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The '''''Sportvereinigung Dynamo''''' (Sports Club Dynamo) was a German [[sports club]] of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany). It was created for members of the country's ministry of interior which included the ''[[Volkspolizei]]'' with the ''[[Border patrol of the GDR]]'', the East [[German fire services]] and the ''[[Staatssicherheit]]''. The president was [[Erich Mielke]] from its inception in [[March 27]], [[1953]] until [[November 23]], [[1989]].Because of te reunification/ the order of the SED. The former head office is located in [[East Berlin]] (''[[Hohenschönhausen]]'') next to the former headquarters of the ''Staatssicherheit''. [[Dynamo-Sportforum]] Berlin was the largest sportscomplex in Europe, used for many [[Olympic sports]]. The speed scating track was the first which has been a roof. It was the one of the most successful sports associations in international competitions. After German reunification in 1990 the club was liquidated. At its height the association had over 280,000 active (sporting) members, including over 110,000 children. (world record)<ref>[http://www.dosb.de/fileadmin/fm-dsb/arbeitsfelder/wiss-ges/Dateien/Siegel-Endversion-Sporteinheit-19072006.pdf Page 18]</ref>
The '''''Sportvereinigung Dynamo''''' (Sports Club Dynamo) was a German [[sports club]] of the [[German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany). It was created for members of the country's ministry of interior which included the ''[[Volkspolizei]]'' with the ''[[Grenztruppen der DDR|Border patrol of the GDR]]'', the East [[German fire services]] and the ''[[Staatssicherheit]]''. The president was [[Erich Mielke]] from its inception in [[March 27]], [[1953]] until [[November 23]], [[1989]].Because of te reunification/ the order of the SED. The former head office is located in [[East Berlin]] (''[[Hohenschönhausen]]'') next to the former headquarters of the ''Staatssicherheit''. [[Dynamo-Sportforum]] Berlin was the largest sportscomplex in Europe, used for many [[Olympic sports]]. The speed scating track was the first which has been a roof. It was the one of the most successful sports associations in international competitions. After German reunification in 1990 the club was liquidated. At its height the association had over 280,000 active (sporting) members, including over 110,000 children. (world record)<ref>[http://www.dosb.de/fileadmin/fm-dsb/arbeitsfelder/wiss-ges/Dateien/Siegel-Endversion-Sporteinheit-19072006.pdf Page 18]</ref>


== The [[root]]s ==
== The [[root]]s ==
Line 31: Line 31:
If we speak of the good results the GDR sport, then the Sportvereinigung Dynamo has of it an important portion. But we say dear friends and comrades of the Sportvereinigung all ranges of the physical [[culture]] and the sport to you affect. We appreciate however not nu the large achievements in the area the physical culture and the sport, but say also all comrades of our protection and safety organs thanks for the fact that them us altogether in our work, with which education, with which development of physical culture and sport supported and also with the security of our results and successes in the whole past years in so outstanding way. If we speak of new tasks and new far-stretched goals, then we count on the fact that the sport. Dynamo may be as in the past also in the future an equally strong asset in ours, German gymnastic and sport organisation. The Sportvereinigung Dynamo always took an outstanding place. In the competition of the Sportvereinigung and district organizations it often distinguished, also in districts represent our comrades the Sportvereinigung Dynamo a strong position of our sport organization. We all however know that our tasks become in the future not only larger, but also still various possibilities to open are to carry a still better work out in order to justify hopes of the [[people]] and the party.</small>}}</blockquote><ref>[[Manfred Ewald]], chairman of the [[DTSB]] of the GDR, in the welcoming address on the 6. Conference of the centers line of the Sportvereinigung Dynamo [[March 23]], [[1973]]</ref>
If we speak of the good results the GDR sport, then the Sportvereinigung Dynamo has of it an important portion. But we say dear friends and comrades of the Sportvereinigung all ranges of the physical [[culture]] and the sport to you affect. We appreciate however not nu the large achievements in the area the physical culture and the sport, but say also all comrades of our protection and safety organs thanks for the fact that them us altogether in our work, with which education, with which development of physical culture and sport supported and also with the security of our results and successes in the whole past years in so outstanding way. If we speak of new tasks and new far-stretched goals, then we count on the fact that the sport. Dynamo may be as in the past also in the future an equally strong asset in ours, German gymnastic and sport organisation. The Sportvereinigung Dynamo always took an outstanding place. In the competition of the Sportvereinigung and district organizations it often distinguished, also in districts represent our comrades the Sportvereinigung Dynamo a strong position of our sport organization. We all however know that our tasks become in the future not only larger, but also still various possibilities to open are to carry a still better work out in order to justify hopes of the [[people]] and the party.</small>}}</blockquote><ref>[[Manfred Ewald]], chairman of the [[DTSB]] of the GDR, in the welcoming address on the 6. Conference of the centers line of the Sportvereinigung Dynamo [[March 23]], [[1973]]</ref>
[[Image:Erich Fritz Emil Mielke.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Army Gen. and Minister [[Erich Mielke]] (†) been voted in every time for the first president.]]
[[Image:Erich Fritz Emil Mielke.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Army Gen. and Minister [[Erich Mielke]] (†) been voted in every time for the first president.]]

==Controversies surrounding the ''Sport Club Dynamo''==
===The case of doping===
The ''Sportvereinigung Dynamo''<ref>Pain And Injury in Sport: Social And Ethical Analysis, Section III, Chapter 7, Page 111, by Sigmund Loland, Berit Skirstad, Ivan Waddington, Published by Routledge in 2006, ASIN: B000OI0HZG</ref> was especially singled out as a center for doping in the former East Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.lycos.co.uk/dopingopfer/kommentar_ordner/09_2002/dynamo_liste_web.htm|title=Dynamo Liste (in German)|publisher=doping_opfer@yahoo.com|date=September 2002|accessdate=10 March 2008}}</ref>. Many former club officials and some athletes found themselves charged after the dissolution of the country. A special page on the internet was created by doping victims trying to gain justice and compensation, listing people involved in doping at the club, the so called ''Dynamo Liste''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.lycos.co.uk/dopingopfer/taeter/taeter_alle.htm|title=Dynamo Liste: Die Täter (in German)|publisher=doping_opfer@yahoo.com|date=September 2002|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>.

State-endorsed doping began with the Cold War when every eastern bloc gold was an ideological victory. From 1974, Manfred Ewald, the head of the GDR's sports federation, imposed blanket doping. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, the country of 17 million collected nine gold medals. Four years later the total was 20 and in 1976 it doubled again to 40<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=2048448|title=Jenapharm says drugs were legal|publisher=ESPN|date=28 April 2005|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>. Ewald was quoted as having told coaches, "They're still so young and don't have to know everything." He was given a 22-month suspended sentence, to the outrage of his victims<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20021025/ai_n12658822|title=Obituary: Manfred Ewald|publisher=The Independent|date=25 October 2002|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>.

