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{{Infobox Website
| name = The Million Dollar Homepage
| screenshot = [[File:The Million Dollar Homepage.png|250px]]
| caption = The Million Dollar Homepage ({{as of|2009|02|08}})
| url = [http://www.milliondollarhomepage.com/ milliondollarhomepage.com]
| alexa= 42,735 ({{as of|2009|05|09}})
| registration = none
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Pixel advertising]]
| owner = Alex Tew
| author = Alex Tew
| launch date = 26 August 2005
| current status = Active
| revenue = [[United States dollar|$]]1,037,100}}

'''The Million Dollar Homepage''' is a [[website]] conceived in 2005 by Alex Tew, a student from [[Wiltshire]], England, to raise money for his [[university education]]. The [[home page]] consists of a million [[pixel]]s arranged in a {{nowrap|1000 × 1000}} pixel grid; the image-based links on it were sold for [[United States dollar|$]]1 per pixel in {{nowrap|10 × 10}} blocks. The purchasers of these pixel blocks provided tiny images to be displayed on them, a [[Uniform Resource Locator]] (URL) to which the images were linked, and a slogan to be displayed when hovering a [[cursor (computers)|cursor]] over the link. The aim of the website was to sell all of the pixels in the image, thus generating a million dollars of income for the creator. The ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' has commented that the site inspired other websites that sell pixels.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref name="WSJ2" />

Launched on 26 August 2005, the website became an [[Internet phenomenon]]. The [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] ranking of [[web traffic]] peaked at around 127; {{as of|2009|05|09|lc=off}}, it is 40,044.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/data/details/main/milliondollarhomepage.com|title=milliondollarhomepage.com Site Information|accessdate=9 May 2009|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5geGyQa6F|archivedate=9 May 2009}}</ref> On 1 January 2006, the final 1,000 pixels were put up for auction on [[eBay]]. The auction closed on 11 January with a winning bid of $38,100 that brought the final tally to $1,037,100 in gross income.

During the January 2006 auction, the website was subject to a [[distributed denial-of-service attack]] and ransom demand, which left it inaccessible to visitors for a week while its security system was upgraded. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Wiltshire Constabulary]] investigated the attack and extortion attempt.

== Development ==
{{Quote box|quote=From the outset I knew the idea had potential, but it was one of those things that could have gone either way. My thinking was I had nothing to lose (apart from the 50 Euros or so it cost to register the domain and setup the hosting). I knew that the idea was quirky enough to create interest&nbsp;... The Internet is a very powerful medium.|source=Alex Tew, 22 February 2006.<ref name="FT">{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8c31b4e8-a3a7-11da-83cc-0000779e2340.html|title=Ask the expert: How to make a million|accessdate=2 February 2009|date=22 February 2006|publisher=[[Financial Times|FT.com]]}}</ref>| align=left|width=33%}}
Alex Tew, a student from [[Cricklade]] in Wiltshire, England, conceived The Million Dollar Homepage in August 2005 when he was 21 years old.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Student's cash-raising net scheme|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/4271694.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=22 September 2005|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> He was about to begin a three-year Business Management course at the [[University of Nottingham]], and was concerned that he would be left with a [[student loans in the United Kingdom|student loan]] that could take years to repay.<ref name="BBC" /> As a money-raising idea, Tew decided to sell a million pixels on a website for [[United States dollar|$]]1 each; purchasers would add their own image, [[logo]] or advertisement, and have the option of including a [[hyperlink]] to their website. Pixels were sold for US dollars rather than [[Pound sterling|UK pounds]]; the US has a larger online population than the UK, and Tew believed more people would relate to the concept if the pixels were sold in US currency.<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://milliondollarhomepage.com/faq.php|title=The Million Dollar Homepage FAQ|accessdate=30 January 2009|last=Tew|first=Alex|date=26 August 2005|publisher=[[Million Dollar Homepage]]}}</ref> In 2005, the pound was [[hard currency|strong]] against the dollar: £1 was worth approximately $1.80,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xe.com/ict/|title=Current and Historical Rate Tables|accessdate=30 January 2009|publisher=[[XE.com]]}}</ref> and that cost per pixel may have been too expensive for many potential buyers.<ref name="FAQ" /> Tew's setup costs were [[Euro|€]]50, which paid for the registration of the domain name and a basic web-hosting package. The website, hosted by Sitelutions, went live on 26 August 2005.<ref name="BBC mag">{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Geoghegan|title=The million-dollar student|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4585026.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=6 January 2006|accessdate=4 February 2009}}</ref>

