars argued that the Khmer Rouge were not [[Racism|racist]] and had no intention of exterminating ethnic minorities or the Cambodian people; in this view, their brutality was the product of an extreme version of communist ideology.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Red Holocaust |last= Rosefielde |first= Steven |author-link= Steven Rosefielde |year= 2009 |publisher= [[Routledge]] |isbn= 978-0-415-77757-5 |title-link= Red Holocaust (2009 book) }}</ref>
-On 6 June 2003 the Cambodian government and the United Nations reached an agreement to set up the [[Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia]] (ECCC), which would focus exclusively on crimes committed by the most senior Khmer Rouge officials during the period of [[Democratic Kampuchea|Khmer Rouge rule from 1975 to 1979]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unakrt-online.org/Docs/GA%20Documents/A-Res-57-228B.pdf|title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly: 57/228 Khmer Rouge trials B1|work=United Nations General Assembly|date=22 May 2003|access-date=11 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703061139/http://www.unakrt-online.org/Docs/GA%20Documents/A-Res-57-228B.pdf|archive-date=3 July 2007}}</ref> The judges were sworn in <!-- not a mistake-->in early July 2006.<ref name="KD-Time">{{cite news|first=Kevin |last=Doyle |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1647257,00.html |title=Putting the Khmer Rouge on Trial |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=26 July 2007 |access-date=13 February 2016 }}
-*{{cite news|first=Ian|last=MacKinnon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2028421,00.html|title=Crisis talks to save Khmer Rouge trial|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116020356/http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0%2C%2C2028421%2C00.html|archive-date=16 November 2007|df=dmy}}
-*{{cite web|url=http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/ |title=The Khmer Rouge Trial Task Force |work=Royal Cambodian Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403182720/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/krt/english/ |archive-date=3 April 2005 }}</ref>
-The investigating judges were presented with the names of five possible suspects by the prosecution on 18 July 2007.<ref name="KD-Time"/><ref name=Buncombe>{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |title=Judge quits Cambodia genocide tribunal |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/judge-quits-cambodia-genocide-tribunal-2368644.html |location=London |date=11 October 2011}}</ref> [[File:KSAMPHAN3July2009-1.jpg|thumb|Khieu Samphan at a public hearing before the Pre-Trial [[Cambodia Tribunal]] on 3 July 2009.]]
-* [[Kang Kek Iew]] was formally charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity and detained by the Tribunal on 31 July 2007. He was indicted on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity on 12 August 2008.<ref name="ap-munthit-2008-08-12">{{Cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-12-1013612312_x.htm |title=Cambodian tribunal indicts Khmer Rouge jailer |first=Ker |last=Munthit |newspaper=[[USA Today]]|agency=Associated Press |date=12 August 2008 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> His appeal was rejected on 3 February 2012, and he continued serving a sentence of life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/kaing-guek-eav-alias-duch-sentenced-life-imprisonment-supreme-court-chamber-0 |title=Kaing Guek Eav alias Duch Sentenced to Life Imprisonment by the Supreme Court Chamber |publisher=Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia |date=3 February 2012 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
-* [[Nuon Chea]], a former prime minister, was indicted on charges of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and several other crimes under Cambodian law on 15 September 2010. He was transferred into the custody of the ECCC on 19 September 2007. His trial began on 27 June 2011.<ref name="Case-002">{{cite web |url=http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/case/topic/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517092819/http://www.eccc.gov.kh/en/case/topic/2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2011 |title=Case 002 |publisher=Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia |access-date=5 February 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Case-002 closing-order">{{cite web |url=http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/D427Eng.pdf |title=002/19-09-2007: Closing Order |publisher=Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> On 16 November 2018, he was sentenced to a life in prison for genocide.<ref name="UN genocide adviser welcomes historic conviction of former Khmer Rouge leaders">{{cite news|title=UN genocide adviser welcomes historic conviction of former Khmer Rouge leaders |publisher=UN News| date=16 November 2018| url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/11/1025981| access-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>
-* [[Khieu Samphan]], a former head of state, was indicted on charges of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and several other crimes under Cambodian law on 15 September 2010. He was transferred into the custody of the ECCC on 19 September 2007. His trial also began on 27 June 2011.<ref name="Case-002"/><ref name="Case-002 closing-order"/> On 16 November 2018, he was sentenced to a life in prison for genocide.<ref name="UN genocide adviser welcomes historic conviction of former Khmer Rouge leaders"/>
-* [[Ieng Sary]], a former foreign minister, was indicted on charges of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and several other crimes under Cambodian law on 15 September 2010. He was transferred into the custody of the ECCC on 12 November 2007. His trial began on 27 June 2011.<ref name="Case-002"/><ref name="Case-002 closing-order"/> He died in March 2013.