Often, doping was carried out without the knowledge of the athletes, some of them as young as ten years of age. It is estimated that around 10,000 former athletes bear the physical and mental scars of years of drug abuse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4341045.stm|title=GDR athletes sue over steroid damage |publisher=BBC News Europe|date=13 March 2005|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>, one of them is [[Rica Reinisch]], a triple Olympic champion and world record-setter at the Moscow Games in 1980, has since suffered numerous miscarriages and recurring ovarian cysts. Athletes like Renate Vogel, silver medalist at the [[1972 Olympics]] in the swimming competitions, were told the injections were vitamins but failed to believe the explanation and quit her sport<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http://www.3sat.de/nano/bstuecke/63280/index.html|title=Doping im DDR-Sport: "Wir waren Versuchskaninchen" (in German)|publisher=3sat.online|date=3 February 2005|accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref>.

Two former [[Dynamo Berlin]] club doctors, Dieter Binus, chief of the national women's team from 1976 to 80, and Bernd Pansold, in charge of the sports medicine center in East-Berlin, were committed for trial for allegedly supplying 19 teenagers with illegal substances <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/34496.stm|title=New doping charges against East German doctors|publisher=BBC News|date=25 November 1997|accessdate=7 March 2008}}</ref>. Binus was sentenced in August<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/161913.stm|title=East German coaches fined over doping|publisher=BBC News|date=31 August 1998|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>, Pansold in Dezember 1998 after both being found guilty of administering hormones to underage female athletes from 1975 to 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svl.ch/doping/ddr_doping_minderjaehrige.html|title=Doping of underage athletes in the former GDR (in German)|publisher=Schwimmverein Limmat Zürich |date=23 March 2000|accessdate=10 March 2008}}</ref>.

Virtually no East German athlete ever failed an official drugs test, though Stasi files show that many did, indeed, produced positive tests at [[Kreischa]], the Saxon laboratory (German:''Zentrale Dopingkontroll-Labor des Sportmedizinischen Dienstes'') that was at the time approved by the International Olympic Committee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ergogenics.org/ddrroids2.html|title=Drug claim could be a bitter pill|publisher=Times Online|date=2 March 2005|accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref>, now called the ''Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry'' (IDAS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/en/dynamic.ch2?pageCategory.id=333|title=Accredited Laboratories|publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency|date=January 2004|accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref>.

In 2005, fivteen years after the end or the ''GDR'', the manufacturer of the drugs in former East Germany, ''Jenapharm'', still finds itselve involved in numberous lawsuits from doping victims, being sued by almost 200 former athletes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.guardian.co.uk/athletics/story/0,10082,1605761,00.html|title=Forgotten victims of East German doping take their battle to court|publisher=The Guardian|date=1 November 2005|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>.

Former Sport Club Dynamo athletes who publicly admitted to doping, accusing their coaches<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3883/is_199807/ai_n8790764|title=Drugs update|publisher=Sports Publications|date=July 1998|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>:

*[[Daniela Hunger]]
*[[Andrea Pollack]]

Former Sport Club Dynamo athletes disqualified for doping:

*[[Ilona Slupianek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milano2007.org/html_eng/storia_coppa.asp|title=1977: Here comes Mr. Doping
|publisher=European Cup - Milan 2007|date=2007|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref> (''Ilona Slupianek was tested positiv along with three Finish athletes at the 1977 European Cup, becoming the only East German athlete ever to be convicted of doping''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DD1031F937A35754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|title=Article on Sports in East Germany
|publisher=The New York Times|author=Michael Janofsky|date=4 July 1988|accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref>)

Based on the selve-admission by Pollack, the [[United States Olympic Committee]] asked for the redistribution of gold medals won in the [[1976 Olympics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E0DE173CF936A15753C1A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3|title=OLYMPICS; U.S. Seeks Redress for 1976 Doping In Olympics |publisher=The New York Times|date=25 October 1998|accessdate=12 March 2008}}</ref>. Despite court rulings in Germany that substantiate claims of systematic doping by some East German swimmers, the IOC executive board announced that it has no intention of revising the Olympic record books. This is an understandable decision as it could otherwise trigger a flood of such claims involving former eastern block athletes. In rejecting the American petition on behalf of its women's medley relay team in Montreal and a similar petition from the British Olympic Association on behalf of [[Sharron Davies]], the [[IOC]] made it clear that it wanted to discourage any such appeals in the future<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1998/12/16/medals.t.php|title=Despite Doping, Olympic Medals Stand|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=16 December 1998|accessdate=12 March 2008}}</ref>.

===The ''Stasi'' and ''Erich Mielke''===
[[Erich Mielke]], chief of '''Dynamo''', was also the all-powerfull leader of the [[Stasi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/764397.stm|title=Ex-Stasi chief dies|publisher=BBC News|date=25 May 2000|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>, the Secret Police of East Germany, mother organisation of '''Dynamo''', along with the ''GDR Border Guards''. The ''Stasi'' was widely regarded as one of the most effective intelligence agencies in the world. The intensity of state surveillance was probably without parallel anywhere in the world. In 1989, the Stasi had 91,000 staff members and 174,000 unofficial collaborators - a ratio of one spy for every 62 citizens<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.nl/bibliotheek_vervolg/thema_berechting_case_1|title=GERMANY AND THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC - Truth and justice|publisher=Amnesty International, Daan Bronkhorst|date=June 2006|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>. Some of them were well known athlets, like [[Harald Czudaj]], who admitted working as an informer for the Stasi, writing at least 10 reports about teammates and officials of the [[Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track|Dynamo bobsled club]] in [[Altenberg, Germany|Altenberg]], East Germany, from 1988 to 1990. He apologized to his teammates. After his admission, Czudaj's teammates appealed to German officials to let him compete in the [[ 1992 Winter Olympics]] because they had not been harmed by his work for the Stasi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3DB1131F932A25751C0A964958260|title=Germany Won't Ban Sledder Who Informed|publisher=The New York Times|date=11 February 1992|accessdate=12 March 2008}}</ref>.

''Mielke'' himself was sentenced in Berlin to six years in prison in 1993 for the murder of two policemen in 1931. However he was freed after two years when he was diagnosed as senile<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/aug2000/miel-a24.shtml|title=Erich Mielke—the career of a German Stalinist|publisher=World Socialist Web Site, Ludwig Niethammer|date=24 August 2000|accessdate=11 March 2008}}</ref>.


