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== Powertrain ==
== Powertrain ==
=== ZVW30 ===
The 1.8-liter gasoline engine (previously 1.5 liters) generates {{convert|98|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, and with the added power of the electric motor, total horsepower is {{convert|134|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} (previously 110&nbsp;hp). The larger engine displacement allows for increased torque, reducing engine speeds ([[Revolutions per minute|RPM]]), which increases fuel economy at highway speeds. With an electric water pump, the Prius engine is the first production engine that requires no accessory belts, which also further improves fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/minisite/prius/#/specs/ |title=Official Toyota Specifications (Flash Site includes link to informative press release) |publisher=Toyota.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> The electric motors and other components of the hybrid powertrain are also smaller and more efficient.<ref name=nytreview>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/automobiles/autoreviews/29AUTO.htm?_r=1 |title=Hybrid Superstar Shines Brighter|first=Jerry |last=Garrett |date=2009-03-26 |newspaper=New York Times| accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref> Toyota estimates the new inverter, motor and transaxle are 20 percent lighter.
The 1.8-liter gasoline engine (previously 1.5 liters) generates {{convert|98|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}, and with the added power of the electric motor, total horsepower is {{convert|134|hp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} (previously 110&nbsp;hp). The larger engine displacement allows for increased torque, reducing engine speeds ([[Revolutions per minute|RPM]]), which increases fuel economy at highway speeds. With an electric water pump, the Prius engine is the first production engine that requires no accessory belts, which also further improves fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/vehicles/minisite/prius/#/specs/ |title=Official Toyota Specifications (Flash Site includes link to informative press release) |publisher=Toyota.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> The electric motors and other components of the hybrid powertrain are also smaller and more efficient.<ref name=nytreview>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/automobiles/autoreviews/29AUTO.htm?_r=1 |title=Hybrid Superstar Shines Brighter|first=Jerry |last=Garrett |date=2009-03-26 |newspaper=New York Times| accessdate=2011-01-01}}</ref> Toyota estimates the new inverter, motor and transaxle are 20 percent lighter.


=== Plug-in version ===
=== ZVW35: plug-in version ===
[[File:Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid IAA 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Prius Plug-in]] at the Frankfurt Motor Show]]
[[File:Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid IAA 2009.jpg|thumb|right|[[Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Concept]] at the 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]].]]


The [[Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Concept|Prius Plug-In Concept]] was shown at the October 2009 [[Tokyo Motor Show]], the 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]], and the 2009 [[LA Auto Show]]. According to Toyota a total of 500 [[Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid|Prius plug-in hybrids]] (PHEV) will be sold to select customers, 350 will be delivered to customers in Europe and Japan in late December 2009, along with 150 models to be released in the U.S. in early 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota/maintain-pace-broaden-scope.aspx |title=Toyota Maintains Pace, Broadens Scope Of Advanced Environmental Technologies |publisher=Pressroom.toyota.com |date=2009-01-10 |accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> These models will be sent to limited geographical areas and will contain special data tracking devices designed to allow Toyota to monitor the car's usage for further development of the plug-in hybrid system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/12/03/toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-unveiled/|title=Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Unveiled|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> Total all-electric range is {{convert|14.5|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} with speeds up to {{convert|62|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The [[lithium-ion battery]] was co-developed with [[Panasonic Corporation|Panasonic]].
The [[Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Concept|Prius Plug-In Concept]] was exhibited at the September 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota/2010-prius-plug-in-hybrid-debuts-101822.aspx|title=2010 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Debuts at Frankfurt Motor Show|publisher=Totyota|date=2009-09-09|accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref> the October 2009 [[Tokyo Motor Show]],<ref name=TMC1/> and the December 2009 [[LA Auto Show]].<ref name=GCC122009/> After displaying the concept version in these three shows, on December 2009 Toyota officially announced the introduction of the production model in Japan during the following six months.<ref name=AutoG1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2009/12/report-toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-officially-launched-with-retail-sales-starting-in-late-2011.html|title=Report: Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Officially Launched With Retail Sales Starting in Late 2011|publisher=AutoGuide.com|date=2009-12-14|accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref>


The [[pre-production car|pre-production test cars]] are outfitted with 5.2 [[kWh]] [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]] co-developed with [[Panasonic]].<ref name=AutoBlog09/><ref name=GCC122009>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/prius-phv-20091202.html|title=2010 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Makes North American Debut at Los Angeles Auto Show; First Li-ion Battery Traction Battery Developed by Toyota and PEVE|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2009-12-02|accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref> which enable all-electric operation at higher speeds and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.<ref name=GCC122009/> The selected battery capacity is the minimum required for the Prius Plug-in to be eligible to the [[Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Federal_government|U.S. federal tax credit]] of [[USD]]2,500, which is applicable to the first 200,000 plug-ins sold by [[Toyota]] according to the [[American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/1040132_toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-on-sale-in-2011-less-than-10k-more|title=Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid On Sale in 2011, Less Than $10K More|publisher=GreenCarReports.com|author=John Voelcker|date=2009-12-14|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref>
Toyota announced a target of retail sales for the [[PHEV]] in late 2011. Toyota indicates that it plans to sell tens of thousands of plug-ins to the public.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/12/14/toyota-officially-launches-plug-in-prius-program-retail-sales-i/ |title=Toyota officially launches plug-in Prius program, retail sales in 2011 — Autoblog Green |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-12-14 |accessdate=2009-12-22}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/business/global/15toyota.html?_r=1 NYtimes.com]</ref>