-* [[Ieng Thirith]], wife of Ieng Sary and a former minister for social affairs, was indicted on charges of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and several other crimes under Cambodian law on 15 September 2010. She was transferred into the custody of the ECCC on 12 November 2007. Proceedings against her have been suspended pending a health evaluation.<ref name="Case-002 closing-order"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/documents/courtdoc/E138_1_7_EN-1.PDF |title=002/19-09-2007: Decision on immediate appeal against Trial Chamber's order to release the accused Ieng Thirith |publisher=Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref>
-Some of the international jurists and the Cambodian government disagreed over whether any other people should be tried by the Tribunal.<ref name=Buncombe/>
-===International Criminal Court===
-{{See also|International Criminal Court}}
-The ICC can only prosecute crimes committed on or after 1 July 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm|title=Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Article 11|publisher=[[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs]]|date=17 July 1999|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/About+the+Court|title=ICC: About the court|publisher=[[International Criminal Court|ICC]]|access-date=6 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309082156/http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/About%2Bthe%2BCourt|archive-date=9 March 2010}}</ref>
-====Darfur, Sudan====
-{{See also|Second Sudanese Civil War|War in Darfur|Darfur genocide}}
-[[File:Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit, 090131-N-0506A-342.jpg|thumb|Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]], wanted by the ICC]]
-The ongoing [[Racism in Sudan|racial]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/witnessing-genocide-in-sudan-08-10-2004/|publisher=CBS News|title=Witnessing Genocide in Sudan|date=8 October 2004|access-date=10 April 2016}}
-<br>[http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0714/p09s02-coop.html Racism at root of Sudan's Darfur crisis – CSMonitor.com]
-<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/2008/11/07/op-ed/humanitarian-intervention-in-darfur-a-viable-option/ |title=Humanitarian Intervention in Darfur: A Viable Option? |date=7 November 2008 |publisher=Turkishweekly.net |access-date=9 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232607/http://www.turkishweekly.net/2008/11/07/op-ed/humanitarian-intervention-in-darfur-a-viable-option/ |archive-date=8 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}
-<br>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091208024419/http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/33606981/Darfurs-Sorrow-A-History-of-Destruction-and-Genocide Encyclopædia Britannica<!-- Bot generated title -->]
-<br>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094995 | work=BBC News | title=Sudan country profile | date=27 April 2010 | access-date=3 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/04/albashir-arrest-warrant-i_n_171703.html |work=Huffington Post |title=Al-Bashir Arrest Warrant Issued By International Criminal Court |date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202708/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/04/albashir-arrest-warrant-i_n_171703.html |archive-date=21 February 2010 }}
-<br>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070128121659/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/africa/darfur/militia.html The Online NewsHour: Crisis in Sudan | Janjaweed Militia | PBS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[War in Darfur|conflict]] in [[Darfur]], [[Sudan]], which started in 2003, was declared a genocide by [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040911045335/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/sudan_09-09-04.html Powell Declares Killing in Darfur 'Genocide'], [[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]], 9 September 2004</ref> Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council has followed suit. In January 2005, an [[International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur]], authorized by [[UN Security Council Resolution 1564]] of 2004, issued a report stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide."<ref name="un-org-January-25-2005">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf|title=Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General|publisher=United Nations|page=4|date=25 January 2005|access-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."<ref name="un-org-January-25-2005"/>
-In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf|title=Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005)|publisher=United Nations Security Council|date=31 March 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529082238/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/cases/N0529273.darfureferral.eng.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2005|df=dmy}}</ref> Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution.<ref>[https://www.un.org/press/en/2005/sc8351.doc.htm Security Council Refers Situation in Darfur, Sudan, to Prosecutor of International Criminal Court], UN Press Release SC/8351, 31 March 2005</ref> As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the [[UN Security Council Resolution 1593]]] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes", but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf|title=Fourth Report of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the Security Council pursuant to UNSC 1593 (2005)|publisher=International Criminal Court (ICC)|date=14 December 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614011746/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/OTP_ReportUNSC4-Darfur_English.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|df=dmy}}</ref>
-In April 2007, the ICC issued arrest warrants against the former Minister of State for the Interior, [[Ahmad Harun]], and a [[Janjaweed]] militia leader, [[Ali Kushayb]], for crimes against humanity and war crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf|title=Statement by Mr. Luis Moreno Ocampo, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, to the United Nations Security Council pursuant to UNSCR 1593 (2005)|publisher=International Criminal Court (ICC)|date=5 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813022926/http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/ICC-OTP-ST20080605-ENG.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2008}}</ref> On 14 July 2008, the ICC filed ten charges of [[war crimes]] against Sudan's President [[Omar al-Bashir]], three counts of genocide, five of [[crimes against humanity]] and two of murder. Prosecutors claimed that al-Bashir "masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy in substantial part" three tribal groups in Darfur because of their ethnicity.<ref name="Guardian-2008-jul-14">{{Cite news|first= Peter |last=Walker|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/14/sudan.warcrimes1?gusrc=rss&feed=worldnews |title=Darfur genocide charges for Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir |access-date=15 July 2008 |work=The Guardian |date=14 July 2008 | location=London}}</ref> On 4 March 2009 the ICC issued a warrant for al-Bashir's arrest for crimes against humanity and war crimes, but not for genocide. This is the first warrant issued by the ICC against a sitting head of state.<ref>Staff. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7923102.stm Warrant issued for Sudan's leader], BBC, 4 March 2009</ref>
 ==See also==
 {{Portal|Genocide}}