Li Xiannian: Difference between revisions
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|quote=In economic policy, the most important [[Eight Elders|elders]] were Li Xiannian and Chen Yun. |
|quote=In economic policy, the most important [[Eight Elders|elders]] were Li Xiannian and Chen Yun. |
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}}</ref> and is considered one of the [[Eight |
}}</ref> and one of the most powerful leaders during the 70's,80's and 90's. He is considered one of the [[Eight Immortals|Eight Immortals of Communist Party of China]]. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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===Early career=== |
===Early career=== |
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Li joined the [[Communist Party of China]] in 1927, and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the [[Long March]]. |
Li joined the [[Communist Party of China]] in 1927, and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the [[Long March]].His troops destroyed more than 10 000 KMT forces. |
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===Maoist politician=== |
===Maoist politician=== |
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After the Communists victory in China, |
Li became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1945.After the Communists victory in China, Li was appointed Party Secretary of [[Hubei]] Province in China from 1949–1954, and Commander of the Hubei Province's military garrison and political commissar. In 1950, Li was elected the first Chairman of the Hubei People's Government. While he was working in Hubei, Li was appointed Party Secretary of [[Wuhan]] and Vice-Chairman of the PRC's Military Commission South-Central China. |
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In 1954, Li was appointed China's Minister of Finance, and held on to this position for |
In 1954, Li was appointed China's Minister of Finance, and held on to this position for 22 years.Li was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister during 1954–1980. In 1967,for criticism of Cultural Revolution, he fell out of favour but he retained his position. |
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Li was notable as the only civilian official to serve with Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] throughout the entire Cultural Revolution.<ref name=Mac>MacFarquhar, Roderick. "Foreword" in Zhao Ziyang (2009). ''Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang''. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-4391-4938-0|1-4391-4938-0]]</ref>{{rp|xviii}} In 1976, during the final days of the Cultural Revolution |
Li was notable as the only civilian official to serve with Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] throughout the entire Cultural Revolution.<ref name=Mac>MacFarquhar, Roderick. "Foreword" in Zhao Ziyang (2009). ''Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang''. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-4391-4938-0|1-4391-4938-0]]</ref>{{rp|xviii}} In 1976, during the final days of the Cultural Revolution, in cooperation with [[Deng Xiaoping]] and [[Ye Jianying]] Li played an instrumental role in destroying the [[Gang Of Four]]. Li was appointed Vice-Chairman of the [[Communist Party of China]] and a Vice Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)|Central Military Commission]]. |
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===Post-Mao politician=== |
===Post-Mao politician=== |
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When [[Hua Guofeng]] rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong, Li became Hua's chief economic adviser. If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power, Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China, but Li's political career stalled when [[Deng Xiaoping]] eclipsed Hua as China's "paramount leader". For the rest of his career, Li grumbled that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|xviii}} Li supported Deng's reform and helped Deng in the rise to power.<ref> |
When [[Hua Guofeng]] rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong, Li became Hua's chief economic adviser. If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power, Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China, but Li's political career quite stalled when [[Deng Xiaoping]] eclipsed Hua as China's "paramount leader". For the rest of his career, Li grumbled that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|xviii}} Li supported Deng's reform and helped Deng in the rise to power.In July 1979, Li Xiannian was named deputy head (and [[Chen Yun]] head) of the new national Economic and Financial Commission staffed with his own allies and conservative economic planners.He played very important role in economic development of the country.Li and Chen have been strong supporters of Deng's reforms, but later they became the leaders of the opposition, better known as - the hard-line opposition. <ref> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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|title=China marks 100th birth anniversary of former president Li Xiannian |
|title=China marks 100th birth anniversary of former president Li Xiannian |
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Li resented the younger officials who Deng promoted above him, most notably [[Zhao Ziyang]]. Li was a prominent opponent of Zhao's efforts to reform the Chinese economy, and disliked Zhao personally for Zhao's appreciation of "foreign stuff" and for Zhao's willingness to learn from the economic models that had been successful for the [[Four Asian Tigers|Asian Tiger]] economies and for the West. According to Zhao, Li "hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaoping's reforms, but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng, he made me the target of his opposition."<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|xviii-xix}} |