The [[homepage]] featured a [[Web banner]] with the site's name and a pixel counter displaying the number of pixels sold, a [[navigation bar]] containing nine small links to the site's internal [[web page]]s, and an empty square grid of 1,000,000 pixels divided into 10,000 100-pixel blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliondollarhomepage.com/|title=The Million Dollar Homepage|accessdate=30 January 2009|last=Tew|first=Alex|date=15 September 2005|publisher=The Million Dollar Homepage|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050915012241/http://www.milliondollarhomepage.com/|archivedate=15 September 2005}}</ref> Tew promised customers that the site would remain online for five years – that is, until at least 26 August 2010.<ref>{{cite news|first=Dawn|last=Kawamoto|title=Blackmailers try to black out Million Dollar Homepage|url=http://news.cnet.com/Blackmailers-try-to-black-out-Million-Dollar-Homepage/2100-7349_3-6028131.html|publisher=[[CNET]]|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=19 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Tara|last=Evans|title=Million dollar homepage: Alex Tew|url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/small-business/article.html?in_article_id=426613&in_page_id=10|publisher=[[This is Money]]|date=21 November 2007|accessdate=19 February 2009}}</ref>

== Pixel sales ==
Because individual pixels are too small to be seen easily, Pixels were sold in 100-pixel "blocks" measuring {{nowrap|10 × 10}} pixels; the minimum price was thus $100.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sarah|last= Pierce|title=The Million-Dollar Home Page|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/worklife/successstories/article82936.html|work=[[Entrepreneur Magazine]]|date=13 January 2006|accessdate=19 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Washington" /> The first sale, three days after the site began operating, was to an online music website operated by a friend of Tew's. He bought 400 pixels in a {{nowrap|20 × 20}} block. After two weeks, Tew's friends and family members had purchased a total of 4,700 pixels.<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Times" /> The site was initially marketed only through [[Word of mouth marketing|word of mouth]];<ref name="WSJ2" /> however, after the site had made $1,000, a [[press release]] was sent out that was picked up by the [[BBC]].<ref name="BBC" /><ref name="Times">{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Boggan|title=Million dollar boy|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article578081.ece|work=[[The Times]]|date=14 October 2005|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> The technology news website [[The Register]] featured two articles on The Million Dollar Homepage in September.<ref name="Register">{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Richardson|title=Student flogs pixels to fund education|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/08/pixel_student/|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=8 September 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Richardson|title=Million pixel student makes £32k|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/09/20/pixel_student/|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=20 September 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> By the end of the month, The Million Dollar Homepage had received $250,000 and was ranked Number 3 on [[Alexa Internet]]'s list of "Movers and Shakers" behind the websites for [[Britney Spears]] and ''[[Photo District News]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/movers_shakers?lang=en|title=Movers & Shakers|accessdate=30 January 2009|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050926155110/http://www.alexa.com/site/ds/movers_shakers?lang=en|archivedate=26 September 2005}}</ref> On 6 October, Tew reported the site received 65,000 unique visitors; it received 1465 [[Digg]]s, becoming one of the most Digged links that week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digg.com/tech_news/The_Million_Dollar_Home_Page|title=The Million Dollar Home Page|accessdate=30 January 2009|date=12 October 2009|publisher=[[Digg]]}}</ref> Eleven days later, the number had increased to 100,000 unique visitors. On 26 October, two months after the Million Dollar Homepage was launched, more than 500,900 pixels had been sold to 1,400 customers.<ref name="Blog1">{{cite web|url=http://milliondollarhomepage.com/blog-archive.php|title=Blog Archive|accessdate=30 January 2009|last=Tew|first=Alex|publisher=The Million Dollar Homepage}}</ref> By New Year's Eve, Tew reported that the site was receiving hits from 25,000 unique visitors every hour and had an [[Alexa Internet|Alexa]] Rank of 127,<ref name="Blog1" /> and that 999,000 of the 1,000,000 pixels had been sold.<ref name="WSJ2" />