The Prius Plug-in uses three different batteries, two to provide all-electric drive and a third battery engages when the first two are depleted, allowing the car to operate in hybrid mode, like a regular 50-mpg Prius.<ref name=HC041510>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/despite-caution-toyota-could-have-hit-prius-plug-hybrid-27755.html|title=Despite Caveats, Prius Plug-in Hybrid Could Be Surprise Hit|publisher=hybridCars.com|date=2010-04-15|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref><ref name=ABG41510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/04/13/toyota-announces-first-details-of-u-s-plug-in-prius-test-progra/|title=Toyota announces first details of U.S. plug-in Prius test program|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|author=Sebastian Blanco |date=2010-04-13|accessdate=2010-04-18}}</ref> According to Toyota, when the vehicle starts, the plug-in operates in [[all-electric mode]], drawing electrical power directly from the first battery pack. When its charge is depleted, it disconnects from the circuit and the second pack engages and supplies electrical energy to the motor. When the second pack is depleted again it disconnects from the circuit and the system defaults to conventional [[hybrid electric vehicle|hybrid mode]], using the main battery as the sole electrical power source. Pack one and pack two will not reengage in tandem with the main battery pack until the vehicle is plugged in and charged.<ref name=ABG41510/>

The Prius plug-in total [[all-electric range]] is {{convert|13|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} with speeds up to {{convert|62|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Edmunds0410>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideline.com/toyota/prius/2010/2010-toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-first-drive.html|title=2010 Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid First Drive|publisher=Edmunds.com|date=2010-04-21|author= John Stewart|accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> The lithium-ion battery pack can be charged in 180 minutes at 100 volts or in 100 minutes at 200 volts.<ref name=TMC1>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/10/1006.html|title=TMC to Display 3 Concepts, F1 Car at Tokyo Motor Show |accessdate=2009-10-13|date=2009-10-06}}</ref> The Prius plug-in is rated at {{convert|134|mpgUS|abbr=on}} with a combined efficiency based on a 43.6 % of driving in EV mode,<ref name=AutoBlog09>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/12/14/toyota-officially-launches-plug-in-prius-program-retail-sales-i/ |title=Toyota officially launches plug-in Prius program, retail sales in 2011|publisher=[[Autoblog Green]] |date=2009-12-14 |accessdate=2009-12-22}}</ref><ref name=NYT122009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/business/global/15toyota.html?_r=1|title=Toyota to Sell Plug-In Hybrid in 2011|publisher=[[New York Times]]|author=Hiroko Tabuchi|date=2009-12-14|accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref> and [[carbon dioxide|{{CO2}}]] emissions of 41 g/km.<ref name=WSL1209/> [[Fuel economy in automobiles|Fuel efficiency]] operating as a gasoline-electric hybrid, like the regular Prius, is {{convert|72|mpgUS|abbr=on}} with {{CO2}} emissions of 76 g/km.<ref name=NYT122009/>


==Safety==
==Safety==
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In 2009, Toyota Prius experienced two consecutive year over year sales decrease to 139,682 units in the U.S., from 181,221 units in 2007.<ref name=Toyota100105>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/news/corporate/2010/01/05-1-sales.html |title=Toyota Reports December And 2009 Sales |publisher=Toyota |date= |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>
In 2009, Toyota Prius experienced two consecutive year over year sales decrease to 139,682 units in the U.S., from 181,221 units in 2007.<ref name=Toyota100105>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/news/corporate/2010/01/05-1-sales.html |title=Toyota Reports December And 2009 Sales |publisher=Toyota |date= |accessdate=2010-01-05}}</ref>

==Plug-in demonstration program==
[[File:Recharging unit.jpg|thumb|Prius Plug-in [[charging station|recharging unit]].]]

