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→‎Death and aftermath: excellent information, but filled with bad grammar and not so relevant to this article, so I am moving it to the article about Paul Horvat
Undid revision 502411512 by Surtsicna (talk) - please don't move it since it is relevant to this article, you are welcome to fix grammar
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==Death and aftermath==
==Death and aftermath==
[[File:The abduction of Elizabeth of Bosnia and Mary of Hungary.jpg|thumb|Garay defending Elizabeth and Mary from the attackers, painted by [[Mihály Kovács (painter)|Mihály Kovács]] in c. 1895.]]
[[File:The abduction of Elizabeth of Bosnia and Mary of Hungary.jpg|thumb|Garay defending Elizabeth and Mary from the attackers, painted by [[Mihály Kovács (painter)|Mihály Kovács]] in c. 1895.]]
After Charles' death, John Horvat with his younger brother Ladislav and other revolting nobles from Croatia, found shelter at his brother Paul Horvat in Zagreb.<ref name="Šišić, 50">Šišić, 50.</ref> For that purpose Bishop Paul pawn church estates in order to collect a money for the army against Elizabeth.<ref name="Šišić, 50"/>


Elizabeth believed that her daughter's mere presence would help calm the opposition.<ref name="Engel, 198"/> Accompanied by Garay and a modest following,{{#tag:ref|Elizabeth was accompanied by [[Nicholas I Garay]] and his two sons [[Nicholas II Garay|Nicholas II]] and [[John Garay|John]], their relatives Stephen son of Paul, Paul son of John, Gregory and Andrew; Blaž Forgač, John Treutel of Nevne, John Alsani, John of Kaniža son of Stephen, Akuš son of Mikčev, Filip Korogj son of Stephen of Mačva and John of Morovića.(Šišić, pp. 50–51.)|group=note}}<ref name="Šišić, 50–51">Šišić, 50–51.</ref><ref name="Engel, 198"/> she and Mary set out for [[Đakovo]].<ref name="Van Antwerp Fine, 397">Van Antwerp Fine, 397.</ref> However, Elizabeth had seriously misestimated the situation. On 25 July 1386, they were ambushed ''en route'' and attacked by the opposition led by John Horvat and John of Palisna in [[Gorjani]].<ref name="Šišić, 51">Šišić, 51.</ref><ref name="Engel, 198"/><ref name="Van Antwerp Fine, 397">Van Antwerp Fine, 397.</ref> Their small entourage fought the attackers, but most of them were killed, while Elizabeth and Mary were imprisoned in the Bishop of Zagreb's castle of [[Bosiljevo|Gomnec]] (now Bosiljevo).<ref name="Šišić, 51"/> The heads of their main defenders were sent to Naples to console Charles's grieving widow [[Margaret of Durazzo|Margaret]],<ref name="Grierson, 236"/> and the surviving defenders were imprisoned all over Croatia.<ref name="Šišić, 51"/>{{#tag:ref|The heads of [[Nicholas I Garay]], [[John Garay]] and [[Blaž Forgač]] were sent to Naples to console Charles's grieving widow, [[Margaret of Durazzo]]. The surviving defenders were imprisoned in [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]], [[Orljava]], [[Čakovec]] and [[Gospić|Lički Počitelj]].(Šišić, p. 51.)|group=note}} Elizabeth took all blame for the rebellion and begged the attackers to spare her daughter's life.<ref name="Duggan, 231">Duggan, 231.</ref>
Elizabeth believed that her daughter's mere presence would help calm the opposition.<ref name="Engel, 198"/> Accompanied by Garay and a modest following,{{#tag:ref|Elizabeth was accompanied by [[Nicholas I Garay]] and his two sons [[Nicholas II Garay|Nicholas II]] and [[John Garay|John]], their relatives Stephen son of Paul, Paul son of John, Gregory and Andrew; Blaž Forgač, John Treutel of Nevne, John Alsani, John of Kaniža son of Stephen, Akuš son of Mikčev, Filip Korogj son of Stephen of Mačva and John of Morovića.(Šišić, pp. 50–51.)|group=note}}<ref name="Šišić, 50–51">Šišić, 50–51.</ref><ref name="Engel, 198"/> she and Mary set out for [[Đakovo]].<ref name="Van Antwerp Fine, 397">Van Antwerp Fine, 397.</ref> However, Elizabeth had seriously misestimated the situation. On 25 July 1386, they were ambushed ''en route'' and attacked by the opposition led by John Horvat and John of Palisna in [[Gorjani]].<ref name="Šišić, 51">Šišić, 51.</ref><ref name="Engel, 198"/><ref name="Van Antwerp Fine, 397">Van Antwerp Fine, 397.</ref> Their small entourage fought the attackers, but most of them were killed, while Elizabeth and Mary were imprisoned in the Bishop of Zagreb's castle of [[Bosiljevo|Gomnec]] (now Bosiljevo).<ref name="Šišić, 51"/> The heads of their main defenders were sent to Naples to console Charles's grieving widow [[Margaret of Durazzo|Margaret]],<ref name="Grierson, 236"/> and the surviving defenders were imprisoned all over Croatia.<ref name="Šišić, 51"/>{{#tag:ref|The heads of [[Nicholas I Garay]], [[John Garay]] and [[Blaž Forgač]] were sent to Naples to console Charles's grieving widow, [[Margaret of Durazzo]]. The surviving defenders were imprisoned in [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]], [[Orljava]], [[Čakovec]] and [[Gospić|Lički Počitelj]].(Šišić, p. 51.)|group=note}} Elizabeth took all blame for the rebellion and begged the attackers to spare her daughter's life.<ref name="Duggan, 231">Duggan, 231.</ref>

