Renaissance in Poland

The Renaissance in Poland (Polish: Renesans, Odrodzenie; literally, "Rebirth") lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture. The Kingdom of Poland (from 1569, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty, actively participated in the European Renaissance. A century without major wars — with only conflicts in the sparsely populated eastern and southern borderlands — allowed the multi-national entity to experience a substantial period of cultural growth. The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the Polish Brethren), living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (szlachta), who gained dominance in the political system of "Golden Liberty."

Overview

The Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, started spreading in Poland in the 15th and 16th century. This was a result of Italian artists (Francesco Fiorentino, Bartholommeo Berecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, Giovanni Battista di Quadro, etc.), merchants (the Boner family, the Montelupis) and thinkers (Filip Callimachus) who had come to Poland since the late 15th. Most of them came to Kraków, the Polish capital until 1611.

Jan Kochanowski, poet and prose writer, with his beloved daughter

The Renaissance values of the dignity of man and power of his reason were applauded in Poland. Many works were translated into Polish and Latin from classical Latin, Greek and Hebrew, as well as contemporary languages like Italian. Cracow Academy, one of the world's oldest universities, enjoyed its Golden Era between 1500 and 1535, with 3215 students graduating in the first decade of the 16th century - a record not surpassed until the late 18th century. The period of Polish renaissance, supportive of intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists. Among them were Nicolaus Copernicus who in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium presented the heliocentric theory of the universe, Maciej of Miechów, author of Tractatus de duabus Sarmatis..., the most accurate up to date geographical and ethnographical account of Eastern Europe, Bernard Wapowski, a cartographer whose maps of that region appeared in Ptolemy's Geography, Marcin Kromer who in his De origine et rebus gestis Polonorum libri... described both the history and geography of Poland, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, a philosopher concerned with governance, Mikołaj Rej who has popularized the use of Polish language in poetry, and Jan Kochanowski, whose poems in Polish language elevated him to the ranks of the most prominent Slavic poets.

Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Young Poles, especially sons of nobility (szlachta), educated in one of over 2500 parish schools, many gymnasium and several academies (Cracow Academy, Wilno Academy, Zamość Academy) often traveled abroad to complete their education. Polish thinkers, like Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, Johannes Dantiscus or Jan Łaski maintained contacts with leading European thinkers of the Renaissance, such as Thomas More, Erasmus and Philip Melanchthon. Poland not only partook in the exchange of major cultural and scientific ideas and developments as part of the Western Europe, but also spread Western heritage eastwards. For example, printing, Latin language and art (like syllabic versification in poetry) among East Slavic nations, especially in Belarus and Ukraine (through Kyiv-Mohyla Academy), from where it was transmitted to Russia (Duchy of Moscow), which was increasing its ties with western Europe in the aftermath of the Mongol invasion of Rus. The first four printed Cyrillic books in the world were published in Kraków, in 1491, by printer Szwajpolt Fiol.

King Sigismund I the Old and bishop Piotr Tomicki kneeling before St. Stanisław, a leaf form the Hours of Sigismund I by Stanisław Samostrzelnik, 1535

Incentives for development of art and architecture were many. King Sigismund I the Old, who ascended to the throne in 1507, was a sponsor of many artists, and begun a major project - under Florence architect Bartolommeo Berrecci - of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the Wawel Castle, into a modern Renaissance residence. Sigismund's zeal for Renaissance was matched not only by his son, Sigismund II Augustus, but by many wealthy nobles and burghers who also desired to display their wealth, influence and cultural savvy. In 1578, chancellor Jan Zamoyski begun construction of the ideal Renaissance city, sponsoring the creation of Zamość (a city named after him), which soon became an important administrative, commercial and educational town of Renaissance Poland. Two largest contemporary Polish cities - Kraków (which attracted many Italian architects) and Gdańsk (which attracted mostly architects from Germany and the Netherlands) - likely gained the most in the era, but many other cities also spotted new Renaissance constructions.

Renaissance painting was introduced in Poland by many immigrant artists, like Lucas Cranach, Hans Dürer and Hans von Kulmbach, and practiced by such Polish painters as Marcin Kober (a court painter of king Stefan Batory). The works of the portraitists created an impressive gallery, particularly representative of those who could afford to be immortalized in them.

Portrait of King Stephen Báthory by Marcin Kober, 1583

The centre of musical culture was the royal residence at Kraków, where the royal court welcomed many foreign and local performers. The most significant works of the Renaissance in Poland include compositions, usually for lute and organs, both vocal and instrumental, from dances, through polyphonic music, to religious oratorios and masses. In 1540 by Jan of Lublin released the Tablature, in which he collected most known European organ pieces. Nicolaus Cracoviensis (Mikołaj of Kraków) composed many masses, motets, songs, dances and preludes. Mikołaj Gomółka was the author of musical rendition of Kochanowski's poems (Melodies for the Polish Psalter). The most famous Polish composer was Wacław z Szamotuł, recognized as one of the outstanding Renaissance composers.

The first printing press was set up in Kraków in 1473 by the German printer Kasper Straube of Bavaria. Between 1561 and 1600, seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles a year, with an average edition of 500 copies. The first complete translation of the Bible into Polish was made in 1561 by Jan Leopolita (Leopolita's Bible). About that time, the first Polish orthographic dictionary was published (by Stanisław Murzynowski, 1551); grammars and dictionaries also proliferated. The Polish Renaissance was bilingual, the szlachta's speech being a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating among Polish, Latin, and a mixture of the two (Macaronic language).