A global demonstration program involving 600 [[pre-production car|pre-production]] plug-in Prius models began in late 2009 and will continue in 2010 in [[Japan]], [[Europe]], [[Canada]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=Demo>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustainablemobility.com/?section=demoprograms|title=Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid Demo Program|publisher=[[Toyota]] |accessdate=2010-04-09}}</ref><ref name=ToyotaDemo2009>{{cite web|url=http://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/12/1214.html|title=TMC Introduces 'Prius Plug-in Hybrid' into Key Markets|publisher=[[Toyota]] News release|date=2009-12-14|accessdate=2010-04-09}}</ref><ref name=China>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/toyota-20100425.html#more|title=Toyota to Start Trials of Plug-in Prius in China|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-04-25|accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> 200 will be delivered in Europe and 230 Japan in late December 2009, along with 150 models to be released in the U.S. by early 2010.<ref name=NYT122009/><ref name=Demo/><ref name=ToyotaDemo2009/> All program vehicles will be sent to limited geographical areas and will be equipped with special data tracking devices designed to allow Toyota to monitor the car's usage for further development of the plug-in hybrid system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/12/03/toyota-prius-plug-in-hybrid-unveiled/|title=Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Unveiled|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref><ref name=AutoB0110>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2010/01/11/detroit-2010-toyota-ft-ch-a-younger-cheaper-brother-for-the-pr/|title=Detroit 2010: Toyota FT-CH a younger, cheaper brother for the Prius|date=2010-01-11|accessdate=2010-02-03|publisher=[[Autoblog]]|author=Sebastian Blanco}}</ref> Data from the program vehicles will be posted to a dedicated web site.<ref name=Demo/><ref name=AutoB0110/> The commercial version is expected to cost between {{USD|3,000}} to {{USD|5,000}} more than the conventional Prius and Toyota announced it expects to sell 20,000 units a year initially.<ref name=NYT0913>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/business/14auto.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Toyota Plans 6 New Hybrids for 2012|author=Nick Bunkley|date=2010-09-13|accessdate=2010-09-13 | work=The New York Times}}</ref>

;Asia
In Japan, TMC will lease approximately 230 units to government ministries, local governments selected for the Japanese [[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry]]'s EV & PHV Towns program, corporations such, as electric power companies, and other entities.<ref name=WSL1209/> As part of the demonstration program and beginning in July 2010, two Prius PHV were made available for short-term rental in the city of [[Gotō, Nagasaki]]. The rental fees are {{¥|8,400}} ({{USD|96}}) for up to six hours, {{¥|9,450}} ({{USD|108}}) for up to 12 hours, {{¥|11,550}} ({{USD|131}}) for up to 24 hours, and {{¥|9,450}} ({{USD|108}}) for each additional day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/07/phv-20100704.html|title=Toyota Begins Short-Term Renting of Plug-in Prius in Nagasaki Prefecture|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-07-04|accessdate=2010-07-09}}</ref>

On October 28, 2010, Toyota signed an agreement with China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC)on jointly carrying out field trials of the Prius PHEV in China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinaautoweb.com/2010/10/toyota-partners-with-catarc-on-prius-phev-trials-in-china/ |title=Toyota Partners with CATARC on Prius PHEV Trials in China |publisher=ChinaAutoWeb.com}}</ref>

;Australasia
The demonstration program in Australia will include five Prius Plug-ins will that will be allocated to government agencies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themotorreport.com.au/47511/toyota-announces-prius-plug-in-hybrid|title=Toyota Australia Announces Prius Plug-in Hybrid Test Fleet|work=The Motor Report|date=2010-09-28|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>

;Europe
Toyota wil lease approximately 200 units in Europe, with approximately 100 going to [[Strasbourg]], [[France]]. Other countries where the Prius Plug-in Hybrid will also be introduced are the [[United Kingdom]], [[Portugal]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], and another eight European countries that are being considered.<ref name=WSL1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/toyota-introduces-prius-plug-in-hybrid-into-key-markets-2009-12-14|title=Toyota Introduces 'Prius Plug-in Hybrid' into Key Markets|date=2009-12-14|accessdate=2010-02-03|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name=ToyotaDemo2009/>

The demonstration program in [[Strasbourg]], France was launched in April 2010.<ref name=GCCEDF/> The 3-year program involves around 100 Prius Plug-ins and the deployment of dedicated charging infrastructure. The program will set up more than 150 [[charging station|charging points]] at private parking lots of firms participating in the program, user homes, public parking lots and on public roads. The program is run by [[Électricité de France]] (EDF) in partnership with [[Toyota]] and the City and the [[Urban Community of Strasbourg]], and is financially supported through a research fund managed by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME).<ref name=GCCEDF/> The City and the Urban Community of Strasbourg will lease five Prius Plug-ins and also provide a subsidy to the local [[carsharing]] company to lease three Prius PHEVs. The remaining vehicles will be leased to other public institutions and private companies.<ref name=GCCEDF/>

The demonstration program in Germany will be conducted in [[Baden-Württemberg]] with ten Prius Plug-ins and the corresponding dedicated [[charging station|charging infrastructure]]. The program will be run by German energy provider [[EnBW]].<ref name=GCCEDF>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/toyota20104028.html#more|title=Toyota, EDF and Strasbourg Launch Large-Scale, 3-Year Plug-in Hybrid Demonstration Project|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=2010-04-28|accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>

[[File:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid WAS 2010 8999.JPG|thumb|Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid demonstration program vehicle exhibited at the 2010 [[Washington Auto Show]].]]
[[File:Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid front -- 12-15-2010.jpg|thumb|A Prius Plug-in Hybrid participating in the demonstration program at [[Upper Marlboro, Maryland]].]]

