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| isbn = 0-226-55669-7, 0-226-5566-9}}</ref>Critics and proponents of autogynephilia theory seem to differ in how much they credit the narratives of transwomen as accurate.<ref name-"doctor">Doctor RF, Fleming JS. Measures of Transgender Behavior. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' Volume 30, Number 3 / [[June]], [[2001]]</ref>
| isbn = 0-226-55669-7, 0-226-5566-9}}</ref>Critics and proponents of autogynephilia theory seem to differ in how much they credit the narratives of transwomen as accurate.<ref name-"doctor">Doctor RF, Fleming JS. Measures of Transgender Behavior. ''[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]'' Volume 30, Number 3 / [[June]], [[2001]]</ref>


Another criticism of Blanchard Bailey and Lawrence Theory is that it defines gender dysphoria as a strictly sexual phenomenon. That is, it assumes that transwomen feminize their bodies in order to fulfill a sexual desire for the attention of heterosexual men or for their own fetishistic pleasure.<ref name="laws">Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment Laws DR, O'Donohue WT ([[1997]]). Guilford Press ISBN 978-1572302410</ref> This appears to be contradicted by the fact that the effects of [[testosterone]]-blocking medications (and later, removal of the testicles) reduce libido in many transwomen.<ref name-"kittenis">Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJG. The Influence of Hormone Treatment on Psychological Functioning of Transsexuals. ''Journal of Psychology&nbsp;& Human Sexuality''. Volume: 5 Issue: 4 ISSN: 0890-7064 Pub Date: 5/28/[[1993]] </ref>
Another criticism of Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory is that it defines gender dysphoria as a strictly sexual phenomenon. That is, it assumes that transwomen feminize their bodies in order to fulfill a sexual desire for the attention of heterosexual men or for their own fetishistic pleasure.<ref name="laws">Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment Laws DR, O'Donohue WT ([[1997]]). Guilford Press ISBN 978-1572302410</ref> This appears to be contradicted by the fact that the effects of [[testosterone]]-blocking medications (and later, removal of the testicles) reduce libido in many transwomen.<ref name-"kittenis">Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJG. The Influence of Hormone Treatment on Psychological Functioning of Transsexuals. ''Journal of Psychology&nbsp;& Human Sexuality''. Volume: 5 Issue: 4 ISSN: 0890-7064 Pub Date: 5/28/[[1993]] </ref>


===Transmen===
===Transmen===

Revision as of 03:59, 16 February 2008

The "BBL Controversy," also known as the "Autogynephilia Controversy," is an ongoing and heated line of discussion in both the transgendered community and academic circles concerned with sexology. The term "BBL" refers to Drs. Ray Blanchard, Michael Bailey, and Anne Lawrence and was coined by the theory's detractors. It is often used in a derogatory sense. Critics of the term "BBL" have noted that it tends to ignore the fact that other academics take the theory seriously, that it gives equal billing to the three (Blanchard did the majority of the fundamental research, while Bailey only popularized the theory and Lawrence only added additional perspective), and that it ignores key differences between how the three view Autogynephilia.[1]

Autogynephilia theory is a theory of transsexual eitology which suggests that some men may pursue sex reassignment as a result of a paraphilia in which they become aroused by the thought or image of themselves as female[2]. In the classical model, arousal at the thought or image of oneself as a member of the opposite sex is not a significant factor or motivation for pursuing sex reassignment, but rather an effort to correct a perceived error in one's biological sex. Thus, classical pre-operative transsexual women have a self-image of being "women trapped in men's bodies," while autogynephilic pre-operative transsexual women have a self-image of being men who wish to become women. The theory categorizes male to female transsexuals as either having a Autogynephilic, or Androphilic etiology. [2] The terms "homosexual transsexual" and non-homosexual transexual are used interchangeably with Androphilic and Autogynephilic, respectively. The theory was first developed by Dr. Ray Blanchard in 1989 it was controversial from the start.[2]