Li resented the younger officials who Deng promoted above him, most notably [[Zhao Ziyang]]. Li was a prominent opponent of Zhao's efforts to reform the Chinese economy, and disliked Zhao personally for Zhao's appreciation of "foreign stuff" and for Zhao's willingness to learn from the economic models that had been successful for the [[Four Asian Tigers|Asian Tiger]] economies and for the West. According to Zhao, Li "hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaoping's reforms, but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng, he made me the target of his opposition."<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|xviii-xix}} |
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In 1983, after the passing of a new Constitution, Li was appointed [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] at the age of 74. In the political environment of China in the 1980s, the role of President was "largely ceremonial", but recognized Li's role as a respected Party elder. In 1984, Li Met with US President [[Ronald Regan]] during Regan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of [[Taiwan]] with the President.<ref> |
In 1983, after the passing of a new Constitution, Li was appointed [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] at the age of 74. In the political environment of China in the 1980s, the role of President was "largely ceremonial", but recognized Li's role as a respected Party elder.In 1985 Li visited [[North Korea]] where Koreans and [[Kim Il Sung]] prepared a magnificent reception for President Li. In 1984, Li Met with US President [[Ronald Regan]] during Regan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of [[Taiwan]] with the President.<ref> |
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{{cite journal |
{{cite journal |
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|last=Anderson|first=Kurt |
|last=Anderson|first=Kurt |
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}}</ref> Li visited the United States in July 1985, the first time a Head of State from the People's Republic China visited the USA. |
}}</ref> Li visited the United States in July 1985, the first time a Head of State from the People's Republic China visited the USA. |
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In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic Of China and was replaced by [[Yang Shangkun]]. Li was then named [[Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Chairman of the CPPCC]]. |
In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic Of China and was replaced by [[Yang Shangkun]]. Li was then named [[Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Chairman of the CPPCC]]. After the departure of [[Zhao Ziyang]],he was a strong supporter of [[Jiang Zemin]]'s rise to power.<ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|chapter=Chapter 4 |
|chapter=Chapter 4 |
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|year=2005 |
|year=2005 |
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|format=ebook |
|format=ebook |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> During the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations, and supported [[Li Peng]]'s desire to use military force to suppress the protests. Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992. |
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==Death== |
==Death== |
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Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 83. His funeral was held on 27 June 1992, and was attended by thousands of people. |
Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 83 or 88(many foreign officials say that he was born in 1904 or 1905 because he always looked older). His state funeral was held on 27 June 1992, and was attended by thousands of people. |
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Revision as of 11:56, 2 April 2012
Template:Contains Chinese text
Li Xiannian 李先念 | |
|---|---|
| File:Liphoto.jpg | |
| 3rd President of the People's Republic of China | |
| In office 18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988 | |
| Premier | Zhao Ziyang Li Peng |
| Vice President | Ulanhu |
| Leader | Deng Xiaoping |
| Preceded by | Vacant, (see Ye Jianying) |
| Succeeded by | Yang Shangkun |
| Member of the National People's Congress | |
| In office 15 September 1954 – 25 March 1988 | |
| Constituency | Hubei At-large |
| 5th Chairman of the CPPCC | |
| In office April 1988 – March 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Deng Yingchao |
| Succeeded by | Li Ruihuan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | vice premier of PRC(1956.-1976.) 23 June 1909 Hong'an, Huanggang, Hubei, Qing Dynasty |
| Died | 21 June 1992 (aged 82) Beijing, People's Republic of China |
| Resting place | vice premier of PRC(1956.-1976.) |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Communist Party of China |
| Spouse | Lin Mei |
| Children | Li Xiaolin |
| Parent |
|
| Li Xiannian | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 李先念 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Template:Chinese name Li Xiannian (pronounced [lì ɕjɛ́nnjɛ̂n]; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992) was President of the People's Republic of China between 1983 and 1988 and then chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference until his death. Li was an influential political figure throughout the PRC, having been a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1956. He rose to prominence in the Communist Party of China in 1976, when Hua Guofeng succeeded Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Central Military Commission. At the height of his career in the 1980s, Li was considered one of the most influential architects of China's economic policy after the Cultural Revolution,[1] and one of the most powerful leaders during the 70's,80's and 90's. He is considered one of the Eight Immortals of Communist Party of China.