Literature has progressed beyond being dominated by religious themes. They were still present, as seen in numerous bible translations, the most famous being the Wujek's Bible by Jakub Wujek, published in 1599. The nobility, however, cared about more than just religious works, and the works of Polish renaissance reflected their material and spiritual values (sarmatism). Thus poems extolled the virtue of manorial life: for example Rej celebrated life and occupation of country's noble, while Kochanowski wrote about the pleasures and beauty of life in the countryside, surrounded by nature. Literary forms varied, from ode, pastorals and sonnets to elegy, satire and romance.

Scholars

• Jan Łaski (John Lasco), evangelical reformer
• Maciej of Miechów (Maciej Miechowita), writer, university teacher
• Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer
• Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (Laurentius Grimaldius Gosliscius), political thinker and philosopher
• Marcin Kromer, writer, geographer
• Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, writer, philosopher
• Piotr Skarga, Jesuit, political reformer
• Józef Struś, doctor, scientist, mayor of Poznań

Artists

Graves of the last Jagiellons in the Sigismund's Chapel, hailed as "the most beautiful example of the Tuscan Renaissance north of the Alps"

• Mikołaj Rej, poet
• Jan Kochanowski, poet
• Szymon Szymonowic, poet
• Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, poet
• Łukasz Górnicki, writer
• Jan Sacranus, writer
• Andrzej Krzycki, poet
• Johannes Dantiscus, poet
• Wacław z Szamotuł, composer
• Mikołaj Gomółka, composer, singer
• Marcin Kober, painter

Immigrants:

• Hans Dürer
• Hans (Süss) von Kulmbach
• Mateo Gucci
• Santi Gucci
• Bartholommeo Berecci
• Bernardo Morando
• Giovanni Battista di Quadro

Architecture

Polish Renaissance architecture is divided into three periods:

• First period (1500–1550), so called "Italian". Most of the Renaissance buildings were built in this time by Italian architects, mainly from Florence.
• Second period (1550–1600), renaissance became most common, beginnings of Mannerist, influences of Netherland version of reinessance
• Third period (1600–1650), Mannerist with first signs of Baroque

First period

Courtyard of Wawel Castle exemplifies first period of Polish Renaissance

In 1499 Wawel Castle was partially burned. King Alexander Jagiellon in 1504 made main architect of renovation to Eberhard Rosemberger. Later he was replaced by Italian-born Francesco Florentino and after his death Bartolomeo Berrecci and Benedykt of Sandomierz. As an effect of those works Royal Castle was transformed in renaissance residence in florentine style. In this period other castles were built or rebuilt into new style:

• Drzewica (built in 1527–1535)
• Szydłowiec (rebuilt 1509–1532)
• Ogrodzieniec (rebuilt 1532–1547)
• Pieskowa Skała, (rebuilt 1542–1580)

In the first period of the Renaissance, churches were still build mostly in Gothic style. In this time, only chapels surrounding old churches were sometimes build in the new style. The oldest of them was built in 1519–33 by Bartolomeo Berecci (Sigismund's Chapel in Wawel Cathedral).

Second period

Poznań town hall, rebuilt from Gothic style by Giovanni Battista di Quadro, 1550–55

The Renaissance style became the most common style in the whole of Poland. In the northern part of the country, especially in Pommerania and Danzig (Gdańsk) works a large group of Netherlands artists. Renaissance style in other parts of Poland varied under local conditions, giving different substyles in each region. Also some elements of Manierist are included. Architecture of this period is divided in three regional substyles:

• "Italian" - mostly in the southern part of Poland (the most famous artist was Santi Gucci)
• "Netherlands" - mostly in Pomerania
• "Kalisz-Lublin style" or "The Lublin Renaissance" - central Poland, with most known examples in Lublin and Kazimierz Dolny.

All over Poland, new castles were built, with a new quadrilateral shape, enclosing a courtyard, and with four towers at the corners. Examples include:

• The castle at Płakowice (16th century)
• The castle at Brzeg, (rebuilt from a Gothic stronghold in 1544–60)
• The castle at Niepołomice (rebuilt after A fire in 1550–71)
• The castle at Baranów Sandomierski (built in 1591–1606 by Santi Gucci)
• The castle at Krasiczyn.

Also cities founds new building in Renaissance style. New Cloth Hall in Kraków were built, city halls were built or rebuilt in: Tarnów, Sandomierz, Chełm (demolished) and most famously in Poznań. Also whole towns were projected. Examples of Renaissance urbanism survived into modern times in Szydłowiec and Zamość.

Green Gate in Gdańsk

Examples of Pomeranian Renaissance that was under influence rather of art of Northern Europe than Italy were:

• Green Gate in Gdańsk (built in 1564–1568 by Hans Kramer)
• Upland Gate in Gdańsk (Willem van den Blocke finished it in 1588)
• Great Arsenal in Gdańsk (built in 1602–1606 by Anton van Obberghen)
• Old City Hall in Gdańsk (built in 1587–1595) probably by Anton van Obberghen)

Characteristic laicization of life in Renaissance and Reformation gave only minor development of sacral art. Still mainly chapels were built in the Renaissance style, but some churches were rebuilt including:

• Cathedral in Płock (rebuilt after fire by Zanobi de Gianotis, Cini, Filippo di Fiesole and later rebuilt again by Giovanni Battista di Quadro)
• Collegiate in Pułtusk (rebuilt by John Batista of Venice)

Only a few new churches were founded, such as the collegiate church of St. Thomas in Zamość.

Third period

"Armenian houses" in Zamość

A fire at Wawel and the moving of the capital to Warsaw in 1596 stopped the development of Kraków, also Danzig (Gdańsk). Also, the rising power of the Jesuits and the Counterreformation gave impetus to the development of Mannerist architecture and a new style — the Baroque.

The most important examples of Mannerist architecture in Poland is a complex of houses in Kazimierz Dolny and in Zamość.

See also

• Lublin Renaissance
• Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland
• History of Poland (1385-1569)

External links

• Polish Renaissance Warfare