The theory had not received much attention outside of sexology until sexologist Anne Lawrence, who self-identifies as an autogynephile, published a series of web articles about the hypothesis in the late 1990s.[3] Lawrence has since published and lectured about the hypothesis.[4]

The hypothesis received wider attention with the 2003 publication of Dr. J. Michael Bailey's popular psychology book The Man Who Would Be Queen, which was published by the United States National Academy of Sciences. The book was written and published as popular science attempt to explain the theory autogynephilia. As such, the book uses a series of case studies and anecdotal evidence to illustrate the hypothesis, rather than citing sources, figures, or statistics to support the assertions made. This approach, combined with what was perceived as a negative and inflamatory title and cover image, resulted in considerable criticism of the book.

The controversy came into public view largely as result of attacks in the media and on the Internet on Bailey by transsexual activists Lynn Conway and Andrea James. They were joined by other members of the trans community, including one of the women discussed in Bailey's book, who felt Bailey had misrepresented himself to her. Conway started her own investigation into the publication of Bailey's book with the explicit aim of discrediting it[5]. Accusations of misconduct on the part of Bailey were leveled by Conway and others, and a number of members of the trans community pushed for a top-level investigation of Bailey's research practices. Some academics and other members of the trans community decried what they saw as a witch hunt aimed at Bailey simply because he had published a book which expounded on a theory which some members of the trans community found objectionable, and both Conway and James have been criticized for their tactics, which have included personal threats and invective and campaigns of intimidation.[1] Northwestern University investigated Bailey, but did not reveal the findings of that investigation and did not comment on whether or not Bailey had been punished.[6] No disciplinary action is known to have been taken against Bailey.

Scientific Critiques of Blanchard, Bailey and Lawrence theory.

Psychologist Madeline Wyndzen notes several possible scientific concerns with Blanchard's entire model. Critics such as Madeline Wyndzen suggest that, since correlations do not establish causality, Blanchard may be mistaking a symptom of gender dysphoria for its primary cause.[7] She has said:

  • Correlational evidence is used to make causal claims. Rather than causing transsexualism, transsexuals may fantasize about being their target sex to compensate for feeling disconnected from their identities.
  • No comparisons are made with control groups of typically-gendered women. Those attracted to their own sex, regardless of if they are transsexual, may pay more attention to themselves as sexual beings.
  • Correlations with sexual orientation are not sufficient to assert that there are two types of transsexual women. The evidence for two types of transsexuals may instead be correlations with sexual orientation that can also be found among non-transsexual.
  • Furthermore, the distributions of sexual orientation among transsexuals do not reveal two categorically distinct groups.

Wyndzen notes that a significant concern raised by the history of this theory may be that it begins by assuming there is something wrong with transsexual people. This may distort what is meant to be scientific account. A scientific theory might begin with the objective question, "What is transsexualism?" Instead, Wyndzen notes that Blanchard asks in his research, "What kind of defect in a males capacity for sexual learning could produce anatomic autogynephilia, transvestism, ..".[8]

Criticism of the Homosexual transsexual hypothesis

Main article: Homosexual transsexual

In his 1966 classic The Transsexual Phenomenon, Harry Benjamin writes:

The term "homosexuality" has never impressed me as very fortunate. It indicates an exclusiveness and a finality that exists in only a relatively small group of men, those who are entirely homosexual. According to Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, this group (the 6 on their rating scale) applies to not more than 4% of the total male population.
[[...]] If we allow ourselves the use of the term "bisexuality" in this 46%, it is evident that the term homosexuality is applied much too often. The reason is that even one homosexual contact in a man's life, if it becomes known, all too often stamps him forever as a homosexual which, of course, he is not.
Furthermore, homosexual orientation may be a symptom, as are transvestism and transsexualism, with a variety of possible causes and inceptions. These causes and inceptions may be anchored in an inherited or congenital (constitutional) predisposition or they may be an acquired condition.[9]