Biography
Early career
Li joined the Communist Party of China in 1927, and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March.His troops destroyed more than 10 000 KMT forces.
Maoist politician
Li became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1945.After the Communists victory in China, Li was appointed Party Secretary of Hubei Province in China from 1949–1954, and Commander of the Hubei Province's military garrison and political commissar. In 1950, Li was elected the first Chairman of the Hubei People's Government. While he was working in Hubei, Li was appointed Party Secretary of Wuhan and Vice-Chairman of the PRC's Military Commission South-Central China.
In 1954, Li was appointed China's Minister of Finance, and held on to this position for 22 years.Li was also appointed Deputy Prime Minister during 1954–1980. In 1967,for criticism of Cultural Revolution, he fell out of favour but he retained his position.
Li was notable as the only civilian official to serve with Premier Zhou Enlai throughout the entire Cultural Revolution.[2]: xviii In 1976, during the final days of the Cultural Revolution, in cooperation with Deng Xiaoping and Ye Jianying Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four. Li was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party of China and a Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission.
Post-Mao politician
When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong, Li became Hua's chief economic adviser. If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power, Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China, but Li's political career quite stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as China's "paramount leader". For the rest of his career, Li grumbled that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s.[2]: xviii Li supported Deng's reform and helped Deng in the rise to power.In July 1979, Li Xiannian was named deputy head (and Chen Yun head) of the new national Economic and Financial Commission staffed with his own allies and conservative economic planners.He played very important role in economic development of the country.Li and Chen have been strong supporters of Deng's reforms, but later they became the leaders of the opposition, better known as - the hard-line opposition. [3]
Li resented the younger officials who Deng promoted above him, most notably Zhao Ziyang. Li was a prominent opponent of Zhao's efforts to reform the Chinese economy, and disliked Zhao personally for Zhao's appreciation of "foreign stuff" and for Zhao's willingness to learn from the economic models that had been successful for the Asian Tiger economies and for the West. According to Zhao, Li "hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaoping's reforms, but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng, he made me the target of his opposition."[2]: xviii–xix
In 1983, after the passing of a new Constitution, Li was appointed President at the age of 74. In the political environment of China in the 1980s, the role of President was "largely ceremonial", but recognized Li's role as a respected Party elder.In 1985 Li visited North Korea where Koreans and Kim Il Sung prepared a magnificent reception for President Li. In 1984, Li Met with US President Ronald Regan during Regan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President.[4] Li visited the United States in July 1985, the first time a Head of State from the People's Republic China visited the USA.
In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic Of China and was replaced by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the CPPCC. After the departure of Zhao Ziyang,he was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemin's rise to power.[5] During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations, and supported Li Peng's desire to use military force to suppress the protests. Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992.
Death
Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 83 or 88(many foreign officials say that he was born in 1904 or 1905 because he always looked older). His state funeral was held on 27 June 1992, and was attended by thousands of people.
References
- ^
Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (2008). China's Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. ISBN 9780521885577.
In economic policy, the most important elders were Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
- ^ a b c MacFarquhar, Roderick. "Foreword" in Zhao Ziyang (2009). Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0
- ^ "China marks 100th birth anniversary of former president Li Xiannian". GOV.cn. Government of the People's Republic of China. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^
Anderson, Kurt (7 May 1984). "History Beckons Again". Time.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|accessedate=ignored (help) - ^ The Epoch Times Staff (2005). "Chapter 4". The Real Story of China's Jiang Zemin (ebook).
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