==[[Germanic peoples|German]] SV Dynamo districts ==
==[[Germanic peoples|German]] SV Dynamo districts ==
Line 662: Line 694:
* {{cite book |last = Gläser| first =Andreas | title= [[SV Dynamo Ein Almanach]]| publisher =Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig| year=1976 |id=ISBN none}} {{de icon}}
* {{cite book |last = Gläser| first =Andreas | title= [[SV Dynamo Ein Almanach]]| publisher =Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig| year=1976 |id=ISBN none}} {{de icon}}
* {{cite book |last = | first =| title= SV Dynamo [[Mut und Kraft]]| publisher =Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig| year=1984 |id=ISBN none}} {{de icon}}
* {{cite book |last = | first =| title= SV Dynamo [[Mut und Kraft]]| publisher =Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig| year=1984 |id=ISBN none}} {{de icon}}
*[[Dynamosport]]
* [[Dynamosport]]
* [http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/43/7/1262 Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government], by: Werner W. Franke (Hölderlin High School, Heidelberg, Germany) and Brigitte Berendonk, publisher:American Association for Clinical Chemestry


== External links ==
== External links ==

Revision as of 22:28, 13 March 2008

SV Dynamo
File:SV Dynamo - Pin.jpg
FoundedMarch 27, 1953
LeagueOlympics, World cup, European Championship Nat. League
Team historySportvereinigung Dynamoⓘ
Based inEast Berlin
ArenaPalast der Republik, Dynamo-Sportforum, Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track, Dynamo Sports Hotel
StadiumDynamo Stadium (Dresden), Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Sportpark, Heinz Steyer Stadion and others
Colorswine-red white/ wine-red silver
OwnerMinistry of Interior of the GDR
PresidentErich Mielke
Championships2.187 nat.; approx. 80 European Cups; approx. 324 World Cup medals; approx. 215 Olympic medals[1]

The Sportvereinigung Dynamo (Sports Club Dynamo) was a German sports club of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It was created for members of the country's ministry of interior which included the Volkspolizei with the Border patrol of the GDR, the East German fire services and the Staatssicherheit. The president was Erich Mielke from its inception in March 27, 1953 until November 23, 1989.Because of te reunification/ the order of the SED. The former head office is located in East Berlin (Hohenschönhausen) next to the former headquarters of the Staatssicherheit. Dynamo-Sportforum Berlin was the largest sportscomplex in Europe, used for many Olympic sports. The speed scating track was the first which has been a roof. It was the one of the most successful sports associations in international competitions. After German reunification in 1990 the club was liquidated. At its height the association had over 280,000 active (sporting) members, including over 110,000 children. (world record)[2]

The roots

Dynamo was created in accordance with the multi-sports club model developed in the Soviet Union and adopted throughout Eastern Europe. From the beginning it had an overtly political as well as sporting agenda and its many successes were always portrayed as a triumph of the GDR state. It was frequently lauded by East German leaders in their speeches. For example:

We have the certainty that you use all your power; because SV Dynamo, means more than only driving power; (…)

The name Sportvereinigung Dynamo, that is progress that is socialism, communism, means, after the progressive theory of mankind to work after Marxism and Leninism. (…)Sportvereinigung Dynamo that is undestructable friendship to the Soviet Union, to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and for Soviet brother organization Dynamo. (…)Sportsvereinigung Dynamo, is bounded with the party, with the working class and the workers of the German Democratic Republic. (…) Sportvereinigung Dynamo is called to give to the DTSB of the GDR large support with the fulfilment of the tasks is called to work as progressive powers in the selection crews of the GDR, in the district organizations, everywhere, where Dynamo sportsmen work. (…) Sportvereinigung Dynamo, that means, to carry out the resolutions with humans in the interest of humans for the further stabilization of the GDR.”[3]

If we speak of the good results the GDR sport, then the Sportvereinigung Dynamo has of it an important portion. But we say dear friends and comrades of the Sportvereinigung all ranges of the physical culture and the sport to you affect. We appreciate however not nu the large achievements in the area the physical culture and the sport, but say also all comrades of our protection and safety organs thanks for the fact that them us altogether in our work, with which education, with which development of physical culture and sport supported and also with the security of our results and successes in the whole past years in so outstanding way. If we speak of new tasks and new far-stretched goals, then we count on the fact that the sport. Dynamo may be as in the past also in the future an equally strong asset in ours, German gymnastic and sport organisation. The Sportvereinigung Dynamo always took an outstanding place. In the competition of the Sportvereinigung and district organizations it often distinguished, also in districts represent our comrades the Sportvereinigung Dynamo a strong position of our sport organization. We all however know that our tasks become in the future not only larger, but also still various possibilities to open are to carry a still better work out in order to justify hopes of the people and the party.

[4]

File:Erich Fritz Emil Mielke.jpg
Army Gen. and Minister Erich Mielke (†) been voted in every time for the first president.

Controversies surrounding the Sport Club Dynamo

The case of doping

The Sportvereinigung Dynamo[5] was especially singled out as a center for doping in the former East Germany[6]. Many former club officials and some athletes found themselves charged after the dissolution of the country. A special page on the internet was created by doping victims trying to gain justice and compensation, listing people involved in doping at the club, the so called Dynamo Liste[7].

State-endorsed doping began with the Cold War when every eastern bloc gold was an ideological victory. From 1974, Manfred Ewald, the head of the GDR's sports federation, imposed blanket doping. At the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, the country of 17 million collected nine gold medals. Four years later the total was 20 and in 1976 it doubled again to 40[8]. Ewald was quoted as having told coaches, "They're still so young and don't have to know everything." He was given a 22-month suspended sentence, to the outrage of his victims[9].

Often, doping was carried out without the knowledge of the athletes, some of them as young as ten years of age. It is estimated that around 10,000 former athletes bear the physical and mental scars of years of drug abuse[10], one of them is Rica Reinisch, a triple Olympic champion and world record-setter at the Moscow Games in 1980, has since suffered numerous miscarriages and recurring ovarian cysts. Athletes like Renate Vogel, silver medalist at the 1972 Olympics in the swimming competitions, were told the injections were vitamins but failed to believe the explanation and quit her sport[11].

Two former Dynamo Berlin club doctors, Dieter Binus, chief of the national women's team from 1976 to 80, and Bernd Pansold, in charge of the sports medicine center in East-Berlin, were committed for trial for allegedly supplying 19 teenagers with illegal substances [12]. Binus was sentenced in August[13], Pansold in Dezember 1998 after both being found guilty of administering hormones to underage female athletes from 1975 to 1984[14].

Virtually no East German athlete ever failed an official drugs test, though Stasi files show that many did, indeed, produced positive tests at Kreischa, the Saxon laboratory (German:Zentrale Dopingkontroll-Labor des Sportmedizinischen Dienstes) that was at the time approved by the International Olympic Committee[15], now called the Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS)[16].

In 2005, fivteen years after the end or the GDR, the manufacturer of the drugs in former East Germany, Jenapharm, still finds itselve involved in numberous lawsuits from doping victims, being sued by almost 200 former athletes[17].

