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==Business career==
==Business career==
===Beginnings===
===Beginnings===
Details regarding Akhmetov's past and how he obtained his wealth after the fall of communism in Ukraine, and the decade between 1985 and 1995 remains controversial.<ref name=kplibel /> Akhmetov is said to have ties to organized crime.<ref name=kuzio1 /><ref name="psa1">{{cite journal|last=Katchanovski|first=Ivan|title=The Orange Evolution? The "Orange Revolution" and Political Changes in Ukraine|journal=Post-Soviet Affairs|date=14|year=2008|month=November|volume=24|issue=4|pages=364|doi=10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref>
Details regarding Akhmetov's past and how he obtained his wealth after the fall of communism in Ukraine, and the decade between 1985 and 1995 remains controversial.<ref name=kplibel /><ref name=LIGA/> Akhmetov is said to have ties to organized crime.<ref name=kuzio1 /><ref name="psa1">{{cite journal|last=Katchanovski|first=Ivan|title=The Orange Evolution? The "Orange Revolution" and Political Changes in Ukraine|journal=Post-Soviet Affairs|date=14|year=2008|month=November|volume=24|issue=4|pages=364|doi=10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref>
In his book ''Donetsk Mafia: Anthology'',<ref>http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24676/print/</ref> Ukrainian author Serhiy Kuzin claims Akhmetov held the role of a 'mafia thug' in his early years;<ref name="veja1">{{cite web|last=Coura|first=Kalleo|title=Chuteiras que valem ouro|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/130509/p_076.shtml|work=O misterioso dono da bola|publisher=Veja.com|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref> according to Hans van Zon, Professor of Central and Eastern European Studies in the [[University of Sunderland]], "As early as 1986, Rinat and his brother Igor were involved in criminal activities."<ref name="JilbertoHogenboom2007">{{cite book|last=van Zon|first=Hans|title=The Rise of Conglomerates in Ukraine: The Donetsk Case|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|pages=387|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FefoltD5mWkC&pg=PA387|accessdate=2 March 2012|date=23 February 2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-41268-1|page=387}}</ref>
In his book ''Donetsk Mafia: Anthology'',<ref>http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24676/print/</ref> Ukrainian author Serhiy Kuzin claims Akhmetov held the role of a 'mafia thug' in his early years;<ref name="veja1">{{cite web|last=Coura|first=Kalleo|title=Chuteiras que valem ouro|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/130509/p_076.shtml|work=O misterioso dono da bola|publisher=Veja.com|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref> according to Hans van Zon, Professor of Central and Eastern European Studies in the [[University of Sunderland]], "As early as 1986, Rinat and his brother Igor were involved in criminal activities."<ref name="JilbertoHogenboom2007">{{cite book|last=van Zon|first=Hans|title=The Rise of Conglomerates in Ukraine: The Donetsk Case|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|pages=387|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FefoltD5mWkC&pg=PA387|accessdate=2 March 2012|date=23 February 2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-41268-1|page=387}}</ref>


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In September 1999, an official [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs]] report titled the “Overview of the Most Dangerous Organized Crime Structures in Ukraine” identified Akhmetov as a leader of an organized crime syndicate. The report tied the group to money laundering, financial fraud, and the control of numerous large and fictitious companies.<ref name="OCCRP">{{cite web|title=OC Prosecutions Rarely Successful In Ukraine|url=http://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/182-oc-prosecutions-rarely-successful-in-ukraine|publisher=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="MVSdoc">{{cite book|title=МВС України Головне управління по боротьбі з організованою злочинністю|year=1999|url=http://reportingproject.net/new/REPORTS/Document%20about%20Donetsk%20crime%20group.pdf}}</ref>
In September 1999, an official [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ukraine)|Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs]] report titled the “Overview of the Most Dangerous Organized Crime Structures in Ukraine” identified Akhmetov as a leader of an organized crime syndicate. The report tied the group to money laundering, financial fraud, and the control of numerous large and fictitious companies.<ref name="OCCRP">{{cite web|title=OC Prosecutions Rarely Successful In Ukraine|url=http://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/182-oc-prosecutions-rarely-successful-in-ukraine|publisher=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="MVSdoc">{{cite book|title=МВС України Головне управління по боротьбі з організованою злочинністю|year=1999|url=http://reportingproject.net/new/REPORTS/Document%20about%20Donetsk%20crime%20group.pdf}}</ref>