Revision as of 12:47, 15 July 2012

Elizabeth of Bosnia
Elizabeth with her daughter Mary in captivity, painted by Soma Orlai Petrich in 1894
Queen consort of Hungary
Tenure20 June 1353 – 10 September 1382
Queen consort of Poland
Tenure5 November 1370 – 10 September 1382
Bornc. 1339
DiedJanuary 1387
Novigrad Castle, Novigrad
Kingdom of Hungary (today's Croatia)
Burial
Székesfehérvár Basilica
(previously St Chrysogonus's Church)
SpouseLouis I, King of Hungary and Poland
Issue
Details		Catherine of Hungary
Mary, Queen of Hungary
Saint Hedwig, Queen of Poland
HouseHouse of Kotromanić
FatherStephen II, Ban of Bosnia
MotherElizabeth of Kuyavia

Elizabeth of Bosnia (c. 1339 – January 1387) was the daughter of Ban Stephen II of Bosnia, and a member of the House of Kotromanić. Her marriage to King Louis I, in 1353, made her queen of Hungary and was her father's most significant achievement. In 1370, Elizabeth gave birth to the long-anticipated heir, Catherine, and became queen of Poland when Louis succeeded to the Polish throne. The royal couple went on to have two more children, Mary and Hedwig, while Catherine died in 1378. When Louis himself died in 1382, the elder surviving daughter, Mary, ascended to the throne of Hungary, with Elizabeth as regent. Unable to preserve the personal union of Hungary and Poland, the queen dowager secured the Polish throne for her youngest daughter, Hedwig.

During her regency in Hungary, Elizabeth faced several rebellions led by Croatian nobles who attempted to take advantage of Mary's insecure reign. In 1385, King Charles III of Naples deposed Mary and had himself crowned king of Hungary. Elizabeth responded by having Charles murdered two months after his coronation, in 1386. She had the crown restored to her daughter and established herself as regent once more, only to be captured, imprisoned and ultimately strangled by her enemies.

Descent and early years

Born around 1339, Elizabeth was the daughter of Ban Stephen II of Bosnia, the head of the House of Kotromanić.[1] Her mother was Elizabeth of Kuyavia, a member of the House of Piast[2] and grandniece of King Vladislaus the Short of Poland.[3]

In 1350, Tsar Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia attacked Bosnia in order to regain Zachlumia. The invasion was not successful, and the tsar tried to negotiate peace, which would be sealed by Elizabeth's marriage to his son and heir apparent, King Stephen Uroš V. The tsar expected Zachlumia to be ceded as Elizabeth's dowry, but her father refused to consider the proposal.[4]

In 1349, the fourteen-year-old queen of Hungary, Margaret of Bohemia, died from the Black Death.[5] Elizabeth of Poland, the mother of the widowed and childless King Louis I of Hungary, insisted on immediately bringing the daughter of the ban of Bosnia to the Hungarian court for fostering. Stephen was reluctant at first, but he eventually dispatched Elizabeth,[6] whose mother had already died.[7] She moved to the queen mother's court in Visegrád and was formally betrothed to the king in 1350.[8] The two were related in the fourth degree through a common ancestor, Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia,[note 1] making Pope Innocent IV's consent necessary.[9]