Former Sport Club Dynamo athletes who publicly admitted to doping, accusing their coaches[18]:

Former Sport Club Dynamo athletes disqualified for doping:

  • Ilona Slupianek[19] (Ilona Slupianek was tested positiv along with three Finish athletes at the 1977 European Cup, becoming the only East German athlete ever to be convicted of doping[20])

Based on the selve-admission by Pollack, the United States Olympic Committee asked for the redistribution of gold medals won in the 1976 Olympics[21]. Despite court rulings in Germany that substantiate claims of systematic doping by some East German swimmers, the IOC executive board announced that it has no intention of revising the Olympic record books. This is an understandable decision as it could otherwise trigger a flood of such claims involving former eastern block athletes. In rejecting the American petition on behalf of its women's medley relay team in Montreal and a similar petition from the British Olympic Association on behalf of Sharron Davies, the IOC made it clear that it wanted to discourage any such appeals in the future[22].

The Stasi and Erich Mielke

Erich Mielke, chief of Dynamo, was also the all-powerfull leader of the Stasi[23], the Secret Police of East Germany, mother organisation of Dynamo, along with the GDR Border Guards. The Stasi was widely regarded as one of the most effective intelligence agencies in the world. The intensity of state surveillance was probably without parallel anywhere in the world. In 1989, the Stasi had 91,000 staff members and 174,000 unofficial collaborators - a ratio of one spy for every 62 citizens[24]. Some of them were well known athlets, like Harald Czudaj, who admitted working as an informer for the Stasi, writing at least 10 reports about teammates and officials of the Dynamo bobsled club in Altenberg, East Germany, from 1988 to 1990. He apologized to his teammates. After his admission, Czudaj's teammates appealed to German officials to let him compete in the 1992 Winter Olympics because they had not been harmed by his work for the Stasi[25].

Mielke himself was sentenced in Berlin to six years in prison in 1993 for the murder of two policemen in 1931. However he was freed after two years when he was diagnosed as senile[26].

German SV Dynamo districts

Districts of Dynamo

The sports system was not designed for transfers, but on schedule. The athletes had to be viewed in their own country. Administrators and coaches from Dynamo Berlin were often sent to support their development. The district organizations always wore the initials SV Dynamo ... . The districts been the same districts of the state with: Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Rostock, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Neubrandenburg, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Schwerin, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Magdeburg, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Potsdam, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Frankfurt (Oder), Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Berlin, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Cottbus, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Halle, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Leipzig, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Erfurt, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Gera, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Suhl, Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Dresden and Sportvereinigung Dynamo District - Organisation Karl-Marx-Stadt. Every district has owned a wine-red silk banner with these writing. The measure is 2,8 x 1,5 m, with, of course, a Logo of the SV.

Athletics: SG Dynamo Spremberg SG Dynamo Aschersleben I SG Dynamo Lichtenberg SG Dynamo Senftenberg SG Dynamo Welfesleben SG Dynamo Berlin-Adlershof SG Dynamo Bernburg SG Dynamo Salzwedel SG Dynamo Sangerhausen SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen SG Dynamo Senftenberg SC Dynamo Berlin SG Dynamo Adlershof SG Dynamo Schwerin[27]  · Badminton: SG Dynamo Aschersleben[28] · Biathlon: SG Dynamo Marienberg SG Dynamo Zinnwald[29] · Boxing: SG Dynamo AnklamSG Dynamo Wurzen SG Dynamo Bützow SG Dynamo Döbeln [30]SC Dynamo Berlin, SG Dynamo Jüterbog SG Dynamo Perleberg · Chess:' SG Dynamo Dresden SG Dynamo Potsdam SG Dynamo Pirna[31]  · Combat sport:' SG Dynamo Magdeburg SG Dynamo Hagenow SG Dynamo Beeskow-Ost SG Dynamo Schlema SG Dynamo Leipzig-Süd Cross country running: SG Dynamo Hildburghausen SG Dynamo Meiningen SG Dynamo Karl Marx Stadt[32] · Cross-country skiing: SG Dynamo Marienberg SC Dynamo Klingenthal SG Dynamo Bad Liebenthal SG Dynamo Bad Salzungen SG DynamoZwickau  · Cycling: SG Dynamo Cottbus SG Dynamo Potsdam-Babelsberg SG Dynamo Kyritz[33] SG Dynamo Dresden-Nord[34] SG Dynamo Pirna[35] SG Dynamo Karl Marx Stadt[33] SG Dynamo Rostock SC Dynamo Berlin · Expedition: SG Dynamo Elbe-Dresden · Fanfare-zug: SG Dynamo Potsdam SG Dynamo Berlin-Nordwest Fencing: SG Dynamo Köthen SG Dynamo Halle-Nord SC Dynamo Berlin SG Dynamo Eisenach[36] SG Dynamo Frankfurt Oder[37] SC Dynamo Halle-Nord[38] SG Dynamo Karl-Marx-Stadt[39] · Figure skating: SC Dynamo Berlin · Fishing: SG Dynamo Torgau Football (soccer): SG Dynamo Lübben SG Dynamo Dippoldiswalde BFC Dynamo, SG Dynamo Görlitz SG Dynamo Bitterfeld [40] SG Dynamo Dresden SG Dynamo Grimma[41] SG Dynamo Eisleben[42] PSG Dynamo Fürstenwalde, SG Dynamo Schwerin FSV Dynamo Eisenhüttenstadt[43] · Gymnastic: SG Dynamo Hildburghausen  · Gymnastics: SG Dynamo Dessau-West SC Dynamo Berlin · Handball: SG Dynamo Halle-Neustadt SG Dynamo Suhl-Mitte SV Dynamo Erfurt SG Dynamo Brandenburg[44]  · Ice hockey: EHC Dynamo Berlin SG Dynamo Weisswasser · Judo: SG Dynamo Weimar SG Dynamo Quedlinburg SG Dynamo Wilhelm-Pieck-Stadt Guben SG Dynamo Bernau [45] SG Dynamo Cottbus[46] SC Dynamo Hoppegarten[47] Dynamo Frankfurt Oder[48] PSG Dynamo Fürstenwalde[49] JSG Dynamo Jüterbog [50] SV Dynamo Erfurt SV Dynamo Sonneberg[51] · Karate: SG Dynamo Schwerin[52] · Luge: SG Dynamo Zinnwald[53] · Judo: SG Dynamo Weimar SG Dynamo Bernau [54] JSG Dynamo Jüterburg [55] SG Dynamo Erfurt-Süd[56] SV Dynamo Sonneberg[57] · Motorsport: SG Dynamo Gräfentonna [58] · Parashuting: SC Dynamo Hoppegarten[59] · Racewalking: SC Dynamo Berlin · Rowing: SG Dynamo Potsdam [60] SG Dynamo Karl-Marx-Stadt[61] · Shooting sports: SG Dynamo Gera-Mitte SG Dynamo Perleberg SC Dynamo Adlershof, SC Dynamo Hoppegarten[62] SV Dynamo Rostock[63] SV Dynamo Leipzig[64] · Ski jumping: SC Dynamo Klingenthal[65] · Skittles: SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen (Bowling) SG Dynamo Dippoldiswalde · Swimming: SG Dynamo Güstrow SG Dynamo Unterwellenhorn SG Dynamo Luckenwalde[66] SG Dynamo Leipzig [67] Speed skating: SC Dynamo Berlin SG Dynamo Schierke  · Tennis: SG Dynamo Lübben Volleyball: SG Dynamo Bützow-Nord SG Eisenhütenstadt-Mitte SG Dynamo Eisenhüttenstadt Mitte SG Dynamo Treptow SG Dynamo Wittenberg SG Dynamo Meißen SG Dynamo Heide Dresden SG Dynamo Aschersleben, SG Dynamo Pirna[28] SC Dynamo Berlin SG Dynamo Flöha[28]  · Water polo: SG Dynamo Magdeburg[68] · Wrestling: SG Dynamo Leipzig SG Dynamo Luckenwalde[69] SG Dynamo Demmin [70]

