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[[ru:Спойлер (автомобиль)]]
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* [http://www.carid.com/spoilers.html/ Car Spoilers | Rear Spoilers | Factory & Custom Style Wings] - Custom Rear Spoilers, Factory Spoilers, Rear Roof Wings & More - Find Razor Sharp Style & Aggression in ALL Spoilers at CARiD

Revision as of 09:54, 20 January 2011

For the aircraft component, see Spoiler (aeronautics).
The Plymouth Superbird is famous for its giant rear spoiler.
1987 Audi Sport QuattroS1 Pikes Peak

A spoiler is an automotive aerodynamic device whose intended design function is to 'spoil' unfavorable air movement across a body of a vehicle in motion. Spoilers on the front of a vehicle are often called air dams, because in addition to directing air flow they also reduce the amount of air flowing underneath the vehicle which reduces aerodynamic lift. Spoilers are often fitted to race and high-performance sports cars, although they have become common on passenger vehicles as well. Some spoilers are added to cars primarily for styling purposes and have either little aerodynamic benefit or even make the aerodynamics worse.

Spoilers for cars are often incorrectly confused with, or the term used interchangeably with, wings. Automotive wings are devices whose intended design is to generate downforce as air passes around them, not simply disrupt existing airflow patterns.

Operation

Spoilers function by disrupting airflow passing over and around a moving vehicle. This diffusion is accomplished by increasing amounts of turbulence flowing over the shape, "spoiling" the laminar flow and providing a cushion for the laminar boundary layer.[citation needed] Often spoilers are added solely for appearance with no thought towards practical purpose.

Passenger vehicles

This Toyota MR2 sports car has a factory-installed rear spoiler.
File:Aerodynamics.gif
A rear Spoiler is Standard Equipment on all Celica Models.

The main design goal of a spoiler in passenger vehicles is to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency[1]. While many often imitate wings and airfoils, these serve mostly decorative purposes. Passenger vehicles can be equipped with front and rear spoilers. Front spoilers, found beneath the bumper, are mainly used to direct air flow away from the tires to the underbody where the drag coefficient is less. Rear spoilers, which modify the transition in shape between the roof and the rear and the trunk and the rear, act to minimize the turbulence at the rear of the vehicle.

Sports cars are most commonly seen with front and rear spoilers. Even though these vehicles typically have a more rigid chassis and a stiffer suspension to aid in high speed maneuverability, a spoiler can still be beneficial. This is because many vehicles have a fairly steep downward angle going from the rear edge of the roof down to the trunk or tail of the car. At high speeds, air flowing across the roof tumbles over this edge, causing air flow separation. The flow of air becomes turbulent and a low-pressure zone is created, increasing drag and instability (see Bernoulli effect). Adding a rear spoiler makes the air "see" a longer, gentler slope from the roof to the spoiler, which helps to delay flow separation. This decreases drag, increases fuel economy, and helps keep the rear window clean.

Due to their association with racing, spoilers are often viewed as "sporty" by consumers.

Material types

Spoilers are usually made of:

  • ABS plastic – Most original equipment manufacturers create spoilers produced by casting ABS plastic with various admixtures, which bring in plasticity to this inexpensive but fragile material. Frailness is a main disadvantage of plastic, which increases with product age and is caused by the evaporation of volatile phenols.
  • Fiberglass – Used in car parts production due to the low cost of the manufacturing process. Fiberglass spoilers consist of fiberglass filler fastened with synthetic tar. Fiberglass is sufficiently durable and workable, but has become unprofitable for large scale production.
  • Silicon – More recently, many auto accessory manufacturers are using silicon-organic polymers. The main benefit of this material is its phenomenal plasticity. Silicon possesses extra high thermal characteristics and provides a longer product lifetime.
  • Carbon – fiberglass based on carbon fiber is the youngest material on the automotive aftermarket. Carbon is light weight, durable, but also a very expensive material. Unlike ordinary fiberglass, solidification of the connecting tar takes place in a pressure chamber using high temperatures. Due to the very large amount of waste during the manufacturing process, large scale producers cannot widely use carbon fiber in automobile parts production currently.

Other vehicles

Heavy trucks, like long haul tractors, may also have a spoiler dome on the top of the cab in order to lessen drag caused from air resistance from the trailer it's towing, which may be taller than the cab and provide a very non-aerodynamic effect. These spoilers primarily increase fuel economy instead of improving handling, however.

Trains may use spoilers to induce drag (like an air brake). A new prototype Japanese high-speed train, the Fastech 360 is designed to reach speeds of 250 mph. Its nose is specifically designed to spoil a wind effect associated with passing through tunnels, and it can deploy 'ears' which act to slow the train in case of emergency by increasing its drag.

Some modern race cars employ a situational spoiler called a roof flap. These roof flaps deploy when the body of the car is rotated so it is traveling in reverse. The car will then generate lift instead of countering it. The roof flaps deploy because they are recessed into a pocket in the roof. The low pressure above this pocket will cause the flaps to deploy, and counteract some of the lift generated by the car.

Whale tail

Original whale tail as introduced on the 1975 3.0 litre Porsche 930 turbo.