On 1 January 2006, Tew announced that because the demand was so great for the last 1,000 pixels, "the most fair and logical thing" to do was auction them on [[eBay]] rather than lose "the integrity and degree of exclusivity intrinsic to the million-pixel concept" by launching a second Million Dollar Homepage.<ref name="Blog1" /> The auction lasted ten days and received 99 legitimate bids. Although bids were received for amounts as high as $160,109.99, many were either retracted by the bidders or cancelled as hoaxes.<ref name="Startup" /><ref name="Blog">{{cite web|url=http://milliondollarhomepage.com/blog.php|title=Blog|accessdate=1 February 2009|last=Tew|first=Alex|publisher=The Million Dollar Homepage}}</ref> "I actually contacted the people by phone and turns out they weren't serious, which is fairly frustrating, so I removed those bidders at the last minute", said Tew.<ref name="Startup">{{cite news|first=Gwendolyn|last=Bounds|title=Pixel-Ad Entrepreneur Expected to Reach Goal|url=http://www.startupjournal.com/columnists/enterprise/20060111-bounds.html|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=11 January 2006|accessdate=4 February 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060113063913/http://www.startupjournal.com/columnists/enterprise/20060111-bounds.html|archivedate=13 January 2006}}</ref> The winning bid was $38,100,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=5652179487&ssPageName=ADME:L:LCA:UK:31|title=Own The Last 1,000 Pixels on MillionDollarHomepage.com|accessdate=1 February 2009|last=Tew|first=Alex|year=2006|month=January|publisher=[[eBay]]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060127005959/http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=5652179487&ssPageName=ADME:L:LCA:UK:31|archivedate=27 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Sean|last=Alfano|title=Pixel Perfect, 21-Year-Old Brit Makes A Million With Simple Sales Plan For Online Ads|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/11/eveningnews/main1203377.shtml|work=[[CBS Evening News]]|date=11 January 2006|accessdate=18 February 2009}}</ref> placed by MillionDollarWeightLoss.com, an online store selling diet-related products.<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Fontanella|title=Student faces legal threat after $1m website crashes|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c786049e-8927-11da-94a6-0000779e2340.html?nclick_check=1|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=19 January 2006|accessdate=18 February 2009}}</ref> Tew remarked that he had expected the final bid amount to be higher due to the media attention.<ref name="Startup" /> The Million Dollar Homepage made a [[gross (economics)|gross]] total of $1,037,100 in five months.<ref name="Blog" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Richardson|title=Pixel-flogging student makes a million|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/01/12/million_pixels/|publisher=[[The Register]]|date=12 January 2006|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> After costs, taxes, and a donation to [[The Prince's Trust]], a charity for young people, Tew expected his [[net (economics)|net]] income to be $650,000–$700,000.<ref name="WSJ2" />

Pixel purchasers included [[Bonanza Gift Shop]], [[Panda Software]], the producers of ''[[Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price]]'', [[British Schools Karting Championship]], [[Book of Cool]], [[Orange United Kingdom|Orange]], ''[[The Times]]'', [[Cheapflights.com]], [[Schiffer Publishing]], [[Rhapsody (online music service)|Rhapsody]], [[Tenacious D]], [[GoldenPalace.com]], [[888.com]] and other [[online casino]]s, [[Independiente Records]], [[Yahoo!]], small privately owned businesses, and companies offering [[get-rich-quick schemes]], [[online dating service]]s, [[personal loan]]s, [[free sample]]s, [[website design]]s and holidays.<ref name="List">{{cite web|url=http://www.milliondollarhomepage.com/pixellist.php|title=Pixel List|accessdate=30 January 2009|last=Tew|first=Alex|publisher=The Million Dollar Homepage}}</ref>

== Media attention ==
Following the September press release that first brought attention to the site, The Million Dollar Homepage was featured in articles on [[BBC Online]],<ref name="BBC" /> [[The Register]],<ref name="Register" /> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Savill|title=Student solves debt fear as website earns £56,000 in a month|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1499099/Student-solves-debt-fear-as-website-earns-56000-in-a-month.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 September 2005|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> and ''[[PC Pro]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first=Simon|last=Aughton|title=UK student makes pixels pay|url=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/77613/uk-student-makes-pixels-pay.html|work=[[PC Pro]]|date=22 September 2005|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Tew also appeared on the national [[breakfast television]] programmes ''[[Sky News Sunrise]]'' and ''[[BBC Breakfast]]'' to discuss the website.<ref>''[[Sky News Sunrise]]''. Presenter: [[Eamonn Holmes]]. [[Sky News]]. 6 October 2005.</ref><ref>''[[BBC Breakfast]]''. Presenters: [[Dermot Murnaghan]], [[Natasha Kaplinsky]]. [[BBC One]]. 20 October 2005.</ref>

{{Quote box|quote=The crucial thing in creating the media interest was the idea itself: it was unique and quirky enough to stand out. I only had to push the idea a bit in the first few days by sending out a press release which essentially acted as a catalyst. This interest coupled with traditional word-of-mouth created a real buzz about the homepage, which in turn created more interest.|source=Alex Tew, 22 February 2006.<ref name="FT"/>|width=33%|align=left}}