Marriage

A replica of the Chest of Saint Simeon, commissioned by Elizabeth, with the queen and her daughters depicted on the left and the queen's father on his deathbed on the right
Queen Elizabeth presenting the chest to St. Simeon, with her three daughters kneeling in front of her

Louis married Elizabeth in Buda on 20 June 1353,[9] hoping to defeat Tsar Dušan with her father's help or as his successor. He was dismayed when, upon his father-in-law's death later the same year, Elizabeth's young and ambitious cousin Tvrtko succeeded as ban and became a new source of trouble.[10] In 1357, Louis summoned the young ban to Požega and compelled him to surrender most of western Zachlumia as Elizabeth's dowry.[1][11]

The new queen of Hungary subjected herself entirely to her controlling mother-in-law and does not seem to have had her own court, as her retinue included the same individuals who had served the queen mother. She was completely powerless early in the marriage, with her mother-in-law's influence prevailing until 1370, when Louis succeeded his maternal uncle, Casimir III the Great, as king of Poland, and sent his mother to govern the kingdom as regent.[5] Elizabeth, though queen of Poland, was never crowned as such.[12] On his return from Poland, Louis brought Casimir's underage daughters, Anne and Hedwig, to be raised at her court.[13] Elizabeth's own maternal uncle, Vladislaus the White, was also a candidate for the throne of Poland. As the queen's uncle, he remained closely tied to the royal court despite failing to gain control of at least a small part of the kingdom.[14]

Lands ruled by Louis and Elizabeth in 1370s

The problem of the succession marked Louis' reign. Elizabeth was long considered barren, and a succession crisis was expected after the childless king's death. Her brother-in-law Stephen was officially heir presumptive until his death, in 1354, when his son John replaced him. John's own death, in 1360, made the extinction of the dynasty a real possibility.[15] A daughter was born to the queen and king in 1365, but the child died the next year.[16] For a couple of years, John's sister, Elizabeth, was promoted to heiress presumptive and a suitable marriage for her was being negotiated. However, things suddenly took a different course when the queen had three daughters in quick succession; Catherine was born in July 1370, Mary in 1371, and Hedwig in 1373 or 1374.[15] Elizabeth is known to have written a book for the education of her daughters, a copy of which was sent to France in 1374. However, all copies have been lost.[17][18]

Securing marriage to one of the princesss soon became a priority of European royal courts.[15] Mary was scarcely one year old when she was promised to Sigismund of Luxembourg.[19] In 1374, Catherine was betrothed to Louis of France,[15] but died toward the end of 1378, sometime after Hedwig's betrothal to William of Austria.[20]

The king, weakened by illness, became progressively less active in the last years of his reign, devoting instead an increasing amount of time to prayer, as did his aging mother, who had returned from Poland in 1374. These circumstances allowed Elizabeth to assume a more prominent role at court. Her influence had grown steadily since she had given her husband three possible heiresses. It appeared probable that the crowns would pass to one of Elizabeth's underage daughters and, by 1374, it became certain. Behind the scenes, Elizabeth began ensuring that the succession would be as smooth as possible by encouraging a slow but decisive change in the personnel of the government. Warlike and illiterate barons were gradually replaced by a small group of noblemen who excelled in their professional skills but were not distinguished by birth or military ability. Palatine Nicholas I Garay led the movement and enjoyed the full support of the queen, and their power eventually became virtually unrestricted.[21]

Widowhood and regency

Louis died on 10 September 1382 and Mary succeeded to the throne of Hungary. Elizabeth, now queen dowager, acted as regent on behalf of the eleven-year-old sovereign. The Hungarian holdings were de facto ruled by Elizabeth, but her regency in Poland was discontinued. The queen mother's rule was not to be peaceful; the first to rise against her was John of Palisna, Ban of Croatia, who was mainly opposed to the centralizing policy which her husband had enforced. Her cousin Tvrtko also decided to take advantage of Louis' death and Elizabeth's unpopularity by trying to recover the lands he had lost to the king in 1357. John asked Tvrtko for help, but was ultimately defeated by Elizabeth's army and forced to flee to Bosnia.[22]

Hedwig's accession in Poland

Elizabeth and Mary mourning at the tomb of Louis I, by Sándor Liezen-Mayer, 1864.

