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Revision as of 02:26, 27 December 2012

Untitled

Homework is the debut studio album by French electronic music duo Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, better known as Daft Punk. Released on January 20, 1997, Homework's success brought worldwide attention to French progressive house music and incited interest in French touch music, as several touch artists gained influence from its style. According to The Village Voice, the album revived house music and broke free from the Eurodance formula. The duo commented that they had produced the series of tracks without an initial plan to release an album. However, after working on several projects that were intended to be separate singles over five months, the duo considered the material to be good enough to make an album.

Commercially successful, Homework appeared in 35 countries throughout the world, peaking at number 150 on the US Billboard 200, and at number 37 on the Australian Albums Chart. The album sold over two million copies in the first few months after its release and received several gold and platinum certifications. Homework received positive critical response, and was considered to be the foundation of the French touch movement. The album features singles that had significant impact in the French house and global dance music scenes. These include the US Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play number one singles "Da Funk" and "Around the World", the latter of which reached number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Recording history

In 1993 Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo presented a demo of their own electronic music to DJ Stuart Macmillan at a rave in EuroDisney.[1] The contents of the cassette eventually saw release on the single "The New Wave" on April 11, 1994 on Soma Quality Recordings, a Scottish techno and house label co-founded in 1991 by MacMillan's band Slam.[2] Daft Punk returned to the studio in May 1995 to record "Da Funk"[3] which was released later that year alongside "Rollin' & Scratchin'" under the Soma label.[4]

We've got much more control than money. You can't get everything. We live in a society where money is what people want, so they can't get the control. We chose. Control is freedom. People say we're control freaks, but control is controlling your destiny without controlling other people.

—Thomas Bangalter, in regards to the duo's creative control and freedom[5]

The ensuing popularity of Daft Punk's singles led to a bidding war among record labels, which resulted in the duo signing to Virgin Records in 1996.[6][7] Their departure was noted by Richard Brown of Soma, who affirmed that "we were obviously sad to lose them to Virgin but they had the chance to go big, which they wanted, and it's not very often that a band has that chance after two singles. We're happy for them."[1]

Virgin re-released "Da Funk" with the B-side "Musique" in 1996, a year before releasing Homework. Bangalter later stated that the B-side "was never intended to be on the album, and in fact, 'Da Funk' as a single has sold more units than Homework, so more people own it anyways [sic] than they would if it had been on the album. It is basically used to make the single a double-feature."[8] The album was mixed and recorded in their own studio, Daft House in Paris. It was mastered by Nilesh Patel at the London studio The Exchange.[9]

Bangalter expressed that "To be free, we had to be in control. To be in control, we had to finance what we were doing ourselves. The main idea was to be free."[10] Daft Punk discussed their method with Spike Jonze, director of the "Da Funk" music video. He noted that "they were doing everything based on how they wanted to do it. As opposed to, 'oh we got signed to this record company, we gotta use their plan.' They wanted to make sure they never had to do anything that would make them feel bummed on making music."[11] Although Virgin Records hold exclusive distribution rights over Daft Punk’s material, the duo remain the owners of their master recordings through the Daft Trax label.[6][12]

Structure

At first, Daft Punk produced a series of tracks without a plan to release an album. Bangalter stated, "It was supposed to be just a load of singles. But we did so many tracks over a period of five months that we realized that we had a good album."[13] The duo subsequently set the order of the album's tracks to cover the four sides of a two-disc vinyl LP.[8] De Homem-Christo remarked, "There was no intended theme because all the tracks were recorded before we arranged the sequence of the album. The idea was to make the songs better [more listenable] by arranging them the way we did; to make it more even as an album."[8]

"Alive"
A sample of "Alive", first single released from Homework.
"Around the World" (LP version)
A sample of "Around the World", third single released from the album.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

"Daftendirekt" is an excerpt of a live performance recorded at the first I Love Techno Party in Ghent, Belgium.[9] It served as the introduction to Daft Punk's live shows and is likewise used to begin the album.[8] "Daftendirekt" was sampled by Janet Jackson on her song "So Much Betta", which was included in her tenth studio album, Discipline in 2008.[14] The following track, "WDPK 83.7 FM", sampled their previous song "Musique"[15] and is a tribute to FM radio in the United States.[10] The next song, "Revolution 909" is a reflection on the French government and its stance on dance music.[8][16] Chris Jackson from Sputnikmusic described it as "a quick, dance song that gets you out of your seat in no time."[17]

"Revolution 909" is immediately followed by "Da Funk", which carries elements of funk and acid music.[1] According to Andrew Asch from Boca Raton News, the song's composition "relies on a bouncy funk guitar to communicate its message of dumb fun."[18] The theme for "Da Funk" involves the introduction of a simple, unusual element that becomes acceptable and moving over time.[19] Robert Christgau considered "Da Funk" to be the only good track on the album, and selected it as his choice cut,[20] while Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine considered the song to be "unrelenting".[21] Bob Gajarsky from Westnet called it "a beautiful meeting of Chic (circa "Good Times", sans vocals) and the 90s form of electronica."[22] The song appears on the soundtrack for the 1997 film The Saint and was placed at number 18 on Pitchfork Media's "Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s" list.[23] "Phoenix" combines elements of gospel music and house music.[8] The song "Fresh" is stated to be breezy and light, and the duo consider its structure to be comical.[24] Ian Mathers from Stylus Magazine was somewhat critical with the song, stating that "this one doesn’t feel like the beach just because of the lapping waves heard in the background."[25]