By November the website was becoming popular around the world, receiving attention from ''[[Financial Times Deutschland]]'' in Germany,<ref>{{cite news|first=Nicolai|last=Kwasniewski|title=Der Weg zur ersten Million - Ein Pixel, ein Dollar|url=http://www.ftd.de/technik/it_telekommunikation/23765.html|work=[[Financial Times Deutschland]]|date=29 September 2005|accessdate=4 February 2009|language=German}}</ref> [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]] in New Zealand,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411879/621034|title=Web review: Topical site of the week|accessdate=4 February 2009|date=21 October 2005|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]}}</ref> [[Terra Networks]] in Latin America,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tecnologia.terra.com.br/interna/0,,OI682882-EI4802,00.html|title=Estudante quer juntar US$ 1 milhão vendendo pixels|accessdate=4 February 2009|date=26 September 2005|publisher=[[Terra Networks]]|language=Portuguese}}</ref> the ''[[China Daily]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Cash pours in for student with $1m Web idea|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-12/31/content_508426.htm|agency=[[Reuters]]|work=[[China Daily]]|date=31 December 2005|accessdate=4 February 2009}}</ref> and especially in the United States where it was covered in ''[[Adweek]]'',<ref>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Nudd|title=The King Of The Pixels|url=http://www.adweek.com/aw/magazine/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001263114|work=[[Adweek]]|date=10 October 2005|accessdate=4 February 2009}}</ref> ''[[Florida Today]]'',<ref name="Florida">{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Kridler|title=Student cashes in on brilliant, simple idea|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051004/COLUMNISTS0106/510040340/1047|work=[[Florida Today]]|date=4 October 2005|accessdate=4 February 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20051210073029/http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051004/COLUMNISTS0106/510040340/1047|archivedate=10 December 2005}}</ref> and ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news|first=Gwendolyn|last=Bounds|title=How Selling Pixels May Yield a Million Bucks|url=http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB113261806930503580-6ouqX6NSpgTBkHu4ln_7CpHXbBk_20061122.html?mod=blogs|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|page=B1|date=22 November 2005|accessdate=4 February 2009}}</ref> Tew hired a US-based publicist to help with the attention from the American media and made a week-long trip to the US, where he was interviewed on [[ABC News Radio]],<ref>News interview. Interviewer: Jim Hickey. [[ABC News Radio]]. 14 November 2005.</ref> the [[Fox News Channel]],<ref>''[[Your World with Neil Cavuto]]''. Presenter: [[Neil Cavuto]]. [[Fox News Channel]]. 14 November 2005.</ref> ''[[Attack of the Show!]]'',<ref>''[[Attack of the Show!]]''. Presenter: [[Kevin Pereira]]. [[Fox News Channel]]. 15 November 2005.</ref> and local news programmes.<ref>''NBC 11 News''. Interviewer: [[Cary Berglund]]. [[NBC]]. [[KNBC]], Los Angeles, California. 16 November 2005.</ref><ref>''Channel 4 News''. Interviewer: [[Scott Budman]]. [[NBC]]. [[KNTV]], San Jose, California. 22 November 2005.</ref>

The concept was described as "simple and brilliant",<ref name="Florida" /> "clever",<ref>{{cite news|first=Jennifer|last=Guevin|title=A million-dollar home page|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-5862953-7.html|publisher=[[CNET Networks#CNET News|CNET News]]|date=13 September 2005|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> "ingenious",<ref name="Times" /> and "a unique platform [for advertising] which is also a bit of fun".<ref name="Telegraph" /> Professor Martin Binks, director of the Nottingham University Institute for Entrepreneurial Innovation, said, "It is brilliant in its simplicity&nbsp;... advertisers have been attracted to it by its novelty&nbsp;... the site has become a phenomenon."<ref name="Times" /> ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' said, "There's no content. No cool graphics, giveaways or steamy Paris Hilton videos for viewers to salivate over. Imagine a TV channel that shows nothing but commercials, a magazine with nothing but ads. That's The Million Dollar Homepage. An astonishing example of the power of [[viral marketing]]<!-- Wikilinks are usually discouraged in quotes; however, in this quote ''Popular Mechanics'' actually linked to the "viral marketing" Wikipedia article. WP:IAR applies in this case. -->".<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Ross|title=Million-Dollar Brainstorm|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/blog/technology/1867167.html|work=[[Popular Mechanics]]|date=30 September 2005|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Don Oldenburg of the ''[[Washington Post]]'' was one of the few without praise for the site, calling it a "cheap, mind-bogglingly lucrative marketing monstrosity, an advertising badlands of spam, banner ads and pop-ups."<ref name="Washington">{{cite news|first=Don|last=Oldenburg|title=A Million to One|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/10/AR2006011001703.html|work=[[Washington Post]]|page=C1|date=11 January 2006|accessdate=5 February 2009}}</ref> Oldenburg continues, "it looks like a bulletin board on designer steroids, an advertising train wreck you can't ''not'' look at. It's like getting every pop-up ad you ever got in your life, at once. It's the Internet equivalent of suddenly feeling like you want to take a shower."<ref name="Washington" />