Leavitt and Berger noted:

The homosexual transsexual label is both confusing and controversial among males seeking sex reassignment. Transsexuals, as a group, vehemently oppose the label and its pejorative baggage (Morgan, 1978).[10] As a rule, they are highly invested in a heterosexual life-style and are repulsed by notions of homosexual relations with males. Attention from males often serves to validate their feminine status. For many biological male transsexuals, acts of intimacy with women are truncated, because sexual attraction and relations with women pose the homosexual issue.[11]

Criticism of the notion of Autogynephilia

Main article: Autogynephilia

This portion of the theory has also been questioned on the grounds that it does not properly account for the behavior and self-identification of a great many transsexual and transgender women. Proponents of the hypothesis have asserted that "autogynephiles," persons who are assumed to fit this model, are willfully deceiving others in claiming to exhibit behavior that does not fit within it.[12] J. Michael Bailey, a notable proponent, quotes Clarke Institute employee Maxine Petersen as saying "most gender patients lie" and he himself claims that "the most common way that autogynephiles mislead others is by denying the erotic components of their gender bending" (pp. 172–173).[13] In addition, he has claimed that "Blanchard has shown in a couple of clever studies that non-homosexual transgender patients who deny autogynephilia still show evidence for it."[14] On the one hand, the assertion that any transperson who claims not to fit into this framework must be "lying" has been widely criticized as making this model unscientific because it becomes unfalsifiable. On the other hand, there are clear examples of transwomen who vehemently deny autogynephilic motivation but show clear evidence for it. One famous example (Anjelica Kieltyka, whose pseudonym was "Cher" in Bailey's book and who subsequently attacked Bailey's interpretation of her behavior) became transsexual after a long history of fetishistic cross dressing and wearing of fake vagina's and breasts.[15] Diedre McClosky, another well-known transsexual wrote a biography describing her long history of fetishistic cross dressing and interest in transsexual pornography.[16]Critics and proponents of autogynephilia theory seem to differ in how much they credit the narratives of transwomen as accurate.[17]

Another criticism of Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory is that it defines gender dysphoria as a strictly sexual phenomenon. That is, it assumes that transwomen feminize their bodies in order to fulfill a sexual desire for the attention of heterosexual men or for their own fetishistic pleasure.[18] This appears to be contradicted by the fact that the effects of testosterone-blocking medications (and later, removal of the testicles) reduce libido in many transwomen.[19]

Transmen

Transmen, that is female-to-male transgender persons, are only briefly mentioned by Blanchard. According to data from his clinic, most transmen are of the "homosexual" type, that is attracted to women.[20] He thinks it is unlikely that an analogue to autogynephilia exists among natal women since, according to proponents of the theory, "all paraphilias occur exclusively (or nearly exclusively) in men".[13] The omission of transmen from Blanchard Bailey and Lawrence theory represents a limitation in its applicability. (Compare to Newtons laws#Importance and range of validity for what happens when a theory is applied outside its data domain) Which means it is not a truly fundamental theory of transsexual etiology.

Scientific study sparked by the controversy

Many of these concerns were addressed in a peer reviewed scientific study conducted in the Netherlands by Yolanda Smith et al. which could have supported or refuted Blanchards theory, as well as Bailey, and Lawrences observations in support of that theory. Smith et al. found...[21]

One of the two purposes of the present study was to replicate and extend the evidence of the existence of different developmental routes in homosexual and non-homosexual transsexuals. In this study the two subtypes were indeed found to differ on many characteristics. Replicating some of the previously observed differences, we found that compared with non-homosexual transsexuals, homosexual transsexuals reported more cross-gendered behavior, appearance and preference in childhood, and they reported less sexual arousal while cross-dressing in adolescence, applied for SR at a younger age, and fewer were (or had been) married. Unlike Blanchard et al. (1995),we found no differences in height, weight or BMI.[21]

As far as the science goes the jury is still out.