The single "Around the World" carries influences of Gershon Kingsley's hit "Popcorn".[1] Its music video was directed by Academy Award-winning French filmmaker Michel Gondry, who compared the track's bassline to that of "Good Times" by Chic.[26] Chris Power of BBC Music named it "one of the decade’s catchiest singles", and stated it was "a perfect example of Daft Punk’s sound at its most accessible: a post-disco boogie bassline, a minimalist sprinkling of synthetic keyboard melody and a single, naggingly insistent hook."[27] Ian Mathers from Stylus Magazine commented that "there is no way you’d want to have a Homework without 'Around The World'."[25] The track "Teachers" is a tribute to several of Daft Punk's house music influences, including future collaborators Romanthony, DJ Sneak and Todd Edwards.[28] The song "Oh Yeah" features guests DJ Deelat and DJ Crabbe. "Indo Silver Club" features a sample of "Hot Shot" by Karen Young.[9] Prior to its inclusion on Homework, "Indo Silver Club" was released as a single on Soma Quality Recordings as two parts.[29] The single lacked an artist credit in the packaging[29] and was initially thought to have been created by the nonexistent producers Indo Silver Club.[30] The final track, "Funk Ad" is a reversed clip of "Da Funk".[8]

Singles

Homework features singles that had significant impact in the French house[31] and global dance music scenes.[6] The first single from the album was "Alive", included as a B-side on single "The New Wave", released in April 1994. "Da Funk" followed as the second single, released first in 1995 by Soma, and re-released in 1996 by Virgin Records. The song became the first number one single for the duo on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart.[32] The song also reached number seven in the United Kingdom[33] and France.[34] The third single was "Around the World". The song became a critical and commercial success, becoming the second number one single on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart,[32] as well as reaching number 11 in Australia,[35] number five in the United Kingdom[36] and number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100.[37] In October 2011, NME placed the song at number 21 on its list of "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".[38]

The fourth single was "Burnin'", released in September 1997 and which peaked at number 30 in the United Kingdom.[36] The final single released from Homework was "Revolution 909", on February 1998. The song reached number 47 in the United Kingdom[36] and number 12 on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart.[37] In 1999, the duo released a video collection featuring music videos of tracks and singles from the album. It was named D.A.F.T.: A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes. Its title derives from the appearance of dogs ("Da Funk" and "Fresh"), androids ("Around the World"), firemen ("Burnin'"), and tomatoes ("Revolution 909") in the videos, although there is no cohesive plot connecting any of the episodes.[39]

Reception

Commercial performance

Daft Punk expressed the desire that the majority of pressings should be in vinyl, so only 50,000 albums were initially printed on to CD. Upon its release, overwhelming sales of Homework caused distributors to accelerate production to satisfy demand. The album appeared in 35 countries throughout the world and sold over two million copies in a few months after its release,[6] peaking at number 150 on the Billboard 200.[40] Homework first charted on the Australian Albums Chart on April 27, 1997, appearing over an eight week period and peaked at number 37.[41] In France, the album reached number three and stayed on the chart for 82 weeks. On February 1, 1997, Homework was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry, for selling over 100,000 copies.[42] In 1999, it was certified Gold in France for selling over 100,000 copies.[43] On July 11, 2001, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America indicating sales of 500,000 copies in the US.[44][45]

Critical response

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[46]
Entertainment WeeklyB+[47]
Robert Christgau(choice cut)[20]
Pitchfork Media7.6/10[48]
BBCfavourable[27]
Sputnikmusic[17]
Q Magazine[49]
Slant Magazine[21]
eMusic[50]
Rolling Stone[51]

Homework's success brought worldwide attention to French progressive house music[52] and incited interest in French touch music, as several touch artists gained influence from its style.[31] According to The Village Voice, the album revived house music and broke free from the Eurodance formula.[53] In the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, critic Alex Rayner stated that Homework managed to tie in the established club styles with the "burgeoning eclecticism" of big beat, as well as proving that "there was more to dance music than pills and keyboard presets."[54] Australian ABC News stated that the album became the foundation of the French touch scene that unfurled at the end of the twentieth century.[55] Website Clashmusic commented that Homework became an entry point of accessibility for a "burgeoning movement on the cusp of splitting the mainstream seam."[56]