The demonstration trial in the [[U.K.]] began in late June 2010 with a fleet of 20 Prius Plug-in Hybrids.<ref name=ReutersUK0610>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65K57T20100622|title=Toyota, EDF trial plug-in Prius in Britain|date=2010-01-11|accessdate=2010-06-28|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/car-manufacturers/toyota/6833552/Toyota-Plug-In-Prius-review.html|title=Toyota Plug-In Prius review|date=2010-01-05|accessdate=2010-04-10|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | location=London | first=Andrew | last=English}}</ref> [[Toyota Motor Company]] partnered with [[Électricité de France]] to carried out a three year trial, and as part of the program a number of [[charging station|charging bays]] will be deployed in [[London]]. The trial Prius Plug-in Hybrids will be available through leasing to public sector organizations and business users.<ref name=ReutersUK0610/> Among the organizations that received the first Prius Plug-ins are [[Transport for London]], the [[Government Car and Despatch Agency]], the [[Metropolitan Police Service]], [[News International]] and [[Sky Digital (UK & Ireland)|Sky]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/toyota-begins-prius-phv-fleet-trials_id104823.aspx|title=UK: Toyota begins Prius PHV fleet trials|publisher=Just Auto|date=2010-06-21|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatgreencar.com/news-item.php?Plugin-Prius-trial-gets-under-way|title=Plug-in Prius trial gets under way|publisher=What Green Car|date=2010-06-23|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

;North America
In October 2009, Toyota announced its first regional program partnership in the U.S. with [[Xcel Energy]]’s SmartGridCity program in [[Boulder, Colorado]]. The research project will be coordinated by the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI). Boulder offers the opportunity of monitoring the performance of Toyota’s first generation lithium-ion battery at high altitude and under cold climate.<ref name=GCC122009/><ref name=Demo10>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/esq/articles/2010/Prius_Plug_In_Demo_Program.html|title=Prius Plug In Demo Program|publisher=[[Toyota Motor Corporation]]|date=2010-02-03|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref> Other partnerships were made with [[Qualcomm]], [[Silicon Valley Leadership Group]], Southern California Air Quality Management District, the [[University of California at Berkeley]] and [[Portland State University]].<ref name=Demo10/> Other regional programs considered were [[Northern California|Northern]] and [[Southern California]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[New York City]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] and [[Pittsburgh]], which offer different conditions for vehicle performance and customer needs.<ref name=GCC122009/><ref name=Demo10/>

In June 2010 the first demonstration Prius PHEVs were delivered to Portland State University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/prius-plug-hybrid-arrives-ultra-green-portland-state.html|title=Prius Plug-in Hybrid Arrives at Ultra-Green Portland State University|publisher=PlugInCars.com|author=Brad Berman|date=2010-06-11|accessdate=2010-06-17}}</ref> and the Silicon Valley Leadership Group.<ref name=SunH0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunherald.com/2010/06/15/2260981/silicon-valley-leadership-group.html|title=Silicon Valley Leadership Group Receives First Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrids for U.S. Demonstration Program|publisher=[[Sun Herald]]|author=[[Silicon Valley Leadership Group]]|date=2010-06-15|accessdate=2010-06-17}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> An additional 30 demonstration program vehicles are scheduled to be assigned to [[Silicon Valley]] groups and companies, including the University of California, Berkeley in the following weeks.<ref name=SunH0610/> Also in June 2010 the first three Prius PHEVs were delivered in [[Southern California]] to [[San Diego Gas & Electric]] and the nonprofit California Center for Sustainable Energy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2010/06/29/toyota-delivers-three-prius-plug-in-hybrids-for-year-long-demo/|title=Toyota Delivers Three Prius Plug-In Hybrids for Year-Long Demo|publisher=Xconomy San Diego|author=Bruce V. Bigelow|date=2010-06-29|accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref> In August 2010 two Prius plug-in hybrids were delivered to be tested in [[San Francisco]]'s municipal fleet as part of the demonstration program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=23874|title=Toyota, San Francisco Partner of Plug-in Prius Trial|date=2010-08-29|publisher=EV World|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>

[[Georgetown University]] will be the first partner in [[Washington, D.C]] to participate in the program under the sponsorship of the [[U.S. Department of Energy]]'s [[Clean Cities]] Program. Two Prius Plug-ins will be loaned beginning in December 2010 and several Georgetown employees will test drive the vehicles in three month rotations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Georgetown-to-Help-Toyota-prnews-3495135055.html?x=0|title=Georgetown to Help Toyota Test Prius Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles|publisher=[[Yahoo]] Finance|date=2010-09-28|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> Five Prius PHEVs were delivered in [[New York City]], two units to be tested by [[New York City Department of Transportation]] and three by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/drivers-seat/2010/12/02/toyota-delivers-prius-plug-in-hybrids-to-new-york-city-officials/?blog_id=146&post_id=5112|title=Toyota Delivers Prius Plug-In Hybrids To New York City Officials|publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]]|author=Jonathan Welsh|date=2010-12-02|accessdate=2010-12-14}}</ref>