Although Louis had designated Mary as his successor in both of his kingdoms, the Polish nobles, seeking an end to the personal union with Hungary, were not willing to recognize Mary and Sigismund as their sovereigns.[23] They would have accepted Mary if she had moved to Kraków and reigned over both kingdoms from there rather than from Hungary, ruling according to their advice rather than that of the Hungarian nobles and marrying a prince of their choosing. Their intentions, however, were not to Elizabeth's taste. She too would have been required to move to Kraków, where the lack of trusted man would render her unable to enforce her own will. Elizabeth was also aware of the difficulties her mother-in-law had faced during her regency in Poland, which had ended with the old queen fleeing her native kingdom in disgrace.[24]

Following two years of negotiations, Elizabeth, who had even considered taking up arms,[21] proposed her youngest daughter Hedwig as Louis' successor in Poland,[24] and absolved the nobles from their oaths to Mary and Sigismund. Hedwig thus unexpectedly ascended to the Polish throne and was crowned in October 1384.[25]

In 1385, Elizabeth received an official delegation from Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, who wished to marry Hedwig. In the Act of Kreva, Jogaila promised to pay compensation to William of Austria on Elizabeth's behalf and requested that Elizabeth, as widow of King Louis and heiress of Poland herself as great-grandniece of King Vladislaus (whose name Jogaila had purposely assumed on his baptism), legally adopt him as her son in order to give him the right to retain the Polish crown in the event of Hedwig's death.[26][27] The marriage would be celebrated in 1386.[25]

Mary's marriage issue

Sigismund and his brother Wenceslaus, King of Germany and Bohemia, were also opposed to Elizabeth and Garay. The Queen and the Palatine, on the other hand, were not enthuasiastic about Sigismund reigning together with Mary. Both Sigismund and Mary's relative, King Charles III of Naples, threatened to invade Hungary; the former intended to marry Mary and become her co-ruler, while the latter intended to depose her. Elizabeth was determined to allow neither and, in 1384, started negotiating Mary's marriage to Louis of France, notwithstanding her daughter's engagement to Sigismund. Had this proposal been made after Catherine's death in 1378, the Western Schism would have represented a problem, with France and Hungary recognising different popes, Clement VII and Urban VI respectively. However, Elizabeth was desperate in 1384 and uwilling to let the schism stand in the way of the negotiations. Clement VII issued a dispensation which annulled Mary's betrothal to Sigismund and her proxy marriage to Louis was celebrated in April 1385, but it was not recognized by the Hungarian noblemen, who adhered to Urban VI.[28]

Elizabeth's plan to have Mary married to Louis of France divided the court. The House of Lacković, the master of the treasury Nicholas Zámbó and the judge royal Nicholas Szécsi openly opposed it and renounced their allegiance to the queen mother in August, which resulted in her depriving them of all their offices and replacing them with Garay's partisans. The kingdom was on the verge of a civil war when the king of Naples, invited by John Horvat and his brother Paul, Bishop of Zagreb, arrived to claim the throne for himself. His arrival forced Elizabeth to yield and abandon the idea of French marriage. While her envoys in Paris were preparing for Louis's journey, Elizabeth came to terms with her opponents and Szécsi was appointed palatine.[29] Four months after her proxy marriage to Louis, Sigismund entered Hungary and had himself married to Mary by Cardinal Demetrius, Archbishop of Esztergom, but the marriage turned out to be too late; he fled to his brother Wenceslaus' court in Prague in the autumn of 1385.[29]

Deposition and restoration

Elizabeth and Mary attending Charles' coronation, by József Molnár, 1880's.