As the final pixels were being auctioned, Tew was interviewed on ''[[Richard & Judy]]'',<ref>''[[Richard & Judy]]''. Presenters: [[Richard Madeley]], [[Judy Finnigan]]. [[Channel 4]]. 9 January 2006.</ref> and profiled in the online [[BBC News Magazine]].<ref name="BBC mag" /> ''The Wall Street Journal'' wrote about The Million Dollar Homepage and its impact on the Internet community. "Mr. Tew himself has taken on celebrity status in the Internet community&nbsp;... the creative juice&nbsp;... paints an interesting picture of online entrepreneurship".<ref name="WSJ2">{{cite news|first=Gwendolyn|last=Bounds|title=Pixel-Ad Entrepreneur Closes With an Auction|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB113685629830142277.html?mod=2_1186_1|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|page=B8|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=4 February 2009}}</ref>

==DDoS attack==
On 7 January 2006, three days before the auction of the final 1,000 pixels was due to end, Tew received an e-mail from an organisation called The Dark Group, and was told The Million Dollar Homepage would become the victim of a [[distributed denial-of-service attack]] (DDoS) if a ransom of $5,000 was not paid by 10 January.<ref name="Financial">{{cite news|first=James|last=Fontanella|title=Hackers blackmail milliondollar site|url=http://news.ft.com/cms/s/cd05a42c-87c6-11da-8762-0000779e2340.html|publisher=[[Financial Times|FT.com]]|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=5 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Tgraph">{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Savill|title=Blackmailers target student's $1m website|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1508215/Blackmailers-target-students-1m-website.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=20 January 2006|accessdate=5 February 2009}}</ref> Believing the threat to be a hoax, he ignored it, but a week later received a second e-mail threat: "Hello u website is under us atack to stop the DDoS send us 50000$."<ref name="Financial" /> Again, he ignored the threat, and the website was flooded with extra traffic and e-mails, causing it to [[crash (computing)|crash]]. "I haven't replied to any of them as I don't want to give them the satisfaction and I certainly don't intend to pay them any money. What is happening to my website is like terrorism. If you pay them, new attacks will start," Tew said.<ref name="BBC DDoS">{{cite news|title=Blackmailers target $1m website|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4621158.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=5 February 2009}}</ref>

The website was inaccessible to visitors for a week until the host server upgraded the security system, and filtered traffic through anti-DDoS software.<ref name="Tgraph" /><ref name="BBC DDoS" /> [[Wiltshire Constabulary]]'s Hi-Tech Crime Unit and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] were called to investigate the extortion and attack; they believed it originated in Russia.<ref name="BBC DDoS" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Million dollar pixel site targeted by hackers|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10912938/|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=18 January 2006|accessdate=5 February 2009}}</ref>

== Similar websites ==
<!-- This section is for documenting discussion of the genre in reliable independent sources. Individual knock-offs must not be listed here, or anywhere else in this article. Linking your million pixel knockoff will likely end up with it being added to the spam blacklist; you have been warned. -->
Many other sites sell advertising by pixels.<ref name="WSJ2" /><ref name="Washington" /> Tew said of the sites, "[they] popped up almost immediately; now there are hundreds of Web sites selling pixels. The copycats are all competing with each other."<ref name="WSJ" /> "They have very little ads, therefore I guess it’s not going too well for them. The idea only works once and relies on novelty. Any copy-cat sites will only have pure comedy value, whereas mine possibly has a bit of comedy plus. So I say good luck to the imitators."<ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Fontanella|title=Dollar-per-pixel ad site nets student $1m|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d4edefe0-82ae-11da-ac1f-0000779e2340.html|publisher=[[Financial Times|FT.com]]|date=11 January 2006|accessdate=5 February 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Crowd financing]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
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* [http://www.milliondollarhomepage.com The Million Dollar Homepage]
* [http://uk.intruders.tv/Moo-party-special-Alex-Tew-of-MillionDollarHomepage-com_a111.html Interview with Alex Tew]
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[[Category:Internet properties established in 2005]]
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Revision as of 19:44, 10 May 2009

The Million Dollar Homepage
The Million Dollar Homepage (As of 8 February 2009)
Type of site
Pixel advertising
OwnerAlex Tew
Created byAlex Tew
Revenue$1,037,100
URLmilliondollarhomepage.com
CommercialYes
Registrationnone

The Million Dollar Homepage is a website conceived in 2005 by Alex Tew, a student from Wiltshire, England, to raise money for his university education. The home page consists of a million pixels arranged in a 1000 × 1000 pixel grid; the image-based links on it were sold for $1 per pixel in 10 × 10 blocks. The purchasers of these pixel blocks provided tiny images to be displayed on them, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to which the images were linked, and a slogan to be displayed when hovering a cursor over the link. The aim of the website was to sell all of the pixels in the image, thus generating a million dollars of income for the creator. The Wall Street Journal has commented that the site inspired other websites that sell pixels.[1][2]

Launched on 26 August 2005, the website became an Internet phenomenon. The Alexa ranking of web traffic peaked at around 127; As of 9 May 2009, it is 40,044.[3] On 1 January 2006, the final 1,000 pixels were put up for auction on eBay. The auction closed on 11 January with a winning bid of $38,100 that brought the final tally to $1,037,100 in gross income.