[[Consumer Reports]] field tested the Prius PHEV for two weeks and reported an [[all-electric range]] between {{Convert|14| to|17|mi}} spent upfront at the beginning of each trip. On a {{Convert|78|mi}} commute trip the Prius Plug-in averaged {{Convert|63.5|mpgus}} while on commute trips between {{Convert|20|to|30|mi}} the PHEV averaged {{Convert|81|mpgus}} to {{Convert|86|mpgus}} with a EV ratio varying from 40 to 56 percent during those trips.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/10/behind-the-wheel-toyota-prius-plug-in-mpg-a-viable-green-technology-that-doesnt-save-money-for-now.html|author=Gabe Shenhar|title=Behind the wheel: Toyota Prius Plug-in - A viable green technology that doesn't save money for now|work=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2010-10-12|accessdate=2010-10-12}}</ref>

The [[California Center for Sustainable Energy]] tested two Prius Plug-in with 13 different drivers during seven weeks and reported an average combined fuel economy of {{Convert|83|mpgus}} on an average round trip commute of {{Convert|22|mi}}. The best average attained was {{Convert|97.9|mpgus}} on an average round trip commute of {{Convert|48|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/transportation/ethanol|title=CCSE Finishes Initial Two-Month Trial with Toyota PriusPlug-in Hybrid Vehicles|work=[[California Center for Sustainable Energy]]|date=September 2010|accessdate=2010-10-12}}</ref>

[[Motor Trend]] field tested the Prius PHEV for 32 days and reported average [[CO2 emission]]s of 80 gr/km (0.28 lb/mile), an average all-electric range of {{Convert|11.7|mi}}, and an average combined fuel economy of {{Convert|70.4|mpgus}} over the {{Convert|1880|mi}} accumulated during their trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/1009_2010_toyota_prius_plug_in_hybrid_electric_vehicle_prototype_test/index.html|title=First Test: 2010 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Prototype|author=Kim Reynolds|work=[[Motor Trend]]|date=2010-09-02|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>

In March 2010 Toyota launched its demonstration program in Canada with five Prius Plug-ins in partnership with academic institutions, hydro-electric producers, and governmental agencies in each of the four provinces participating in the program, [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]] and [[Québec]]. Canada is home to Toyota's global cold weather research center in Northern Ontario, and the country's cold weather will serve to evaluate its adverse effect on battery performance and range.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=2726189|title=Toyota tests Prius plug-in hybrid in Canada|author=Scott Deveau|publisher=[[Financial Post]]|date=2010-03-25|accessdate=2010-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/canada-joins-global-test-plug-priuses-27613.html|title=Canada Joins Global Test of Plug-in Priuses|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-03-25|accessdate=2010-04-09}}</ref> In July 2010 the first demonstration Prius PHEV was delivered in Manitoba. The unit will be shared and tested by four partners, [[Manitoba Hydro]], Manitoba Innovation, Energy and Mines, and the [[University of Manitoba]]. There are 15 trial partners in the four provinces that are part of the first phase of the Canadian demonstration trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiandriver.com/2010/07/14/toyota-delivers-plug-in-prius-to-manitoba.htm|title=Toyota delivers plug-in Prius to Manitoba|publisher=Canadian Driver|date=2010-07-14|accessdate=2010-07-19}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 01:07, 16 January 2011

For a complete overview of all Prius models, see Toyota Prius.
Toyota Prius (XW30)
2010 Toyota Prius V (US)
Overview
ProductionMarch 2009–present
Model years2010–present
AssemblyTsutsumi, Japan (Toyota City)[1]
Chachoengsao, Thailand
Body and chassis
ClassMid-size car
Body style5-door hatchback
Powertrain
EngineToyota Hybrid System
Gasoline engine:
1.8 L 2ZR-FXE I4 Dual VVT-i (Atkinson cycle)
Power: 98 hp (73 kW; 99 PS) @ 5200 rpm
Torque: 105 lb⋅ft (142 N⋅m) 105 lb-ft @ 4000 rpm
Hybrid system total: 134 hp (100 kW; 136 PS)[2]
Transmission1-speed planetary gear
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,700 mm (106.3 in)
Length4,460 mm (175.6 in)
Width1,745 mm (68.7 in)
Height1,480 mm (58.3 in)
Curb weight1,379 kg (3,040 lb)*
Chronology
PredecessorToyota Prius (XW20)

The Toyota Prius is a mid-size hatchback that has been produced by Toyota. Toyota debuted the third generation Prius (2010 US model year) at the January 2009 North American International Auto Show,[3] and sales began in Japan on May 18, 2009. Replacing the XW20 series, the XW30 represents the third generation of the Toyota Prius.[4] Its new body design is more aerodynamic, with the coefficient of drag reduced to 0.25 Cd. An underbody rear fin helps stabilize the vehicle at higher speeds.

History of development

Toyota filed over one thousand patents during the development of the XW30 Prius.[citation needed] The concept of the powertrain largely carried over from the previous XW20 model, although the engine displacement was increased to 1.8 litres among other changes. Disc brakes also replace the previous rear drum brakes.