Charles's arrival was well-prepared. He was accompanied by his Hungarian supporters and Elizabeth was unable to raise an army against him or prevent him from convoking a diet, in which he obtained an overwhelming support. Mary was forced to abdicate, opening the path for Charles to be crowned on 31 December 1385,[29] with Elizabeth and Mary compelled to attend the coronation[30] and swear allegience to him.[31]

Deprived of authority, Elizabeth feigned friendly feelings for her husband's kinsman while his retinue was at the court, but after his supporters had returned to their homes, he was left defenceless.[32] She acted quickly and invited him to visit Mary at one of her palaces. Upon his arrival there on 7 February 1386, Elizabeth had Charles stabbed in her apartments and in her presence. He was taken to Visegrád, where died on 24 February.[30][32]

Having had the crown restored to her daughter, the queen mother immediately proceeded to rewarded those who had helped her, giving Jelenec Castle to Blaise Forgach, the Master of the Cupbearers, whose blow had mortally wounded Charles. In April, Sigismund was brought to Hungary by his brother Wenceslaus and the queens were compelled to accept him as Mary's co-ruler by a treaty signed in Győr.[32] Having Charles murdered did not help Elizabeth as much as she hoped it would, however, as the Neapolitan party immediately rose up in arms to support Charles' son Ladislaus.[33]

Death and aftermath

Garay defending Elizabeth and Mary from the attackers, painted by Mihály Kovács in c. 1895.

After Charles' death, John Horvat with his younger brother Ladislav and other revolting nobles from Croatia, found shelter at his brother Paul Horvat in Zagreb.[34] For that purpose Bishop Paul pawn church estates in order to collect a money for the army against Elizabeth.[34]

Elizabeth believed that her daughter's mere presence would help calm the opposition.[32] Accompanied by Garay and a modest following,[note 2][35][32] she and Mary set out for Đakovo.[33] However, Elizabeth had seriously misestimated the situation. On 25 July 1386, they were ambushed en route and attacked by the opposition led by John Horvat and John of Palisna in Gorjani.[36][32][33] Their small entourage fought the attackers, but most of them were killed, while Elizabeth and Mary were imprisoned in the Bishop of Zagreb's castle of Gomnec (now Bosiljevo).[36] The heads of their main defenders were sent to Naples to console Charles's grieving widow Margaret,[30] and the surviving defenders were imprisoned all over Croatia.[36][note 3] Elizabeth took all blame for the rebellion and begged the attackers to spare her daughter's life.[37]

The queens were then sent to Novigrad Castle, held by their new jailer, John of Palisna.[33] Sigismund marched into Slavonia, with the intention to reach Novigrad and rescue the queens, but his attempt failed.[38] The queen of Naples insisted that Elizabeth be murdered.[39] She was tried and, after the Christmas adjournment of the proceedings, found guilty of inciting Charles' murder.[40] Towards the middle of January 1387, when news of Sigismund's approach reached Novigrad, Elizabeth was strangled by guards before Mary's eyes.[33][38][40]

At the moment of her death, Sigismund was on his way to rescue his wife and mother-in-law,[33] and Mary was released from the captivity by his troops on 4 June.[40] Having been secretly buried in the St Chrysogonus's Church in Zadar on 9 February 1387, the queen's body was exhumed on 16 January 1390, transferred by sea to Obrovac and then carried overland to Székesfehérvár Basilica.[41]

Legacy

"Street of Queen Elizabeth Kotromanić, donor of St. Simeon's casket" (Croatian: Ulica kraljice Elizabete Kotromanić, darovateljice rake sv. Šime) in Zadar.

Modern historians tend to describe Elizabeth as a formidable woman, while her contemporaries regarded her as an efficient, but ruthless politician who used political intrigues to protect her daughter's interests,[42] successfully defending her daughter's rights.[30]

Elizabeth was a caring parent, but was neither talented nor qualified to prepare Mary and Hedwig for their roles as monarchs. She failed to set a good example to her daughters and her unbalanced character and questionable methods in politics would serve more as a warning to the young sovereigns. Hedwig was disappointed by her mother's procrastinations and inability to make clear decisions, while Mary was most distressed by her endless problems with Croatian nobles and failure to improve the relations between the Crown of St. Stephen and her native Kingdom of Bosnia.[43]

Queen Elizabeth is known to have commissioned the creation of Saint Simeon's casket in 1381. The casket, located in Zadar is of great importance for the history of the city, as it depicts various historical events – such as the death of her father – and Elizabeth herself. According to legend, Elizabeth paid for the creation of the casket in order to atone for stealing the saint's finger.[44] The casket contains a scene which allegedly depicts the queen gone mad after stealing the saint's finger.[45]