Members

Key to East German sporting success was a pyramid system with schoolchildren being assessed for athletic potential and the best (typically the top 2.5%) in each school-year being offered specialised coaching. A small fraction of those would go on to become the top adult athletes of the next generation. This model was initially derided in the West as a "sausage machine" but it has since been adopted in modified form by Australia, France, Spain and others with thousands of children being educated at specialised (often residential) sports schools rather than going through the normal High School system. Overall, 3 billion athletes were in the GDR at the German Sports federation (DTSB) registrated in many other successful clubs.

Year Adults Children Total
1953 23162 none 23162
1955 55991 10874 66856
1958 90160 18846 109006
1961 105530 42822 148352
1966 118651 54691 173306
1970 131752 74266 206018
1972 139013 85295 224308
1974 144356 93071 237427
1975 146127 96666 242793
1976 148054 99337 247391
1983 170.000 110.000 280.000

[71]

Trainers

Most coaches were also even teachers or other specific occupations. They were all in principle to took members fears before starting competitions. Also said that never was like everything bad could happen if .... Problems are always packed at its source in order to eradicate this. At the same time, they were also the guardian of morality.

Year Level 1 Level 2 Level 3/4 Total
1964 none none none 9989
1965 none none none 9673
1966 6785 2466 1362 10613
1967 6717 2476 1489 10682
1968 7078 2731 1712 11521
1969 7536 3009 1915 12460
1970 7321 3211 2058 12590
1971 7215 3412 2119 12746
1972 7334 3598 2580 13512
1973 7394 3791 3016 14201
1974 11358 3906 3098 18362
1975 11812 3949 3407 19168
1976 12369 4219 3524 20112

[72]

Institutions

File:GDR Fire Service.jpg
File:Coat of arms of the GDR Border-Patrol.jpg

After reunification, the members of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Watch Regiment, also sometimes Dynamo - Athletes, got no pension, although they could win sporting successes. It is proven that only an elite army members and no spies were known from the MFS, which has been belonged to. That these members of agencies weren't been agents. Also only if they are served for terrorism defense.[73]

Some also get little pension, although they worked as a teacher, and their acts would been checked. [74] Employees of the State Security were camouflaged as civilians in events. Sometimes they did recognize themselfes with the same souvenirs. For example: Bananas and Sandwiches. These was a sort of a "sport-police". On Hooligans are even used agent's. That happened for years and nobody could it remember. This were often happened with the BFC Dynamo and the SG Dynamo Dresden. Members of the organs of the Ministry of Interior of the GDR had to support the SV, otherwise, there was not a good omen for them. [75] There were hooligans but mostly to today's conditions as good as none. It was only after the German reunification. The roots were, therefore, the changes in the school, the labour market and therefore in a changing society, which it's worsened. [76]

Organisation

File:Adidaslogo.jpg

As a sports brand could only worn Adidas by the athletes, in international competitions or the home made brand Champion. If this were not respected, the athletes would been blocked in int. competitions for a time, then Dynamo had only hidden contracts with Adidas. Never was an athlete punished.[77]

For small children, there was even a Dynamo-Kindergarten. Henceforth the larger children trained every day before and after classes. All children were happy with doing that. For the training, there exists a basic plan. If the children themselves are not good at school, then they were being excluded from the training. These were but who helped. There were respected the emphasis has been that the athletes had to pursued themselves the sporting ideology , because otherwise no success would have been guaranteed. The Dynamo athletes should always did stow in their offices sports equipment. This should be at least 10 minutes during working break. These included: dumbbells, expander; impander and poles for pull-ups. In each year, the best Dynamo-athlete were voted. Few could win 50,- M when they themselves were those who chose the sportswoman/ sportsman of the year. [78] Athletes may not overwhelmed, and at.. Particularly, it should be respected so that there were more athletes than fans there. The officials had always successful attempts by the people to the stadiums to attract these onto the sports fields.[79] Dynamo employed a planning cycle that set out the club's objectives for the upcoming four year period. All people should be have the right to doing sports at the Sports Club Dynamo. [80]

This sports club was anti-fascistic with the human goals against imperialism. The grounders of thus here were former prisoners in concentration camps and leaders in the battle against National socialists and Social Democrats at the Weimar Republic. The Dynamo-Youth commemorated about it at the Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park), Sachsenhausen concentration camp. The names of murdered/death communists was given as honoury titles for Dynamo-Clubs, which must fought for it... . For example: SG Dynamo "Feliks E. Dzierzynski" Dresden or SG Dynamo "Dr. Richard Sorge" Erfurt.

There were also many hymns and odes of Dynamo, which would written. Gerhard Kube, Helmut Baierl and Kurt Barthel formed many poems, which playing the sports club a role.

Main article: Lyric poetry of the Sports Club Dynamo

Dynamo-Hall of fame

File:SC Dynamo Berlin (record champion).png
The emblem of all performing power centers in Hoppegarten, Klingenthal and Berlin

They lived across in normal rented houses besides workers or even came from peasant families. They got no million contracts for their actions. Some also studied along their athletic careers, with extra curriculas has been prepared for them. This is proved as progressive.