Akhmetov has stated he could get rich by making many risky business investments in the first years after the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]].<ref name=LIGA>{{ru icon}} [http://file.liga.net/person/343-rinat-ahmetov.html Ахметов Ринат Леонидович], Информационно-аналитический центр "ЛІГА"</ref>


===SCM Group===
===SCM Group===

Revision as of 21:46, 4 April 2012

Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov
Рінат Леонідович Ахметов
Born (1966-09-21) 21 September 1966 (age 57)
Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
NationalityUkraine Ukraine
OccupationBusinessman
Political partyParty of Regions
SpouseLiliya Nikolayevna Smirnova
ChildrenAlmir Akhmetov (1997)
Damir Akhmetov (1988)
Parents
  • Leonid Alekseyevich Akhmetov (died in 1991) (father)
  • Nyakiya Aleksandrovna Akhmetova (mother)

Rinat Leonidovych Akhmetov (Ukrainian: Рінат Леонідович Ахметов, Russian: Ринат Леонидович Ахметов; born on 21 September 1966) is a Ukrainian businessman and oligarch.[2] He is the founder and President of System Capital Management, and is ranked among the wealthiest men in the nation.[3] Akhmetov is also the owner and President of the Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk. At Rinat Akhmetov' initiative Foundation for Effective Governance (est. 2007) and Foundation for Development of Ukraine (est. 2005) were established. Since the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election Akhmetov has been a member of the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (parliament) for the Party of Regions.[4][5] Akmetov has been accused to have been involved in organized crime.[6][7]

Early life

Rinat Akhmetov was born in Donetsk, Ukrainian SSR to a Tatar[8] working-class family. His father, Leonid Akhmetov (d. 1991) was a coal-miner,[4][9] and his mother, Nyakiya Akhmetova, was a shop assistant. Rinat Akhmetov has an older brother, Igor, who as well worked as a coal miner but had to resign due work related health complications.[10]

Education

Rinat Akhmetov obtained a Bachelor of Arts / Science in Economics from the Donetsk National University, he graduated in 2001.[5][11]

Business career

Beginnings

Details regarding Akhmetov's past and how he obtained his wealth after the fall of communism in Ukraine, and the decade between 1985 and 1995 remains controversial.[12][13] Akhmetov is said to have ties to organized crime.[2][14] In his book Donetsk Mafia: Anthology,[15] Ukrainian author Serhiy Kuzin claims Akhmetov held the role of a 'mafia thug' in his early years;[16] according to Hans van Zon, Professor of Central and Eastern European Studies in the University of Sunderland, "As early as 1986, Rinat and his brother Igor were involved in criminal activities."[7]

In the 1980s, Akhmetov acted as an assistant to Akhat Bragin; allegedly in the illegal cloth trading business.[7] Andrew Wilson, a scholar specializing in Ukrainian politics, categorized Akhmetov as a former ‘enforcer’ and ‘leader’ of “[Akhat] Bragin’s ‘Tatar’ clan,” responsible for the use of “mafia methods to push aside the ‘red directors’ of the [Industrial Union of the Donbass] (IUD).”[17] By the early 1990s, Akhmetov began acquiring property in Donetsk allegedly by means of extortion with the assistance of Volodymyr Malyshev, Lieutenant-General of The Head of Ministry of Internal Affairs Department in Donetsk Oblast.[7] Malyshev, now a member of Ukraine's Parliament on the committee controlling law enforcement, is accused by Kuzin of using his position to do away with previously existing police records concerning Akhmetov shortly before becoming chief of security for Akhmetov’s company.[18] “In [the 1990's], Akhmetov was very different – he was totally private with no public persona, and was trying to find ways to deal with his ‘difficult past’,” noted U.S. ambassador William Taylor, citing prominent Ukrainian businessman Serhiy Taruta.[19]

In October 1995, Bragin, his former mentor and president of Shakhtar Donetsk football club, was killed in a mysterious bombing along with six of his bodyguards at the team's stadium during a match.[20][21] Bragin and his associates had an ongoing conflict with mob groups and rival businessmen, and had survived several attempts on his life. Bragin, who was alleged to have a leadership role in the Ukrainian mafia, was succeeded by Akhmetov as team president following his death.[16][21] Some associate Akhmetov with the death of Bragin.[17] Following the assassinations, Akhmetov is said to have "inherited a vast financial empire from Bragin".[7] Akhmetov responded to allegations about his past during an interview in 2010, denying he has ever inherited any money from Akhat Bragin or anyone else: "I have earned my first million by trading coal and coke, and spent the money on assets that no one wanted to buy. It was a risk but it was worth it".[22]