Interior

For the Prius, Toyota used a new range of plant-derived ecological bioplastics made from the cellulose in wood or grass instead of petroleum. The two principal crops are kenaf (a member of the hibiscus family and related to cotton and okra) and ramie, commonly known as China grass and one of the strongest natural fibres, similar to flax in absorbency and density. Toyota says this is a particularly timely breakthrough for plant-based eco-plastics because 2009 is the United Nations’ International Year of Natural Fibres, which covers kenaf and ramie.[5]

Many motoring reviewers praised the 3rd generation for its improved handling in corners and more supple ride over the previous generation.[6]

In August 2010, Toyota began sales of an onboard device designed to automatically emit a synthesized sound of an electric motor when the Prius is operating as an electric vehicle at speeds up to approximately 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph). The device will be available in Japan for retrofitting on the third-generation Prius at a price of ¥12,600 (~US$150) including the consumption tax. The alert rises and falls in pitch according to the vehicle's speed, thus helping indicate the vehicle's proximity and movement to nearby pedestrians. The device meets the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism issued in January 2010 for hybrid and other near-silent vehicles.[7]

Powertrain

ZVW30

The 1.8-liter gasoline engine (previously 1.5 liters) generates 98 hp (73 kW; 99 PS), and with the added power of the electric motor, total horsepower is 134 hp (100 kW; 136 PS) (previously 110 hp). The larger engine displacement allows for increased torque, reducing engine speeds (RPM), which increases fuel economy at highway speeds. With an electric water pump, the Prius engine is the first production engine that requires no accessory belts, which also further improves fuel economy.[8] The electric motors and other components of the hybrid powertrain are also smaller and more efficient.[9] Toyota estimates the new inverter, motor and transaxle are 20 percent lighter.

ZVW35: plug-in version

Toyota Prius Plug-In Hybrid Concept at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.

The Prius Plug-In Concept was exhibited at the September 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show,[10] the October 2009 Tokyo Motor Show,[11] and the December 2009 LA Auto Show.[12] After displaying the concept version in these three shows, on December 2009 Toyota officially announced the introduction of the production model in Japan during the following six months.[13]

The pre-production test cars are outfitted with 5.2 kWh lithium-ion batteries co-developed with Panasonic.[14][12] which enable all-electric operation at higher speeds and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.[12] The selected battery capacity is the minimum required for the Prius Plug-in to be eligible to the U.S. federal tax credit of USD2,500, which is applicable to the first 200,000 plug-ins sold by Toyota according to the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009.[15]

The Prius Plug-in uses three different batteries, two to provide all-electric drive and a third battery engages when the first two are depleted, allowing the car to operate in hybrid mode, like a regular 50-mpg Prius.[16][17] According to Toyota, when the vehicle starts, the plug-in operates in all-electric mode, drawing electrical power directly from the first battery pack. When its charge is depleted, it disconnects from the circuit and the second pack engages and supplies electrical energy to the motor. When the second pack is depleted again it disconnects from the circuit and the system defaults to conventional hybrid mode, using the main battery as the sole electrical power source. Pack one and pack two will not reengage in tandem with the main battery pack until the vehicle is plugged in and charged.[17]

The Prius plug-in total all-electric range is 13 mi (21 km) with speeds up to 62 mph (100 km/h).[18] The lithium-ion battery pack can be charged in 180 minutes at 100 volts or in 100 minutes at 200 volts.[11] The Prius plug-in is rated at 134 mpg‑US (1.76 L/100 km; 161 mpg‑imp) with a combined efficiency based on a 43.6 % of driving in EV mode,[14][19] and CO2 emissions of 41 g/km.[20] Fuel efficiency operating as a gasoline-electric hybrid, like the regular Prius, is 72 mpg‑US (3.3 L/100 km; 86 mpg‑imp) with CO2 emissions of 76 g/km.[19]

Safety

The IIHS rated the 2010 Prius as Good in every crash category except for "structure/safety cage," which was rated Acceptable.[21] In EuroNCAP testing the Prius is given an overall rating of five out of five stars, and rated 88 percent for adult occupant protection, 82 percent for child occupant, 68 percent for pedestrian, and 86 percent for safety assist.[22]

Recall

Main article: 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls

On February 9, 2010, Toyota announced a voluntary global recall of third generation 2010 Prius models manufactured from the current model's introduction through late January.[23][24] Affected models, including 133,000 Prius vehicles in the U.S. and 52,000 in Europe, are to receive an anti-lock brake software update to fix brake response over rough roads,[23] following reports of delayed braking response on certain surface conditions.[25][26] Apple co-founder and Prius collector Steve Wozniak was also quoted by media outlets regarding a possible cruise control issue on one of his several Priuses, where the steps for "upping the speed" using the Dynamic Radar Cruise Control system allegedly caused unintended acceleration.[27] Wozniak later maintained that he was misquoted, but did have an individual vehicle and customer service issue,[27] while auto journalists and other Prius drivers suggested user error.[28][29] On March 8, 2010, a publicized incident of alleged Prius acceleration in San Diego was later suspected to be a hoax or not repeatable.[30][31][32]

Market and production

The Toyota Prius XW30 is built at their Tsutsumi, Japan plant,[1] as well as the Chachoengsao, Thailand plant [citation needed]. At the launch of the XW30, Toyota stated its goal of selling about 400,000 Prius units annually worldwide,[33] and 180,000 units in the U.S. by 2010.[34] As a result, in May 2009 production was increased to 50,000 units per month or 600,000 annual units to help meet higher than projected demand.[35]