Gerhard Kaminski awarded the German Federal Cross of Merit for his super trainer career at the Dynamo-Sports-Hall in Gymnastics. He trained world class gymnasts in a 18 years record era, for the Olympic Games.[81] Dynamo athletes won medals in many Olympic and World Championship events. The annual contribution defrauded per year only converted 0,60 - € / 0,90- $/ 12,- M. The citizen of the GDR deserved in average approximately 500,- East German mark (Mark) per month. The multitalent and genius Dr. med. orth. hab. Karin Büttner-Janz (Olympic winner, medical scientist on the Humboldt University), is the gymnast 20th century. She also invented the artificial intervertebral disc. Sigmund Jähn was the first cosmonaut in space from the GDR. He was also an honorary member of the SV. The honorary title does he won for the SV Dynamo district Karl-Marx-Stadt; at the SC Dynamo Klingenthal, in 1978. When he got the certificate, he said: "As a skijumper were Harry Glaß my personal model for the start to the Cosmos." This skijumper had nearly broken neck, and was in pension of ability.[82] Dynamo athletes were also the one, which may could learn karate or even jujutsu as well as the general citizens could only learn judo. Spies in the United States have also all the knowledge about the martial arts training of the CIA and Dynamo won this informations.[83] The succeses in intern. competings are all recognized until today in all sports associations: [84] [85] [86] Athletics (track and field): Andreas Oschkenat Brigitte Wujak Christa Seeliger Fischer Christina Brehmer Christoph Höhne Cornelia Oschkenat Detlef Torith Detlef Wagenknecht[87] Doris Maletzki Ellen Fiedler Gisela Birkemeyer Gisela Köhler Hans Reimann Hartmut Briesenick Hildrun Claus Ines Vogelsang[88] Jacqueline Todten Jörg Pfeifer Jutta Kirst Kathrin Weßel Klaus Beer Monika Zehrt Rita Kühne Roland Wieser Romy Müller Susanne Beyer Wolfgang Schmidt · Biathlon: André Sehmisch Birk Anders Dieter Speer Eberhard Rösch Frank-Peter Roetsch Günther Bartnik Hans Jörg Knauthe Horst Koschka Joachim Meischner Klaus Siebert Manfred Beer Matthias Jacob Raik Dittrich Ralf Göthel Wilfried Bock  · Boxing: Bernd Wittenburg Detlef Kästner Dirk Käsebier Dieter Dunkel Frank Kegelbein Günter Siegmund Heinz Schulz Klaus-Dieter Kirchstein Maik Heydeck Otto Babiasch Peter Tiepold Rainer Poser Rudi Fink Siegfried Olesch Wolfgang Behrendt Wolfgang Trödler  · Cross-country skiing: Anni Unger Christel Meinel Dietmar Meinel Gabriele Haupt Gabriele Meinel Gerd Heßler Gerd-Dietmar Klause Marita Dotterweich Marlies Rostock Stefan Schicker  · Cycling: Bernd Dittert Bill Huck Carsten Wolf Christa Luding-Rothenburger Emanuel Raasch Guido Fulst Heinz Richter Lothar Stäber Jan Ullrich Jens Fiedler Jürgen Schütze Manfred Klieme Olaf Ludwig Peter Gröning Rainer Hönisch Werner Otto  · Figure skating: Christine Errath Heidemarie Steiner Manuela Groß Rolf Österreich Romy Kermer Uwe Kagelmann  · Fencing: Mandy Niklaus  · Gymnastics: Andreas Wecker Angelika Keilig-Hellmann Annelore Zinke Birgit Radochla Dagmar Kersten Dörte Thümmler Gabriele Fähnrich Irene Abel Jürgen Paeke Karin Büttner-Janz Karola Sube Lutz Hoffmann Magdalena Schmidt Maxi Gnauck Michael Nikolay Regina Grabolle Roland Brückner Ulf Hoffmann Ulrike Klotz  · Handball: Frank-Michael Wahl Günter Zeitler Heiko Bonath Jörg Paulick[89] Jürgen Hildebrandt Klaus Dieter Matz Klaus Petzold Rainer Höft Rudi Hirsch Werner Senger  · Ice Hockey: Bernd Karrenbauer Bernd Poindl Dieter Voigt Erich Novy Heinz Schildan Helmut Novy Joachim Franke Joachim Ziesche Klaus Hirche Manfred Buder Rainer Tudyka Rüdiger Noack Ullrich Noack Wolfgang Plotka Judo: Andreas Preschel Detlef Ultsch Dieter Scholz Dietmar Höttger Dietmar Lorenz Frank Borkowski Frank Möller Fred Ohlhorn Günter Krüger Günther Wiesner Henry Stöhr Karl Nitz Karl Nietz Klaus Henning Otto Smirat Uwe Stock Wolfgang Zuckschwerdt  · Motocross: Paul Friedrichs  · Nordic Combinated: Günther Deckert Heinz Wosipiwo Ralph Leonhardt Thomas Abratis Uwe Dotzauer Parashuting: Bernd Wiesner[90] Günther Gerhard[91] Hans Peter Schmelzer[92] Irina Hornig Walter Greschner[93] Wolfgang Rieding[94]  · Riding: Gerhard Schulz · Rowing: Anke Borchmann Beate Schramm Bernd Ahrendt Bernd Eichwurzel Bernd Höing Bernd Krauß Bernd Landvoigt Bernd Niesecke Birgit Peter Christa Staak Christiane Knetsch Daniela Neunast Dagmar Holst Detlef Kirchhoff Dietmar Schiller Dietmar Schwarz Dietrich Zander Eckhard Martens Ernst Otto Borchmann Frank Dundr Frank Klawonn Gabriele Kelm Gabriele Rotermund Gunther Gerhardt Hanno Melzer Hans Joachim Borzym Hans Joachim Puls Harold Dimke Hartmut Schreiber Hendrik Reiher Henny Dobler Helma Lehmann Helmut Hänsel Heinrich Mederow Henrietta Ebert Horst Bagdonat Inge Bartlog Inge Gabriel Ingelohre Bahls Irmgard Böhmer Irina Müller Jana Sorgers Jens Köppen Joachim Böhmer Jörg Friedrich Jörg Landvoigt Judith Zeidler Jutta Lau Jutta Hampe Jürgen Arndt Jürgen Bertow Jürgen Kessel Jürgen Seyfarth Kathrin Haacker Karin Luck Karl Grzeschuchna Karl Heinz Bussert Kathrin Dienstbier Katrin Boron Karsten Schmeling Kerstin Hinze Kerstin Toußaint Klaus Dieter Ludwig Klaus Peter Foppke Liane Weigelt Manfred Schmorde Manfred Schneider Martina Schröter Margarete Selling Marlies Wegner Michael Wolfgramm Monika Kallies Ortwin Rodewald Ralf Jobst Ramona Balthasar Ramona Hein Rolf Jobst Renate Neu Reinhard Gust Reinhard Zahn Roswitha Zobelt[95] Roswitha Reichel[96] Rüdiger Reiche Sabine Brinker Sybille Schmidt Thomas Jung Ursula Pankraths Ursula Wagner Uta Stange Ute Wild Uwe Dühring Uwe Kellner Viola Goretztki Wolfgang Welner · Shot put: Hartmut Briesenick Marianne Adam · Shooting Sports:[97] Behm Bernhardt Hochwald[98] Dieter Monien Faust Steinbrück Gerhard Dommrich Jörg Damme Marlies Moch-Binder Martin Metelmann Norbert Klaar Olaf Hess Peter Gorewski Regina Petzke  · Ski Jumping: Andreas Kunz Harry Glaß Henry Glaß Klaus Ostwald Manfred Deckert Matthias Buse Stefan Schicker Sven Hannawald  · Soccer: Artur Ullrich Bernd Jakubowski Bodo Rudwaleit Dieter Riedel Frank Ganzera Frank Terletzki Gerd Heidler Hans-Jürgen Dörner Hans-Jürgen Kreische Hans-Jürgen Riediger Hartmut Schade Norbert Trieloff Reinhard Häfner Reinhard Lauck Siegmar Wätzlich Wolf-Rüdiger Netz  · Speed skating: Andre Hoffmann Angela Stahnke[99] Christa Luding Helga Haase Karin Kessow[100] Ruth Schleiermacher[101] Sabine Brehm[102] Sabine Becker[103] Sylvia Albrecht[104] Uwe Jens Mey[105]  · Swimming: Andre Matzk[106] Andrea Eife[107] Barbara Krause Caren Metschuck Daniela Hunger Detlev Grabs[108] Evelyn Stolze[109] Frank Pfütze[110] Peter Bruch[111] Jörg Woithe[112] Jürgen Schütze Katrin Meißner Kerstin Kielgaß[113] Lars Hinneburg[114] Lutz Unger[115] Manuela Stellmach Rosemarie Gabriel[116] [117] Roswitha Beier[118] Roswitha Krause[119] Steffen Zesner Sven Lodziewski Silvia Gerasch Ursula Küper[120]  · Volleyball: Anke Westendorf[121] Ariane Radfan[122] Barbara Czekalla[123] Christine Mummhardt Heike Lehmann[124] Manuela Groß[125] Wolfgang Webner[126] Schwarz  · Water polo: Hans-Georg Fehn[127] Hans-Ulrich Lange[128] Jürgen Kluge[129] Jürgen Schüler[130] Rolf Bastel[131] Siegfried Ballerstedt[132] Wolfgang Zein[133]  · Wrestling:[134] Dieter Heuer Fred Hempel Gerald Brauer Hans-Dieter Brüchert Harald Büttner Karl-Heinz Stahr Karl Nitz Karsten Polky Klaus Pohl Roland Gehrke Roland Dudziak Torsten Wagner Uwe Westendorf