An earlier use of the term whale tail, now used to refer to a visible thong, dates back to August 1974, when the Porsche 911 Turbo debuted with large, flared, rear spoilers that were immediately dubbed whale tails.[2][3][4] Designed to reduce rear-end lift and so keep the car from oversteering at high speeds,[5] the rubber-edges of the whale tail spoilers were thought to be "pedestrian friendly".[6] The Turbo, with its whale tail, became an instant hit.[7] It also became one of the world's most recognizable sports cars,[8] remaining in production for the next two decades in one form or another, with more than 23,000 sold by 1989, although from 1978, the rear spoiler was redesigned and dubbed 'teatray' on account of its raised sides.[9] The Porsche 911 whale tails were used in conjunction with a chin spoiler attached to the front valence panel, which, according to some sources, did not enhance aerodynamic stability.[10] It has been found to be less effective in multiplying downforce than newer technologies like an airfoil,[11] "rear wing running across the base of the tailgate window",[12] or "an electronically controlled wing that deploys at about 50 mph".[13]

History

Duck tail on a 1973 Porsche 911 Carrera RS.

The whale tail came on the heels of the 1973 "duck tail" or Bürzel in German (as a part of the E-program), a smaller and less flared rear-spoiler fitted to 911 Carrera RS (meaning Rennsport or race sport in German), optional outside Germany.[2][4] The whaletail was originally designed for Porsche 930 and Porsche 935 race cars in 1973, and introduced to the Turbo in 1974 (as a part of the H-program), it was also an option on non-turbo Carreras from 1975.[14][15] Both types of spoilers were designed while Dr. Ernst Fuhrmann was serving as the Technical Director of Porsche AG.[16] In 1976, a rubber front chin spoiler was also introduced to offset the more effective spoiler.[3] By 1978, Porsche introduced another design for the rear spoiler, the 'teatray, a boxier enclosure which accommodated the intercooler, and was also an option for the 911SC.[2][17]

Other vehicles

These whale tail spoilers of the Porsche 911 caught on as a fashion statement,[18] and the term has been used to refer to large rear spoilers on a number of automobiles, including Ford Sierra RS,[19] Focus,[20] Chevrolet Camaro,[21] and Saab 900.[22] Whale tail spoilers also appear at the rear of tricycles,[23] trucks,[24] boats,[25] and other vehicles.

References

  1. ^ http://www.cardata.com/spoiler_fuel_economy.htm
  2. ^ a b c Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001). 101 Projects for Your Porsche 911. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 198. ISBN 0760308535.
  3. ^ a b Anderson, Bruce (1997). Porsche 911 Performance Handbook. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 16. ISBN 076030033X.
  4. ^ a b Morgan, Peter (1998). Original Porsche 911: The Guide to All Production Models, 1963-98. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. pp. 144–160. ISBN 1901432165. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Lewis, Albert L. (1977). Automobiles of the World. Simon and Schuster. p. 660. ISBN 0671224859. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Paternie, Patrick (2005). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 45. ISBN 076031960X.
  7. ^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 50. ISBN 0873497201.
  8. ^ Paternie, Patrick (2005). Porsche 911 Red Book 1965-2005: 1965-2005. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. reface. ISBN 076031960X.
  9. ^ Anderson, Bruce (1997). Porsche 911 Performance Handbook. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 16. ISBN 076030033X.
  10. ^ Dempsey, Wayne R. (2001). 101 Projects for Your Porsche 911: 1964-1989. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 200. ISBN 0760308535.
  11. ^ Post, Robert C. (2001). High Performance: The Culture and Technology of Drag Racing, 1950-2000. JHU Press. p. 229. ISBN 0801866642.
  12. ^ Sturmey, Henry (1986). The Autocar. Iliffe, Sons & Sturmey Ltd. p. 6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ (2006). BusinessWeek European Edition: 86. EBSCO Publishing.
  14. ^ Batchelor, Dean (1997). Illustrated Porsche Buyer's Guide. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 84. ISBN 0760302278. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 49. ISBN 0873497201.
  16. ^ Leffingwell, Randy (2002). Porsche Legends. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 144. ISBN 0760313644.
  17. ^ Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche the Ultimate Guide. Krause Publications. p. 52. ISBN 0873497201.
  18. ^ O'Rourke, P.J. (2000). Holidays in Hell. Grove Press. p. 207. ISBN 0802137016.
  19. ^ Robson, Graham (2001). The Illustrated Directory of Classic Cars. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 228. ISBN 0760310491.
  20. ^ "Car Style First Products used on this Ford Focus". This month's featured car. Car Styling. Retrieved 2008-07-26. [dead link‍]
  21. ^ "Rear spoilers". Showcars Bodyparts. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  22. ^ "Classic Saab Whale Tail restoration" (PDF). Saab Commemorative Edition Website. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  23. ^ "Hannigan Trikes". EasyCart.net. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  24. ^ "Universal Whale Tail Truck Spoilers". URL.biz. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  25. ^ Perry, Bob. "Classic Swan". Boats.com. Dominion Enterprises. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
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