During the January 2006 auction, the website was subject to a distributed denial-of-service attack and ransom demand, which left it inaccessible to visitors for a week while its security system was upgraded. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and Wiltshire Constabulary investigated the attack and extortion attempt.

Development

From the outset I knew the idea had potential, but it was one of those things that could have gone either way. My thinking was I had nothing to lose (apart from the 50 Euros or so it cost to register the domain and setup the hosting). I knew that the idea was quirky enough to create interest ... The Internet is a very powerful medium.

Alex Tew, 22 February 2006.[4]

Alex Tew, a student from Cricklade in Wiltshire, England, conceived The Million Dollar Homepage in August 2005 when he was 21 years old.[5] He was about to begin a three-year Business Management course at the University of Nottingham, and was concerned that he would be left with a student loan that could take years to repay.[5] As a money-raising idea, Tew decided to sell a million pixels on a website for $1 each; purchasers would add their own image, logo or advertisement, and have the option of including a hyperlink to their website. Pixels were sold for US dollars rather than UK pounds; the US has a larger online population than the UK, and Tew believed more people would relate to the concept if the pixels were sold in US currency.[6] In 2005, the pound was strong against the dollar: £1 was worth approximately $1.80,[7] and that cost per pixel may have been too expensive for many potential buyers.[6] Tew's setup costs were €50, which paid for the registration of the domain name and a basic web-hosting package. The website, hosted by Sitelutions, went live on 26 August 2005.[8]

The homepage featured a Web banner with the site's name and a pixel counter displaying the number of pixels sold, a navigation bar containing nine small links to the site's internal web pages, and an empty square grid of 1,000,000 pixels divided into 10,000 100-pixel blocks.[9] Tew promised customers that the site would remain online for five years – that is, until at least 26 August 2010.[10][11]

Pixel sales

Because individual pixels are too small to be seen easily, Pixels were sold in 100-pixel "blocks" measuring 10 × 10 pixels; the minimum price was thus $100.[12][13] The first sale, three days after the site began operating, was to an online music website operated by a friend of Tew's. He bought 400 pixels in a 20 × 20 block. After two weeks, Tew's friends and family members had purchased a total of 4,700 pixels.[5][14] The site was initially marketed only through word of mouth;[2] however, after the site had made $1,000, a press release was sent out that was picked up by the BBC.[5][14] The technology news website The Register featured two articles on The Million Dollar Homepage in September.[15][16] By the end of the month, The Million Dollar Homepage had received $250,000 and was ranked Number 3 on Alexa Internet's list of "Movers and Shakers" behind the websites for Britney Spears and Photo District News.[17] On 6 October, Tew reported the site received 65,000 unique visitors; it received 1465 Diggs, becoming one of the most Digged links that week.[18] Eleven days later, the number had increased to 100,000 unique visitors. On 26 October, two months after the Million Dollar Homepage was launched, more than 500,900 pixels had been sold to 1,400 customers.[19] By New Year's Eve, Tew reported that the site was receiving hits from 25,000 unique visitors every hour and had an Alexa Rank of 127,[19] and that 999,000 of the 1,000,000 pixels had been sold.[2]

On 1 January 2006, Tew announced that because the demand was so great for the last 1,000 pixels, "the most fair and logical thing" to do was auction them on eBay rather than lose "the integrity and degree of exclusivity intrinsic to the million-pixel concept" by launching a second Million Dollar Homepage.[19] The auction lasted ten days and received 99 legitimate bids. Although bids were received for amounts as high as $160,109.99, many were either retracted by the bidders or cancelled as hoaxes.[20][21] "I actually contacted the people by phone and turns out they weren't serious, which is fairly frustrating, so I removed those bidders at the last minute", said Tew.[20] The winning bid was $38,100,[22][23] placed by MillionDollarWeightLoss.com, an online store selling diet-related products.[24] Tew remarked that he had expected the final bid amount to be higher due to the media attention.[20] The Million Dollar Homepage made a gross total of $1,037,100 in five months.[21][25] After costs, taxes, and a donation to The Prince's Trust, a charity for young people, Tew expected his net income to be $650,000–$700,000.[2]

Pixel purchasers included Bonanza Gift Shop, Panda Software, the producers of Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, British Schools Karting Championship, Book of Cool, Orange, The Times, Cheapflights.com, Schiffer Publishing, Rhapsody, Tenacious D, GoldenPalace.com, 888.com and other online casinos, Independiente Records, Yahoo!, small privately owned businesses, and companies offering get-rich-quick schemes, online dating services, personal loans, free samples, website designs and holidays.[26]

Media attention

Following the September press release that first brought attention to the site, The Million Dollar Homepage was featured in articles on BBC Online,[5] The Register,[15] The Daily Telegraph,[27] and PC Pro.[28] Tew also appeared on the national breakfast television programmes Sky News Sunrise and BBC Breakfast to discuss the website.[29][30]

The crucial thing in creating the media interest was the idea itself: it was unique and quirky enough to stand out. I only had to push the idea a bit in the first few days by sending out a press release which essentially acted as a catalyst. This interest coupled with traditional word-of-mouth created a real buzz about the homepage, which in turn created more interest.