The inclusion of the terms "homosexual transsexual" and "Autogynephilic transsexual" in DSM-IV by a subcommittee on gender identity disorders (GID)[22][23] will be debated as part of attempts at GID reform in the DSM-V.[24]

Personalities involved in the Controversy

Listed in alphabetical order as determined by last name or alias, these individuals have played a prominent role in the BBL Controversy either by virtue of their involvement in autogynephilia research or the criticisms they have made or of which they have been the target.

For each entry, a brief biographical sketch is provided, including their relevance to the BBL Controversy. This is followed by the major allegations of misconduct alleged by each in connection with the BBL Controversy, with the name of the accuser in parenthesis. (Note: many of the accusations are simply ad hominem attacks; an ad hominem is an attempt to discredit an argument based on the flaws of the person who made the argument. The fact that an argument is an ad hominem does not imply that it must be false, but it does imply that it is a personal attack not truly connected to the issue at hand). Only accusations made by persons who are included in this list are enumerated.

Bailey, J. Michael

Dr. John Michael Bailey is an American psychologist and professor at Northwestern University. He is best known for his controversial work on biology and sexual orientation, in which he suggests a heritable component for sexual orientation. He is the author of the popular psychology book The Man Who Would Be Queen, which attempted to explain the theory of autogynephilia in lay terms. He has been the target of a number of complaints and criticisms as a result of this book, including an investigation by Northwestern.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Having had sex with a research subject (“Juanita,” James, Conway, McClosky)
  • Misrepresenting the individuals who appeared in his book (“Juanita,” Kieltyka)
  • Practicing psychology without a license (for having written letters in support of transsexual women) (James, Conway, McClosky)
  • Performing research on human subjects without informed consent (for including case studies of transsexual women in his book) (James, Conway, McClosky)

Blanchard, Ray

Dr. Ray Blanchard is a Canadian sexologist who is head of the Clinical Sexology Services at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada. Blanchard coined the term autogynephilia to describe men with an erotic desire to be women and proposed a theory that transsexual women could be usefully classified as either autogynephiles or extremely effeminate gay men who needed to become female to express their sexuality. Although he has not been particularly active in the controversy per se, he did resign from the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA) in response to a decision by HBIGDA's officers and board of directors to attempt to intervene in an investigation of J. Michael Bailey being conducted by Northwestern University in connection with Bailey's book about autogynephilia.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • None

Conway, Lynn

Lynn Conway is an American computer scientist and inventor. She holds a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering degree from Columbia University. Conway worked at IBM in the 1960s and is credited with the invention of generalised dynamic instruction handling, a key advance used in out-of-order execution, used by almost all modern processors to improve performance. She became a professor at the University of Michigan in 1985, where she is now professor emerita, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1989 for her accomplishments in VLSI design. After retiring from her professorship in December 1998, she decided to out herself as a transsexual woman. Since then, she has been a prominent spokesperson for rights of transsexual people.[citation needed] As part of that activism, she was a leader of a 2003 campaign against J. Michael Bailey and his controversial book, The Man Who Would Be Queen. The tactics she used against Bailey have been criticized by some as academic harassment and intimidation.[25]

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Attempting to stifle academic inquiry into autogynephilia through a campaign of intimidation and personal harassment (Bailey, Dreger, Lawrence)

Dreger, Alice

Dr. Alice Domurat Dreger is an American sexologist and professor at Northwestern University and advocate for the intersexed. Although her speciality is in intersexed rather than transsexual people, she was initially a critic of J. Michael Bailey, his book The Man Who Would Be Queen, and the theory of autogynephilia in general. After meeting Bailey she changed her view of him personally, although she remains critical of his book and autogynephilia. Dreger initially became involved in the controversy when Lynn Conway listed her as a supporter on her website without Dreger’s permission. Her involvement escalated when she spoke out against Andrea James being invited to speak at Northwestern on the grounds that James’ tactics amounted to hate speech and censorship.[26] She authored a journal article examining the evolution of the BBL Controversy, which was accepted for publication by "Archives of Sexual Behavior." She has since been the target of considerable criticism by James, Conway, McClosky and others.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Exploiting personal connections to obtain publication of a journal article (James, McClosky)
  • Stalking Lynn Conway (Conway)