Akhmetov would head Dongorbank (formerly Akceptbank) in 1995.[23]

In September 1999, an official Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs report titled the “Overview of the Most Dangerous Organized Crime Structures in Ukraine” identified Akhmetov as a leader of an organized crime syndicate. The report tied the group to money laundering, financial fraud, and the control of numerous large and fictitious companies.[18][24]

Akhmetov has stated he could get rich by making many risky business investments in the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[13]

SCM Group

Akhmetov founded System Capital Management Group (JSC "SCM") in 2000, and has been its sole proprietor since 2009.[25] During his career SCM has grown to be one of Ukraine’s leading financial and industrial firms[26] with assets including over 100 businesses in metals and mining, power generation, banking and insurance, telecommunications, media and real estate; and revenues of around $12.8 billion and has assets worth over $22.7 billion.[27] The largest company in the SCM Group is METINVEST, which is a mining and steel business and is generally agreed to be Ukraine’s largest private business and is one of the larger steel businesses in Europe.

SCM has been recognized as a leader of Ukrainian corporate social responsibility ratings, garnering the top nomination by Gvardiya magazine's rankings of Ukraine's "Socially Responsible Companies" in 2011. SCM had previously won in 2009,[28] and 2010.[29]

In 2008 UAH 3,4 million was given to compensate the victims and people whose relatives died in the blasts at Akhmetov's Zasyadko, Krasnolimanskaya,[30] Karla Marksa,[31] Duvannaya[32] coal mines.

Wealth

Rinat Akhmetov has been number one in Korrespondent magazine annual Ukraine’s Top 50 richest people rating with the estimated wealth of:

  • 2006 - $ 11.8 bil[33]
  • 2007 - $ 15.6 bil[34]
  • 2008 - $ 31.1 bil[35]
  • 2009 - $ 9.6 bil[36]
  • 2010 - $ 17.8 bil[37]
  • 2011 - $ 25.6 bil[38]

Forbes' The World's Billionaires rating:

  • 2006 - No. 451 with a net-worth of $1.7 bil[39]
  • 2007 - No. 214 with $4.0 bil[40]
  • 2008 - No. 127 with $7.3 bil[41]
  • 2009 - No. 397 with $1.8 bil[42]
  • 2010 - No. 148 with $5.2 bil[43]
  • 2011 - No. 39 with $16 bil.[44]
  • 2012 - No. 39 with $16 bil.[44]

Kryvorizhstal incident

In 2004 Akhmetov and Viktor Pinchuk (the son-in-law of then-President Leonid Kuchma) acquired the steel factory Kryvorizhstal for roughly $800 million from the state in a 2004 tender despite much higher bids made by foreign companies.[45] Later, in 2005, the first Tymoshenko Government reversed this sale, and held a nationally-televised repeat auction that netted a record-breaking $4.8 billion.[45]

Disputes in the media

When dealing with public criticism and allegations concerning his past, Akhmetov has utilized a notably well-stocked PR and legal team to protect his image and name. His team often contests reports on him that they consider to be libelous, scandalous, or inaccurate. To date, his legal team has obtained many retractions, apologies, and libel settlements.[12] Critics accuse Akhmetov of going beyond protecting his name, but rather fear mongering investigative journalists.[12] As many court cases occur in London for its lax free speech laws, critics accuse Akhmetov and his legal team of abuse of libel tourism.[12]

In a statement issued by Akhmetov's lawyer Mark MacDougall, "Akhmetov has done a lot of work to protect his good name from false accusations, which might hurt the reputation of his family and business. As the result of it, many publications in Ukraine and other European countries had published retractions and apologies… [and] admitted that their claims are false. We think that these facts speak for themselves”.[18]

In 2007, the Kyiv Post, the primary English language daily newspaper in Ukraine, published an article relating to Mr. Akhmetov’s business transactions.[example needed] The newspaper published an apology stating that “on closer examination, we concluded these allegations[clarification needed] relating to Mr. Akhmetov were untrue and have no basis in fact.”[46]