Toyota Prius i-Tech (Australia)

In early 2010, Toyota considered adding a monthly production of 6,000 at the Motomachi factory, in central Japan, the plant that built the first-generation Prius in 1997.[citation needed] However, as customers' wait time in Japan shortened from eight months at launch to three months, and sales in the United States dropped 40 percent in February 2010 from October 2009 following concerns about Toyota vehicles' safety, Toyota had to reduce the monthly production by 10 percent to 45,000 units a month in March 2010.[36]

In China, Toyota originally planned to start producing the third generation Prius in 2010 (through its joint venture FAW-Toyota). However, due to lack of government incentives [37] and worries about losing tech secrets, this plan was abandoned.[38]

Asia

In Japan, it is reported that Toyota cut the price of Prius from 2.331 million yen to 2.05 million yen to compete with Honda Insight.[39]

The XW30 Prius was awarded the 2009 Japan Car of the Year.[40]

Europe

The official UK fuel consumption data, provided by the Department for Transport, rates the Prius as: 72.4 mpg‑imp (3.90 L/100 km; 60.3 mpg‑US) combined. Ten small, manual transmission diesel powered cars match or exceed that figure.[41] Eleven diesel-powered vehicles with manual transmissions, most of them smaller cars have better fuel-efficiency (by fuel volume) than the second generation Prius for combined use.[41][42]

According to the UK Department for Transport, the third-generation Prius launched in the UK in August 2009 emits 89 g/km, overtaking other cars except the two seat Smart fortwo with its 0.8 liter turbocharged 45 hp diesel, which emits 88 g/km.[43]

North America

In the US the Prius comes standard with 15-inch alloy wheels, Vehicle Stability Control and interior amenities including cruise control, 6-speaker audio, Toyota's keyless entry/ignition Smart Key System and a unique Touch Tracer Display designed to help the driver's eyes stay on the road when using the steering-wheel-mounted climate and audio controls. The US Prius offers three optional packages:

Other options include Safety Connect, while LED headlamps come standard on the Prius V trim.[46]

In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tested the XW30 based on the revised 2007 testing procedures, resulting in the following scores: 51 mpg‑US (4.6 L/100 km; 61 mpg‑imp) city driving, 48 mpg‑US (4.9 L/100 km; 58 mpg‑imp) highway driving, 50 mpg‑US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg‑imp) combined.[47] Until the introduction of the Chevrolet Volt,[citation needed] the Prius XW30 was the most efficient car powered by liquid fuel available in the U.S., based on the official rating.[48][49] Only the first-generation Honda Insight equipped with a manual transmission attained higher fuel efficiency, however, that vehicle is not made any more, making the Prius the most efficient car on sale in 2010.

In the United States the EPA measures a vehicle's air-borne pollution based on hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter and formaldehyde before assigning them a score.[50] In most states the XW30 Prius is rated Tier II Bin 3.[51]

In 2009, Toyota Prius experienced two consecutive year over year sales decrease to 139,682 units in the U.S., from 181,221 units in 2007.[52]

Plug-in demonstration program

Prius Plug-in recharging unit.

A global demonstration program involving 600 pre-production plug-in Prius models began in late 2009 and will continue in 2010 in Japan, Europe, Canada, China, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.[53][54][55] 200 will be delivered in Europe and 230 Japan in late December 2009, along with 150 models to be released in the U.S. by early 2010.[19][53][54] All program vehicles will be sent to limited geographical areas and will be equipped with special data tracking devices designed to allow Toyota to monitor the car's usage for further development of the plug-in hybrid system.[56][57] Data from the program vehicles will be posted to a dedicated web site.[53][57] The commercial version is expected to cost between US$3,000 to US$5,000 more than the conventional Prius and Toyota announced it expects to sell 20,000 units a year initially.[58]

Asia

In Japan, TMC will lease approximately 230 units to government ministries, local governments selected for the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's EV & PHV Towns program, corporations such, as electric power companies, and other entities.[20] As part of the demonstration program and beginning in July 2010, two Prius PHV were made available for short-term rental in the city of Gotō, Nagasaki. The rental fees are ¥8,400 (US$96) for up to six hours, ¥9,450 (US$108) for up to 12 hours, ¥11,550 (US$131) for up to 24 hours, and ¥9,450 (US$108) for each additional day.[59]

On October 28, 2010, Toyota signed an agreement with China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC)on jointly carrying out field trials of the Prius PHEV in China.[60]

Australasia

The demonstration program in Australia will include five Prius Plug-ins will that will be allocated to government agencies.[61]

Europe

Toyota wil lease approximately 200 units in Europe, with approximately 100 going to Strasbourg, France. Other countries where the Prius Plug-in Hybrid will also be introduced are the United Kingdom, Portugal, Germany, Netherlands, and another eight European countries that are being considered.[20][54]