James, Andrea

Andrea Jean James is an American transsexual woman, film producer, screenwriter, actress, LGBT rights activist, and consumer activist. James attended Wabash College, where she majored in Latin and Greek and initially planned to teach English. She then attained her Master's degree in English from the University of Chicago. She also operates the TS Roadmap website, an exhaustive source of information for transsexuals, concerning physical, social, and legal aspects of transition. One section of TS Roadmap criticizes the controversial work of psychology professor J. Michael Bailey dealing with biology and sexual orientation as scientifically unsound, outdated, and defaming of transsexual people.[27]

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Attempting to stifle academic inquiry into autogynephilia through a campaign of intimidation and harassment (Bailey, Dreger, Lawrence)
  • Publishing personal attacks against friends, family and colleagues of Bailey, including his minor children (Bailey, Dreger)
  • Attempting to censor/silence transwomen and others who indicated support for autogynephilia as a concept or autogynephilia theory in general (Dreger, Lawrence)

"Juanita/Maria"

"Juanita" and "Maria" are two pseudonyms used by a transsexual woman and prostitute who was featured in J. Michael Bailey’s popular psychology book The Man Who Would Be Queen. Juanita was presented as an example of a homosexual transsexual, a categorization with which she disagrees. She accused Bailey of having had sex with her while she was a research subject and of misrepresenting her in his book.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Falsely claiming to have had sexual relations with Michael Bailey while his research subject (Bailey)

Kieltyka, Anjelica

Anjelica Kieltyka is an American transsexual woman who was featured in J. Michael Bailey’s popular psychology book The Man Who Would Be Queen, using the pseudonym "Cher." Kieltyka was presented as an example of an autogynephilic transsexual, a categorization with which she disagrees. She became involved in the controversy when she was criticized by Andrea James and Lynn Conway for her participation in the book. Kieltyka joined James and Conway in criticizing Bailey and was subsequently presented as a victim of Bailey. Kieltyka has said that Conway, James and Bailey all used and misrepresented her for their own purposes.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Stalking Lynn Conway (Conway)

Lawrence, Anne

Dr. Anne Lawrence is an American transsexual woman, medical doctor, psychologist, and transsexual rights activist. She maintains the Transsexual Women’s Resources website, an exhaustive source of information for transsexuals, concerning physical and psychological aspects of transition. She self-identifies as being autogynephilic and is a proponent of the theory of autogynephilia, having written a number of papers as well as lecturing on the subject.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • None

McClosky, Diedre

Dr. Diedre N. McClosky is an American transsexual woman, a professor of economics, history, English, and communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She has a Ph.D in economics from Harvard University. She has been a vocal critic of Bailey and autogynephilia, and filed a number of complaints against him, including accusations that his use of anecdotes to illustrate points in the book amounted to use of human subjects in research without their consent, and that letters he wrote in support of transsexual women amounted to practicing psychology without a license.

Allegations of Misconduct

  • Attempting to stifle academic inquiry into autogynephilia through a campaign of intimidation and harassment (Dreger)