In 2007, the German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung (“NZZ”) retracted defamatory statements from published earlier article regarding Mr. Akhmetov’s early business career in the 1990s, noting that “there is no connection between Akhmetov … and organized crime in Ukraine” and “[t]he economic success of Akhmetov is not based by any means on criminally acquired starting capital.”[47]

In 2008, a judgment was obtained from the High Court of Justice in London after Obozrevatel, a Ukrainian language Internet publication refused to retract false and libelous statements alleging that Mr. Akhmetov was connected to criminal activity and violence. The Obozrevatel report interviewed his former classmates and neighbors, and delved into his early years.[12] Following court pressure Obozrevatel issued an official apology stating: “The editorial hereby admits that there was unchecked and false information about Rinat Akhmetov present in the … articles … We hereby give our apologies to Rinat Akhmetov for the problems resulted from the above-mentioned publications.”[48][49] The journalist, however, refused to issue an apology or acknowledge any wrongdoing.[50]

The website GoLocalProv.com, based in Providence, Rhode Island, published in 2010 allegations regarding Rinat Akhmetov's criminal activities.[citation needed][example needed] Subsequently, PolitiFact engaged in a review of the allegations on GoLocalProv’s site and disputed the sources on which they were based, stating that “key elements of the [GoLocalProv] story are false or unproven” and that the story presented “suspicions, suggestions, innuendo, and conspiracy theories” as fact[51] The GoLocalProv articles and audio shortly after their publishing were removed from the site. The publisher, Josh Fenton, explained that they disappeared for "technical reasons" and the radio station which aired the interview containing the allegations refused comment.[12]

In 2010 the French[52] Le Figaro issued a retraction of previously published false allegations regarding Rinat Akhmetov,[example needed] due to a lack of evidence to support their claims, and issued an apology.[53][54][55]

Political activity

Akhmetov was elected as a member of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada (parliament) during the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election as a member of the Party of Regions.[4][5][56] However, he only appeared once in the Verkhovna Rada building during his inauguration.[56] Leader of the party's faction in the Verkhovna Rada, Oleksander Yefremov, has mentioned that Rinat Akhmetov provides "substantative support" to the faction by providing what he referred to as "functioning expert groups he established that are counselling on draft laws".[57][58]

Released in a Wikileaks diplomatic cable, Volodymyr Horbulin, one of Ukraine's most respected policy strategists and former presidential advisor, told the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine in 2006 that the Party of Regions, which "enjoyed deep pockets, being largely financed by billionaire Donetsk boss Rinat Akhmetov” is partly composed of “pure criminals" and "criminal and anti-democracy figures."[59] In a U.S. diplomatic cable dated February 3, 2006, then U.S. Ambassador John Herbst referred to Akhmetov's Party of Regions as "long a haven for Donetsk-based mobsters and oligarchs" and called Akhmetov the "godfather" of the Donetsk clan.[19]

In a September 13, 2007 diplomatic cable released between prominent Ukrainian business partners Serhiy Taruta, Vitaliy Haiduk, and U.S. embassador William Taylor, Taruta alleged that Akhmetov had in 1997 persuaded Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma to appoint Viktor Yanukovych governor of Donetsk oblast, who then in turn made Haiduk his deputy.[19] In follow up of the released cables, Akhmetov's spokesperson refused comment and Haiduk denied the conversation taking place.[19]

The Russian-language newspaper Segodnya, owned by Akhmetov, has drawn criticism for its alleged mandate favoring coverage of certain politicians and public figures, the journalists at the paper admitted.[60][61]

Investigations

After Ukraine's Orange Revolution of 2004, in an attempt to fight coruption, several Party of Regions member came under criminal investigation;[62] U.S. diplomatic cables revealed that Akhmetov posted $2 million bail in 2007 for the release of three members of the Party of Regions, including former Sumy Governor Volodymyr Shcherban, who was accused of election rigging, extortion, tax evasion and abuse of office.[63] According to political journal's Post-Soviet Affairs, and The Nation, Akhmetov was investigated on murder charges and for his alleged role in organized crime in the Donetsk region. To avoid prosecution he was prompted to flee the country to Monaco.[14][64][65][66] In June 2005, Serhiy Kornich, then head of the Interior Ministry's economic crimes department, stated publicly that Akhmetov was "the head of [an] organized crime group."[67] That year year, Borys Kolesnikov, a friend and associate who had been tied to Akhmetov in links to organized crime since the 1980s, was arrested on charges of extortion and conspiracy to assassinate a rival Donetsk businessman.[14] Charges against Akhmetov and Kolesnikov were dropped in 2006 amid a significant rise in political power by the former,[14] and the cooperation of the Yuschenko government,[66] ending Akhmetov's exile.