Alex Tew, 22 February 2006.[4]

By November the website was becoming popular around the world, receiving attention from Financial Times Deutschland in Germany,[31] TVNZ in New Zealand,[32] Terra Networks in Latin America,[33] the China Daily,[34] and especially in the United States where it was covered in Adweek,[35] Florida Today,[36] and Wall Street Journal.[1] Tew hired a US-based publicist to help with the attention from the American media and made a week-long trip to the US, where he was interviewed on ABC News Radio,[37] the Fox News Channel,[38] Attack of the Show!,[39] and local news programmes.[40][41]

The concept was described as "simple and brilliant",[36] "clever",[42] "ingenious",[14] and "a unique platform [for advertising] which is also a bit of fun".[27] Professor Martin Binks, director of the Nottingham University Institute for Entrepreneurial Innovation, said, "It is brilliant in its simplicity ... advertisers have been attracted to it by its novelty ... the site has become a phenomenon."[14] Popular Mechanics said, "There's no content. No cool graphics, giveaways or steamy Paris Hilton videos for viewers to salivate over. Imagine a TV channel that shows nothing but commercials, a magazine with nothing but ads. That's The Million Dollar Homepage. An astonishing example of the power of viral marketing".[43] Don Oldenburg of the Washington Post was one of the few without praise for the site, calling it a "cheap, mind-bogglingly lucrative marketing monstrosity, an advertising badlands of spam, banner ads and pop-ups."[13] Oldenburg continues, "it looks like a bulletin board on designer steroids, an advertising train wreck you can't not look at. It's like getting every pop-up ad you ever got in your life, at once. It's the Internet equivalent of suddenly feeling like you want to take a shower."[13]

As the final pixels were being auctioned, Tew was interviewed on Richard & Judy,[44] and profiled in the online BBC News Magazine.[8] The Wall Street Journal wrote about The Million Dollar Homepage and its impact on the Internet community. "Mr. Tew himself has taken on celebrity status in the Internet community ... the creative juice ... paints an interesting picture of online entrepreneurship".[2]

DDoS attack

On 7 January 2006, three days before the auction of the final 1,000 pixels was due to end, Tew received an e-mail from an organisation called The Dark Group, and was told The Million Dollar Homepage would become the victim of a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) if a ransom of $5,000 was not paid by 10 January.[45][46] Believing the threat to be a hoax, he ignored it, but a week later received a second e-mail threat: "Hello u website is under us atack to stop the DDoS send us 50000$."[45] Again, he ignored the threat, and the website was flooded with extra traffic and e-mails, causing it to crash. "I haven't replied to any of them as I don't want to give them the satisfaction and I certainly don't intend to pay them any money. What is happening to my website is like terrorism. If you pay them, new attacks will start," Tew said.[47]

The website was inaccessible to visitors for a week until the host server upgraded the security system, and filtered traffic through anti-DDoS software.[46][47] Wiltshire Constabulary's Hi-Tech Crime Unit and the Federal Bureau of Investigation were called to investigate the extortion and attack; they believed it originated in Russia.[47][48]