Issue

Name Birth Death Notes
a daughter 1365 1366
Catherine 1370 1378 betrothed to Louis of France; heiress presumptive to the thrones of Hungary and Poland
Mary 1371 1395 monarch of Hungary; betrothed to Louis of France; married to Sigismund of Luxembourg
Hedwig 1373/1374 1399 monarch of Poland; betrothed to William of Austria; married to Jogaila of Lithuania

Ancestry

Family of Elizabeth of Bosnia
8. Prijezda I, Ban of Bosnia
4. Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia
2. Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia
20. Stephen Uroš I of Serbia
10. Stephen Dragutin of Serbia
21. Helen of Anjou
5. Elizabeth of Serbia
22. Stephen V of Hungary
11. Catherine of Hungary
23. Elizabeth the Cuman
1. Elizabeth of Bosnia
24. Casimir I of Kuyavia
12. Ziemomysl of Kuyavia
25. Constance of Wrocław
6. Casimir II of Kuyavia
26. Sambor II, Duke of Pomerania
13. Salome of Pomerania
27. Matilda of Mecklenburg
3. Elizabeth of Kuyavia

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Casimir I of Kuyavia and his first wife, Constance of Wrocław, were great-great-grandparents of Elizabeth, while Casimir and his second wife, Euphrosyne of Opole, were great-grandparents of Louis, meaning that the king and queen were second cousins once removed.
  2. ^ Elizabeth was accompanied by Nicholas I Garay and his two sons Nicholas II and John, their relatives Stephen son of Paul, Paul son of John, Gregory and Andrew; Blaž Forgač, John Treutel of Nevne, John Alsani, John of Kaniža son of Stephen, Akuš son of Mikčev, Filip Korogj son of Stephen of Mačva and John of Morovića.(Šišić, pp. 50–51.)
  3. ^ The heads of Nicholas I Garay, John Garay and Blaž Forgač were sent to Naples to console Charles's grieving widow, Margaret of Durazzo. The surviving defenders were imprisoned in Požega, Orljava, Čakovec and Lički Počitelj.(Šišić, p. 51.)

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 163.
  2. ^ Kellog, 9.
  3. ^ Rudzki, 47.
  4. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, 323.
  5. ^ a b Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 171.
  6. ^ Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk)
  7. ^ Gromada & Halecki, 88.
  8. ^ Várdy, Grosschmid, Domonkos, 226.
  9. ^ a b Długosz, 303.
  10. ^ Gromada & Halecki, 40.
  11. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, 369.
  12. ^ Rożek, 49.
  13. ^ Jasienica, 6.
  14. ^ Várdy, Grosschmid, Domonkos, 147.
  15. ^ a b c d Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 169.
  16. ^ Gromada & Halecki, 49.
  17. ^ Jansen, 13.
  18. ^ Johnson, 203.
  19. ^ Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 170.
  20. ^ Gromada & Halecki, 69.
  21. ^ a b Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 188. Cite error: The named reference "Engel, 188" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  22. ^ Van Antwerp Fine, 395.
  23. ^ Goodman, 208.
  24. ^ a b Varga, 41.
  25. ^ a b Goodman, 221.
  26. ^ Jones, 709–712.
  27. ^ Lithuanian historical studies, 10-11.
  28. ^ Goodman, 222–223.
  29. ^ a b c Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 196-197.
  30. ^ a b c d Grierson, 236.
  31. ^ Gromada & Halecki, 146.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 198.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Fine, 396–397. Cite error: The named reference "Van Antwerp Fine, 397" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  34. ^ a b Šišić, 50.
  35. ^ Šišić, 50–51.
  36. ^ a b c Šišić, 51.
  37. ^ Duggan, 231.
  38. ^ a b Engel, Ayton, Pálosfalvi, 199.
  39. ^ Gaži, 61.
  40. ^ a b c Gromada & Halecki, 164.
  41. ^ Petricioli, 196.
  42. ^ Parsons, 16.
  43. ^ Gromada & Halecki, 85.
  44. ^ Stewart, 210.
  45. ^ Filozofski fakultet u Zadru, 455.

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External links

Elizabeth of Bosnia
Born: 1340 Died: January 1387
Royal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Margaret of Luxembourg 		Queen consort of Hungary
20 June 1353 – 10 September 1382 		Vacant
Title next held by
Margaret of Durazzo
Preceded by Queen consort of Poland
5 November 1370 – 10 September 1382 		Vacant
Title next held by
Anne of Cilli

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