In 2011 Hennadiy Moskal, who in 2005 acted as Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, gave an interview to Ukrainian magazine "Profyl", where he claimed to have been under Presidential orders in 2005 in investigate & audit Akhmetov for his alleged role in organized crime. Concrete evidence was never officially revealed against him, nor his company. According to Moskal, the MVS investigated all incidents related to missing people in 1990s in Donetsk region, who had any property left, and its current owners, but no connections with Rinat Akhmetov and his entourage were found.[64] Looking back, Moskal concluded that "we had nothing on Akhmetov in 2005”.[64]


Professional sports

Main article: FC Shakhtar Donetsk

Following the mysterious October 1995 bombing assassination of former team president Akhat Bragin at the team's stadium, Akhmetov (who had served as Bragin's right-hand man and himself narrowly missed the attempt on his life),[68] subsequently inherited operation of the Shakhtar Donetsk football club. On October 11, 1996, Akhmetov was appointed president of the team[69] and began investing heavily in both players and their training facilities. Under his command, FC Shakhtar became Premier League Champions in 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2011; Domestic Cup champions in 1997, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2011; Super-Cup in 2005, 2008 and 2010; and UEFA Cup in 2009.[69]

In 2009 Donbass Arena stadium was built in Donetsk at Rinat Akhmetov's initiative. It is the first stadium in Eastern Europe that was designed and built to the elite UEFA standards; its seating capacity holds over 50,000 persons.[70] Rinat Akhmetov had dreamt about such a stadium long before Ukraine had acquired the right to host EURO 2012.

Private life

Rinat Akhmetov is married to Liliya Smirnova (b. 1965) and with her has two sons, Damir (b. 1988) and Almir (b. 1997).[4]

Philanthropy

Akhmetov is deeply involved with charities, philanthropies, and humanitarian activities that support Ukrainian citizens.[71] Akhmetov established the Foundation for Development of Ukraine in 2005, which is "determined to eliminate the roots of social problems" in Ukraine.[72] In 2008 it has been reported that within next 5 years the Organization planned to spend $150 million to fulfill its programs.[73] In 2007, Akhmetov founded the Foundation for Effective Governance (FEG)[74] to support economic development of Ukraine. On 6 December 2007, FEG was founded in Kiev with a goal to improve the standard of living of each Ukrainian citizen.[75]

In 2008 Akhmetov donated UAH 258,600 million to charity, that made him the No.2 in a list of top ten businessmen who donated for charity in 2008[76] In the following year, Ukrainian business weekly "Kontrakty" named Akhmetov the top businessmen-philanthropist in Ukraine.[77] In 2010, Akhmetov's total charitable contributions amounted to UAH 155,65 million, making him No. 1 philanthropist in Ukraine.[78] For 2011, Akhmetov donated UAH 222.7 million to charity.[79]

His MP's salary is traditionally deferred to charity[75]

Notable donations

  • In October 2007 nearly $900,000 was donated to families of victims of gas explosion that tore through an apartment complex in Dnipropetrovsk.[80]
  • In April 2011, Rinat Akhmetov decided to allocate $1 million to support the "Shelter” Project", for construction of the new safe confinement to cover reactor No. 4 at Chernobyl.[81][82][83]
  • In April 2011, after earthquake in Japan in March 2011, FC Shakhtar Donetsk donated 1 million U.S. dollars to victims of the disaster,[84][85] saying "this is a terrible tragedy and its scope is really international. The Ukrainians, who experienced Chernobyl, understand Japanese people. Unfortunately, we cannot return thousands of lives, but what we can really help those, who survived and stayed alive".[86]