Similar websites

Many other sites sell advertising by pixels.[2][13] Tew said of the sites, "[they] popped up almost immediately; now there are hundreds of Web sites selling pixels. The copycats are all competing with each other."[1] "They have very little ads, therefore I guess it’s not going too well for them. The idea only works once and relies on novelty. Any copy-cat sites will only have pure comedy value, whereas mine possibly has a bit of comedy plus. So I say good luck to the imitators."[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Bounds, Gwendolyn (22 November 2005). "How Selling Pixels May Yield a Million Bucks". Wall Street Journal. p. B1. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Bounds, Gwendolyn (10 January 2006). "Pixel-Ad Entrepreneur Closes With an Auction". Wall Street Journal. p. B8. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  3. ^ "milliondollarhomepage.com Site Information". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2009.
  4. ^ a b "Ask the expert: How to make a million". FT.com. 22 February 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Student's cash-raising net scheme". BBC News. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  6. ^ a b Tew, Alex (26 August 2005). "The Million Dollar Homepage FAQ". Million Dollar Homepage. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  7. ^ "Current and Historical Rate Tables". XE.com. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  8. ^ a b Geoghegan, Tom (6 January 2006). "The million-dollar student". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  9. ^ Tew, Alex (15 September 2005). "The Million Dollar Homepage". The Million Dollar Homepage. Archived from the original on 15 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  10. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn (18 January 2006). "Blackmailers try to black out Million Dollar Homepage". CNET. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  11. ^ Evans, Tara (21 November 2007). "Million dollar homepage: Alex Tew". This is Money. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  12. ^ Pierce, Sarah (13 January 2006). "The Million-Dollar Home Page". Entrepreneur Magazine. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  13. ^ a b c d Oldenburg, Don (11 January 2006). "A Million to One". Washington Post. p. C1. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  14. ^ a b c d Boggan, Steve (14 October 2005). "Million dollar boy". The Times. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  15. ^ a b Richardson, Tim (8 September 2009). "Student flogs pixels to fund education". The Register. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  16. ^ Richardson, Tim (20 September 2009). "Million pixel student makes £32k". The Register. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  17. ^ "Movers & Shakers". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on 26 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  18. ^ "The Million Dollar Home Page". Digg. 12 October 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  19. ^ a b c Tew, Alex. "Blog Archive". The Million Dollar Homepage. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  20. ^ a b c Bounds, Gwendolyn (11 January 2006). "Pixel-Ad Entrepreneur Expected to Reach Goal". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  21. ^ a b Tew, Alex. "Blog". The Million Dollar Homepage. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  22. ^ Tew, Alex (2006). "Own The Last 1,000 Pixels on MillionDollarHomepage.com". eBay. Archived from the original on 27 January 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 27 January 2006 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ Alfano, Sean (11 January 2006). "Pixel Perfect, 21-Year-Old Brit Makes A Million With Simple Sales Plan For Online Ads". CBS Evening News. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  24. ^ Fontanella, James (19 January 2006). "Student faces legal threat after $1m website crashes". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  25. ^ Richardson, Tim (12 January 2006). "Pixel-flogging student makes a million". The Register. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  26. ^ Tew, Alex. "Pixel List". The Million Dollar Homepage. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  27. ^ a b Savill, Richard (24 September 2005). "Student solves debt fear as website earns £56,000 in a month". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  28. ^ Aughton, Simon (22 September 2005). "UK student makes pixels pay". PC Pro. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  29. ^ Sky News Sunrise. Presenter: Eamonn Holmes. Sky News. 6 October 2005.
  30. ^ BBC Breakfast. Presenters: Dermot Murnaghan, Natasha Kaplinsky. BBC One. 20 October 2005.
  31. ^ Kwasniewski, Nicolai (29 September 2005). "Der Weg zur ersten Million - Ein Pixel, ein Dollar". Financial Times Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  32. ^ "Web review: Topical site of the week". Television New Zealand. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  33. ^ "Estudante quer juntar US$ 1 milhão vendendo pixels" (in Portuguese). Terra Networks. 26 September 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  34. ^ "Cash pours in for student with $1m Web idea". China Daily. Reuters. 31 December 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  35. ^ Nudd, Tim (10 October 2005). "The King Of The Pixels". Adweek. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  36. ^ a b Kridler, Chris (4 October 2005). "Student cashes in on brilliant, simple idea". Florida Today. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  37. ^ News interview. Interviewer: Jim Hickey. ABC News Radio. 14 November 2005.
  38. ^ Your World with Neil Cavuto. Presenter: Neil Cavuto. Fox News Channel. 14 November 2005.
  39. ^ Attack of the Show!. Presenter: Kevin Pereira. Fox News Channel. 15 November 2005.
  40. ^ NBC 11 News. Interviewer: Cary Berglund. NBC. KNBC, Los Angeles, California. 16 November 2005.
  41. ^ Channel 4 News. Interviewer: Scott Budman. NBC. KNTV, San Jose, California. 22 November 2005.
  42. ^ Guevin, Jennifer (13 September 2005). "A million-dollar home page". CNET News. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  43. ^ Ross, James (30 September 2005). "Million-Dollar Brainstorm". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
  44. ^ Richard & Judy. Presenters: Richard Madeley, Judy Finnigan. Channel 4. 9 January 2006.
  45. ^ a b Fontanella, James (18 January 2006). "Hackers blackmail milliondollar site". FT.com. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  46. ^ a b Savill, Richard (20 January 2006). "Blackmailers target student's $1m website". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  47. ^ a b c "Blackmailers target $1m website". BBC News. 18 January 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  48. ^ "Million dollar pixel site targeted by hackers". MSNBC. Associated Press. 18 January 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  49. ^ Fontanella, James (11 January 2006). "Dollar-per-pixel ad site nets student $1m". FT.com. Retrieved 5 February 2009.

External links

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