References

  1. ^ a b Dreger, Alice D. "The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History of the Politics of Science, Identity, and Sex in the Internet Age" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior: 52, 53. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Blanchard, Ray (2004). The Origins of the Concept of Autogynephilia. The Autogynephilia Resource. Retrieved 9 January 2005
  3. ^ Lawrence AA (1998). "Men Trapped in Men's Bodies:"An Introduction to the Concept of Autogynephilia. originally published at annelwrence.com, October 1998. Retrieved August 21, 2006)
  4. ^ Ekins R, King D (2001). Transgendering, Migrating and Love of Oneself as a Woman: A Contribution to a Sociology of Autogynephilia. International Journal of Transgenderism Volume 5, Number 3
  5. ^ http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/LynnsReviewOfBaileysBook.html Conway, Lynn. An investigation into the publication of J. Michael Bailey's book on transsexualism by the National Academies
  6. ^ Robin Wilson. Northwestern U. Concludes Investigation of Sex Researcher but Keeps Results Secret. Chronicle of Higher Education, 2004.
  7. ^ Wyndzen MH (2004). Correlation versus Causality: Is it sexual deviance, compensation, or just a fantasy?
  8. ^ Wyndzen MH (2004). A Personal & Scientific look at a Mental Illness Model of transsexualism (PDF) Division 44 Newsletter, v.20(1), 3, American Psychological Association
  9. ^ Benjamin H (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. The Julian Press ASIN: B0007HXA76
  10. ^ Morgan AJ Jr (1978). Psychotherapy for transsexual candidates screened out of surgery. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 7: 273-282.
  11. ^ Leavitt F, Berger JC (1990). Clinical patterns among male transsexual candidates with erotic interest in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, full text Volume 19, Number 5 / October, 1990
  12. ^ Blanchard R, Clemmensen LH, Steiner BW (1985). Social desirability response set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1985 Dec;14(6):505-16.
  13. ^ a b Bailey, J. Michael (2003). The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-309-08418-0. 10530. {{cite book}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |authorlink= (help)
  14. ^ Rodkin D (December 12 2003). Sex and Transsexuals. The Chicago Reader. Retrieved August 27 2006
  15. ^ Bailey JM ( 2003). [1]. Retrieved May 16 2007
  16. ^ McCloskey, Deirdre N. (1999), Crossing A Memoir, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637: The University of Chicago, ISBN 0-226-55669-7, 0-226-5566-9, 080706050403020100345 {{citation}}: Check |author-link= value (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); External link in |author-link= (help); More than one of |location= and |place= specified (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ Doctor RF, Fleming JS. Measures of Transgender Behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior Volume 30, Number 3 / June, 2001
  18. ^ Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment Laws DR, O'Donohue WT (1997). Guilford Press ISBN 978-1572302410
  19. ^ Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren LJG. The Influence of Hormone Treatment on Psychological Functioning of Transsexuals. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. Volume: 5 Issue: 4 ISSN: 0890-7064 Pub Date: 5/28/1993
  20. ^ Chivers ML, Bailey JM. Sexual Orientation of Female-to-Male Transsexuals: A Comparison of Homosexual and Non-homosexual Types. Archives of Sexual Behavior Volume 29, Number 3 / June, 2000
  21. ^ a b Smith, Yolanda L.S. (2005-12-15). "Transsexual subtypes: Clinical and theoretical significance" (PDF). Psychiatry Research. 137 (3). Elsevier: 151–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.01.008. Retrieved 2007-6-26. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Bradley SJ, Blanchard R, Coates S, Green R, Levine SB, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Pauly IB, Zucker KJ. Interim report of the DSM-IV Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders. Archives of Sexual Behavior
  23. ^ Pauly IB. Terminology and Classification of Gender Identity Disorders. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality Volume: 5 Issue: 4 ISSN: 0890-7064 Pub Date: 5/28/1993
  24. ^ Istar Lev A. Disordering Gender Identity Gender Identity Disorder in the DSM-IV-TR. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, Volume 17, Numbers 3-4, 3 February 2006, pp. 35-69(35)
  25. ^ Carey, Benedict. (2007-08-21.) "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege." New York Times via nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19.
  26. ^ http://www.alicedreger.com/in_fear.html Dreger, Alice. The Blog I Write In Fear
  27. ^ James, Andrea. "Categorically wrong? * A Bailey-Blanchard-Lawrence clearinghouse". Retrieved 2007-03-07.

See also

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