The western part of Germany has blocked Dynamo

File:Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo (Wappen).png

In the cold war the name Dynamo was prohibited to use. The justification was: "Dynamo is a description of the Eastern Bloc countries are themselves members of the communist system and thus is in the FRG contrary." The dynamo-symbol was contrary to the constitution of former West Germany. Which worn this dynamo-insignia, would been prosecuted.

[135] [136]

The patron saint

File:Динамо 2.png

Feliks E. Dzierzynski (grounder of the SV Dynamo (Soviet Union), Cheka and saboteur) was the Idol of the "SVD" and also for the Soviet Dynamo Sports Club. Both clubs has him and were boundet in friendship together. They exchanged the sporty knowledge. The GDR learned from the Soviet Union. The reason was that: he was the chief of centers deligate which fought against neglect of children. His motto has always been that the children in the communist society and humanity to grow up happy, so they should be strong personalities. He was a friend of children.

Achievements

File:Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB).png

Olympics The sports club won approx. 215 Olympic medals in a period of 37 years.

Main article: Olympics of the Sports Club Dynamo

World-Championships The sports club won approx. 324 World Cup medals in a period of 37 years.

Main article: World Championships of the Sports Club Dynamo

European-Championships The athletes won approx. 80 European titles.

Main article: European Championships of the Sports Club Dynamo

Championships The Dynamo-Athletes won altogether 2.187 titles in 35 sport-sections over a 37 year period. [137]

Main article: Championships of the Sports Club Dynamo

See also

For other famous multi-sport clubs:

Literature

  • Gläser, Andreas (1976). SV Dynamo Ein Almanach. Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig. ISBN none. Template:De icon
  • SV Dynamo Mut und Kraft. Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig. 1984. ISBN none. Template:De icon
  • Dynamosport
  • Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government, by: Werner W. Franke (Hölderlin High School, Heidelberg, Germany) and Brigitte Berendonk, publisher:American Association for Clinical Chemestry
The idol beside Karl Marx was Feliks

Former stadiums:

References

  1. ^ Data bank for the Magazine Dynamo sport/ Please insert Dynamosport for searching (atttention:German language) It is for prooving the medals; extra beside the linked athletes here.
  2. ^ Page 18
  3. ^ Rudi Hellmann, chairman of the department of sport in the ZK of the SED, on the VII. central delegate conference of the Sportvereinigunbg Dynamo 1974
  4. ^ Manfred Ewald, chairman of the DTSB of the GDR, in the welcoming address on the 6. Conference of the centers line of the Sportvereinigung Dynamo March 23, 1973
  5. ^ Pain And Injury in Sport: Social And Ethical Analysis, Section III, Chapter 7, Page 111, by Sigmund Loland, Berit Skirstad, Ivan Waddington, Published by Routledge in 2006, ASIN: B000OI0HZG
  6. ^ "Dynamo Liste (in German)". doping_opfer@yahoo.com. September 2002. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  7. ^ "Dynamo Liste: Die Täter (in German)". doping_opfer@yahoo.com. September 2002. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  8. ^ "Jenapharm says drugs were legal". ESPN. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  9. ^ "Obituary: Manfred Ewald". The Independent. 25 October 2002. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  10. ^ "GDR athletes sue over steroid damage". BBC News Europe. 13 March 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  11. ^ "Doping im DDR-Sport: "Wir waren Versuchskaninchen" (in German)". 3sat.online. 3 February 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  12. ^ "New doping charges against East German doctors". BBC News. 25 November 1997. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  13. ^ "East German coaches fined over doping". BBC News. 31 August 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  14. ^ "Doping of underage athletes in the former GDR (in German)". Schwimmverein Limmat Zürich. 23 March 2000. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
  15. ^ "Drug claim could be a bitter pill". Times Online. 2 March 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  16. ^ "Accredited Laboratories". World Anti-Doping Agency. January 2004. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  17. ^ "Forgotten victims of East German doping take their battle to court". The Guardian. 1 November 2005. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  18. ^ "Drugs update". Sports Publications. July 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  19. ^ "1977: Here comes Mr. Doping". European Cup - Milan 2007. 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  20. ^ Michael Janofsky (4 July 1988). "Article on Sports in East Germany". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  21. ^ "OLYMPICS; U.S. Seeks Redress for 1976 Doping In Olympics". The New York Times. 25 October 1998. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  22. ^ "Despite Doping, Olympic Medals Stand". International Herald Tribune. 16 December 1998. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  23. ^ "Ex-Stasi chief dies". BBC News. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  24. ^ "GERMANY AND THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC - Truth and justice". Amnesty International, Daan Bronkhorst. June 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  25. ^ "Germany Won't Ban Sledder Who Informed". The New York Times. 11 February 1992. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  26. ^ "Erich Mielke—the career of a German Stalinist". World Socialist Web Site, Ludwig Niethammer. 24 August 2000. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
  27. ^ die offizielle Homepage der SG Dynamo Schwerin - Daten, Fakten, Hintergründe
  28. ^ a b c Dynamo in volleyball
  29. ^ Rösch, Eberhard. "Achievements, those meet" (in German). Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  30. ^ geschichte
  31. ^ Berliner Schachverband :: Chronik des Jahres 1961 SG Dynamo Pirna (chess)
  32. ^ http://www.vorwaerts-zwickau.de/sportler/manuela_krause.html (running)
  33. ^ a b SG Dynamo Cottbus (cycling)
  34. ^ SG Dynamo Dresden Nord cycling
  35. ^ BSG Dynamo Pirna
  36. ^ Fechten - Deutsche Meisterschaften:
  37. ^ Dynamo Frankfurt (fencing)
  38. ^ SC Dynamo Halle-Nord
  39. ^ http://www.cpsv.de/handball/index.php?id=4
  40. ^ http://www.vfl-eintracht-bitterfeld.de/verein/bis_1992.htm
  41. ^ http://www.sv-grimma.de/fussball/dynamo.htm Dynamo Grimma
  42. ^ http://home.arcor.de/uleh/fussball/ddr_liga/ddr_61.htm Dynamo Eisleben (soccer)
  43. ^ http://www.fsv-dynamo.de/nachwuchs/index.html FSV Dynamo (soccer)
  44. ^ Der Sportverein
  45. ^ SG Dynamo Bernau
  46. ^ Dynamo Cottbus (combat sport)
  47. ^ Dynamo Hoppegarten (judo)
  48. ^ SG Dynamo Frankfurt Oder (combat sport)
  49. ^ PSG Dynamo Fürstenwalde
  50. ^ Dynamo Jüterburg
  51. ^ SV Dynamo Sonneberg
  52. ^ die offizielle Homepage der SG Dynamo Schwerin - Daten, Fakten, Hintergründe
  53. ^ DDR-Lexikon: Klub
  54. ^ SG Dynamo Bernau
  55. ^ Dynamo Jüterburg
  56. ^ Dynamo Erfurt
  57. ^ SV Dynamo Sonneberg
  58. ^ Dynamo Gräfentonna (motorsport)
  59. ^ FSV-Eilenburg.de
  60. ^ Rudern - DDR - Meisterschaften (Herren - Teil 5)
  61. ^ http://www.cpsv.de/handball/index.php?id=4
  62. ^ Fallschirmsportverein Eilenburg e.V
  63. ^ Schießen - DDR - Meisterschaften: Pistolendisziplinen SV Dynamo Rostock
  64. ^ Schießen - DDR - Meisterschaften
  65. ^ [http://www.klingenthal.de/vsc/Vorstellung/Wissenswertes/Wettkampf/Meisterschaften.htm Nationale Meisterschaften in Klingenthal] (ski)
  66. ^ Dynamo Luckenwalde (swimming)
  67. ^ Geschichte
  68. ^ SG Dynamo Magdeburg
  69. ^ Dynamo Luckenwalde (wrestle)
  70. ^ Dynamo Demmin
  71. ^ SV Dynamo Almanach 1977
  72. ^ SV Dynamo Almanach
  73. ^ Aus der Petition einer Angestellten der Sportvereinigung „Dynamo“
  74. ^ Aus der Petition einer Angestellten der Sportvereinigung „Dynamo“
  75. ^ Willmann, Frank; Stadionpartisanen Fans und Hooligans in der DDR; Neues Leben Publishers, August 2007; 223 Pages - Language: German - 213x149x27 mm; ISBN 9783355017442
  76. ^ Eduard Geyer: at the Drewag Magazine: 1. publishing in 2008
  77. ^ Gymn Forum: Maxi Gnauck Biography
  78. ^ Dynamosport: 1974
  79. ^ Dynamosport:page: 6; first edition; 1974
  80. ^ Dynamosport: sec. ed.; page 3; 1974
  81. ^ http://www.gymmedia.com//news/kaminski01.htm
  82. ^ Dynamosport Magazine; 1978; 20th edition on page 2
  83. ^ MfS
  84. ^ International Olympic Committee - Athletes
  85. ^ Sport Complete
  86. ^ Competition Results / Resultados de Competiciones
  87. ^ DLV: Ergebnisse und Statistik - Ewige Bestenliste
  88. ^ MÄNNER
  89. ^ beach-handball.info - News
  90. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
  91. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
  92. ^ www.sport-komplett.de
  93. ^ Serie - Folge 21 (3)
  94. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
  95. ^ PRG - Zobelt
  96. ^ Reichel
  97. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
  98. ^ Hochwald
  99. ^ SkateResults.com
  100. ^ Skater :Deutsche Eisschnelllaufgemeinschaft - DESG
  101. ^ http://www.desg.de/akt_news_print.php?newsid=306
  102. ^ Skater :Deutsche Eisschnelllaufgemeinschaft - DESG
  103. ^ Skater :Deutsche Eisschnelllaufgemeinschaft - DESG
  104. ^ Skater :Deutsche Eisschnelllaufgemeinschaft - DESG
  105. ^ Skater :Deutsche Eisschnelllaufgemeinschaft - DESG
  106. ^ Andre
  107. ^ deutsche Medaillen DDR 1972 S
  108. ^ Heinrich Göbel Oberschule
  109. ^ Evelyn
  110. ^ Chronik: Berlin im Jahr 1959, Fakten Tag für Tag
  111. ^ Chronik: Berlin im Jahr 1972, Fakten Tag für Tag
  112. ^ Chronik: Berlin im Jahr 1980, Fakten Tag für Tag
  113. ^ Kielga&szlig, Kerstin
  114. ^ Sporthomepage von Dirk Richter
  115. ^ Chronik: Berlin im Jahr 1972, Fakten Tag für Tag
  116. ^ Chronik: Berlin am 19. Juli, Fakten Jahr für Jahr
  117. ^ Juegos Olímpicos. Montreal 1976
  118. ^ Chronik: Berlin im Jahr 1956, Fakten Tag für Tag
  119. ^ Heinrich Göbel Oberschule
  120. ^ Chronik: Berlin am 2. September, Fakten Jahr für Jahr
  121. ^ Olympiastützpunkt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
  122. ^ ::: usc :::
  123. ^ Barbara
  124. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
  125. ^ Damen 2
  126. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
  127. ^ Fehn, Hans-Georg
  128. ^ Statistik Wasserball in Magdeburg
  129. ^ Statistik Wasserball in Magdeburg
  130. ^ Statistik Wasserball in Magdeburg
  131. ^ Statistik Wasserball in Magdeburg
  132. ^ Sieggie
  133. ^ SG Handwerk Wasserball
  134. ^ Luckenwalde
  135. ^ FSC Dynamo Windrad – 10 Jahre Namensverbot
  136. ^ mitte
  137. ^ www.sport-komplett.de - Sportnachrichten, Sportergebnisse, Sportstatistiken, Sporthistorie, Autogramme, Sportveranstaltungen, Sportbücher
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