Recognition

See also

References

  1. ^ Forbes http://www.forbes.com/profile/rinat-akhmetov/. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ^ a b Kuzio, Taras (2005). "The Opposition's Road to Success". Journal of Democracy. 16 (2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 124. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0028. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Eight Ukrainians make Forbes magazine's list of world billionaires, Kyiv Post (8 March 2012)
  4. ^ a b c d Forbes.com, 3 May 2008, The World's Billionaires - #127 Rinat Akhmetov
  5. ^ a b c The World's Billionaires - #214 Rinat Akhmetov, Forbes.com (August 3, 2007)
  6. ^ Kyiv Post. "GoLocalProv: Akhmetov becomes hot issue in Rhode Island U.S. Senate race".
  7. ^ a b c d e van Zon, Hans (23 February 2007). The Rise of Conglomerates in Ukraine: The Donetsk Case. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-415-41268-1. Retrieved 2 March 2012. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  8. ^ Ukraine:birth of a modern nation by Serhy Yekelchyk, Oxford University Press, USA, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-530546-3 (page 204)
  9. ^ "Газета по-українськи" №193 за 24.08.2006. Ринат Ахметов: "Я не хочу умирать!"
  10. ^ Rinat Akhmetov Fights Against TB with Brother’s Disease in Memories
  11. ^ Ліга.Досье.Ахметов Ринат Леонидович
  12. ^ a b c d e f Lavrov, Vlad (11 February 2011). "Libel Warriors". Kyiv Poast. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  13. ^ a b Template:Ru icon Ахметов Ринат Леонидович, Информационно-аналитический центр "ЛІГА"
  14. ^ a b c d Katchanovski, Ivan (14). "The Orange Evolution? The "Orange Revolution" and Political Changes in Ukraine". Post-Soviet Affairs. 24 (4): 364. doi:10.2747/1060-586X.24.4.351. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/24676/print/
  16. ^ a b Coura, Kalleo. "Chuteiras que valem ouro". O misterioso dono da bola. Veja.com. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  17. ^ a b Wilson, Andrew (2005). Ukraine's Orange Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-300-11290-4.
  18. ^ a b c "OC Prosecutions Rarely Successful In Ukraine". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  19. ^ a b c d Rachkevych, Mark (15 September 2011). "WikiLeaks: Nation's businessmen tell tales on each other in chats with US ambassadors". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  20. ^ van Zon, Hans (2005). "Is the Donetsk Model Sustainable?" (PDF). GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA. 78 (2): 79. Retrieved 14 March 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ^ a b "Akhat Bragin". Kyiv Post. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
  22. ^ http://www.news-ua.com/2010/09/darovannyj-kon-ukrainy/
  23. ^ Дело. Компании и организации. Донгорбанк
  24. ^ МВС України Головне управління по боротьбі з організованою злочинністю (PDF). 1999.
  25. ^ сконцентрировал 100% акций СКМ
  26. ^ "Europe-Special report-Responsible business in Ukraine – From orange revolution to black economy", By Toby Webb, Ethical Corporation, 11 December 2007]
  27. ^ "www.scmholding.com". Key Financials.
  28. ^ http://economics.unian.net/rus/detail/9747
  29. ^ http://www.scmholding.com/en/media-centre/news/view/488/
  30. ^ http://www.rbc.ua/rus/newsline/2008/06/26/388749.shtml
  31. ^ http://news.liga.net/news/N0834571.html
  32. ^ http://cxid.info/53775.html
  33. ^ http://files.korrespondent.net/projects/top50/2006
  34. ^ http://files.korrespondent.net/projects/top50/2007
  35. ^ http://files.korrespondent.net/projects/top50/2008
  36. ^ http://files.korrespondent.net/projects/top50/2009
  37. ^ http://files.korrespondent.net/projects/top50/2010
  38. ^ http://files.korrespondent.net/projects/top50/2011/1227619
  39. ^ Forbes http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/JIRK.html. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  40. ^ "#214 Rinat Akhmetov". Forbes. 8 March 2007.
  41. ^ "#127 Rinat Akhmetov". Forbes. 5 March 2008.
  42. ^ "#397 Rinat Akhmetov - The World's Billionaires 2009". Forbes. 11 March 2009.
  43. ^ "#148 Rinat Akhmetov". Forbes. 10 March 2010.
  44. ^ a b Forbes http://www.forbes.com/profile/rinat-akhmetov. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  45. ^ a b Monopolies thrive as toothless state bows to moguls, Kyiv Post (March 18, 2010)
  46. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/editorial/detail/28428/
  47. ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Swiss+Newspaper+Issues+Retraction+of+False+News+Report+and+Apologizes...-a0165338261
  48. ^ http://focus.ua/politics/15389
  49. ^ http://obozrevatel.com/news/2008/11/22/270152.htm
  50. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/120428/
  51. ^ http://www.politifact.com/rhode-island/article/2010/oct/23/website-ignores-key-facts-link-chafee-organized-cr/.
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External links

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