The demonstration program in Strasbourg, France was launched in April 2010.[62] The 3-year program involves around 100 Prius Plug-ins and the deployment of dedicated charging infrastructure. The program will set up more than 150 charging points at private parking lots of firms participating in the program, user homes, public parking lots and on public roads. The program is run by Électricité de France (EDF) in partnership with Toyota and the City and the Urban Community of Strasbourg, and is financially supported through a research fund managed by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME).[62] The City and the Urban Community of Strasbourg will lease five Prius Plug-ins and also provide a subsidy to the local carsharing company to lease three Prius PHEVs. The remaining vehicles will be leased to other public institutions and private companies.[62]

The demonstration program in Germany will be conducted in Baden-Württemberg with ten Prius Plug-ins and the corresponding dedicated charging infrastructure. The program will be run by German energy provider EnBW.[62]

Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid demonstration program vehicle exhibited at the 2010 Washington Auto Show.
A Prius Plug-in Hybrid participating in the demonstration program at Upper Marlboro, Maryland.

The demonstration trial in the U.K. began in late June 2010 with a fleet of 20 Prius Plug-in Hybrids.[63][64] Toyota Motor Company partnered with Électricité de France to carried out a three year trial, and as part of the program a number of charging bays will be deployed in London. The trial Prius Plug-in Hybrids will be available through leasing to public sector organizations and business users.[63] Among the organizations that received the first Prius Plug-ins are Transport for London, the Government Car and Despatch Agency, the Metropolitan Police Service, News International and Sky.[65][66]

North America

In October 2009, Toyota announced its first regional program partnership in the U.S. with Xcel Energy’s SmartGridCity program in Boulder, Colorado. The research project will be coordinated by the University of Colorado at Boulder Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI). Boulder offers the opportunity of monitoring the performance of Toyota’s first generation lithium-ion battery at high altitude and under cold climate.[12][67] Other partnerships were made with Qualcomm, Silicon Valley Leadership Group, Southern California Air Quality Management District, the University of California at Berkeley and Portland State University.[67] Other regional programs considered were Northern and Southern California, Washington, D.C., New York City, Portland and Pittsburgh, which offer different conditions for vehicle performance and customer needs.[12][67]

In June 2010 the first demonstration Prius PHEVs were delivered to Portland State University[68] and the Silicon Valley Leadership Group.[69] An additional 30 demonstration program vehicles are scheduled to be assigned to Silicon Valley groups and companies, including the University of California, Berkeley in the following weeks.[69] Also in June 2010 the first three Prius PHEVs were delivered in Southern California to San Diego Gas & Electric and the nonprofit California Center for Sustainable Energy.[70] In August 2010 two Prius plug-in hybrids were delivered to be tested in San Francisco's municipal fleet as part of the demonstration program.[71]

Georgetown University will be the first partner in Washington, D.C to participate in the program under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Cities Program. Two Prius Plug-ins will be loaned beginning in December 2010 and several Georgetown employees will test drive the vehicles in three month rotations.[72] Five Prius PHEVs were delivered in New York City, two units to be tested by New York City Department of Transportation and three by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[73]

Consumer Reports field tested the Prius PHEV for two weeks and reported an all-electric range between 14 to 17 miles (23 to 27 km) spent upfront at the beginning of each trip. On a 78 miles (126 km) commute trip the Prius Plug-in averaged 63.5 miles per US gallon (3.70 L/100 km; 76.3 mpg‑imp) while on commute trips between 20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 km) the PHEV averaged 81 miles per US gallon (2.9 L/100 km; 97 mpg‑imp) to 86 miles per US gallon (2.7 L/100 km; 103 mpg‑imp) with a EV ratio varying from 40 to 56 percent during those trips.[74]

The California Center for Sustainable Energy tested two Prius Plug-in with 13 different drivers during seven weeks and reported an average combined fuel economy of 83 miles per US gallon (2.8 L/100 km; 100 mpg‑imp) on an average round trip commute of 22 miles (35 km). The best average attained was 97.9 miles per US gallon (2.40 L/100 km; 117.6 mpg‑imp) on an average round trip commute of 48 miles (77 km).[75]

Motor Trend field tested the Prius PHEV for 32 days and reported average CO2 emissions of 80 gr/km (0.28 lb/mile), an average all-electric range of 11.7 miles (18.8 km), and an average combined fuel economy of 70.4 miles per US gallon (3.34 L/100 km; 84.5 mpg‑imp) over the 1,880 miles (3,030 km) accumulated during their trial.[76]

In March 2010 Toyota launched its demonstration program in Canada with five Prius Plug-ins in partnership with academic institutions, hydro-electric producers, and governmental agencies in each of the four provinces participating in the program, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and Québec. Canada is home to Toyota's global cold weather research center in Northern Ontario, and the country's cold weather will serve to evaluate its adverse effect on battery performance and range.[77][78] In July 2010 the first demonstration Prius PHEV was delivered in Manitoba. The unit will be shared and tested by four partners, Manitoba Hydro, Manitoba Innovation, Energy and Mines, and the University of Manitoba. There are 15 trial partners in the four provinces that are part of the first phase of the Canadian demonstration trial.[79]

See also

References

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