In 2009, Brian Linder from IGN placed Homework as the third best album by the duo and commented that their unique skill to craft the house, techno, acid and punk music styles into the record was "a groundbreaking achievement."[57] Hua Hsu from eMusic followed on this view, applauding how Homework managed to capture a "feeling of discovery and exploration" by being the result of "years of careful study of the finest house, techno, electro and hip-hop records."[50] Sputnikmusic's Chris Jackson considered Homework to be an "awesome dance album", as well as "powerful, energetic, fun, and upbeat."[17] David Browne, writing from Entertainment Weekly, stated that the duo know how to let "their playful, hip-hopping ambient techno" turned on, and named Homework the "ideal disco for androids"[47] Sean Cooper of Allmusic called the album "an almost certain classic" and "essential".[46]

Chris Power from BBC Music compared the "less-is-more" approach in Homework's tracks with how compression was used as "a sonic tribute" to the FM radio stations that "fed Daft Punk’s youthful obsessions."[27] Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine wrote that "while a few tracks are more daft than deft," more recent groundbreakers like The Avalanches could never exist without "Da Funk".[21] Ian Mathers from Stylus Magazine, on his review of the album, commented that "there’s a core of unimpeachably classic work on Homework, hidden among the merely good, and when you’ve got such a classic debut hidden in the outlines of the epic slouch of their debut, it’s hard not to get frustrated."[25] Rolling Stone awarded the album 3 stars out of five, commenting that "the duo's essential, career-defining insight is that the problem with disco the first time around was not that it was stupid but that it was not stupid enough."[51] Recently however, Rolling Stone did rank Homework at the top on their list of "The 30 Greatest EDM Albums of All Time" while affirming that Daft Punk's debut "is pure synapse-tweaking brilliance."[51]

Scott Woods of The Village Voice confirmed that with the album, "Daft Punk [tore] the lid off the [creative] sewer".[53] Ryan Schreiber from Pitchfork Media awarded it 7.6 out of 10 and stated that "Homework provides sixteen whole tracks of modern-day boom box bass n' drum and unlike your science project, it doesn't require a lot of intricate calculations to figure out how it works." He concludedthat "It sounds like an Atari 2600 on a killing spree."[48] Conversely, music critic Robert Christgau considered "Da Funk" to be the only good track on an album "that isn't worth your time or money".[20][58] Darren Gawle from Drop-D Magazine also gave a negative review of the album, stating that "Homework is the work of a couple of DJs who sound amateurish at best."[59]

Track listing

All music is composed by Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo

No.TitleLength
1."Daftendirekt"2:44
2."WDPK 83.7 FM"0:28
3."Revolution 909"5:26
4."Da Funk"5:28
5."Phoenix"4:55
6."Fresh"4:03
7."Around the World"7:08
8."Rollin' & Scratchin'"7:26
9."Teachers"2:52
10."High Fidelity"6:00
11."Rock 'n Roll"7:32
12."Oh Yeah"2:00
13."Burnin'"6:53
14."Indo Silver Club"4:32
15."Alive"5:15
16."Funk Ad"0:50
Total length:73:53

Personnel

The following people were involved in the making of Homework:[60]

Chart performance

References

  1. ^ a b c d Matthew Collin (August 1997). "Do You Think You Can Hide From Stardom?". Mixmag. Retrieved on March 6, 2007.
  2. ^ The New Wave at Discogs. Retrieved on April 7, 2007.
  3. ^ "Daft Punk History & Facts". The Daft Punk Site. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  4. ^ James (2003), p. 273.
  5. ^ Moayeri, Lily (June 9, 2007). "Punk As They Wanna Be". Yahoo. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d RFI Music - Biography - Daft Punk Radio France Internationale. Retrieved on March 3, 2007.
  7. ^ Woholeski, Peter (May 2001). "One More Time: Four Years After Its Filter Filled Splashdown, Daft Punk Retirns With Discovery - Complete with House Beats, Disco Sweeps and, Yes, Plenty of Vocoders". DJ Times. Retrieved on May 5, 2007.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Warner, Jennifer. "Interview with Daft Punk". p.3. DMA. About.com. Retrieved on March 30, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Daft Punk Homework liner notes (1997).
  10. ^ a b Alan Di Perna, "We Are The Robots" Pulse!, April 2001, pp. 65-69.
  11. ^ Jonze, Spike (2003). The Work of Director Spike Jonze companion book. Palm Pictures. Retrieved on May 4, 2012.
  12. ^ James (2003), p.267.
  13. ^ James (2003), p. 269.
  14. ^ Discipline (Booklet). Janet Jackson. Island Records, a division of The Island Def Jam Music Group. 2008.
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  16. ^ Warner, Jennifer. "Interview with Daft Punk". p.2. DMA. About.com. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
  17. ^ a b c Chris Jackson (October 9, 2005). Daft Punk - Homework (album review) Sputnikmusic. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  18. ^ Asch, Andrew (December 18, 1997). "Daft Punk smashes charts with simplicity". Boca Raton News. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  19. ^ Daft Punk audio commentary for "Da Funk" music video, The Work of Director Spike Jonze (2003).
  20. ^ a b c Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau: CG: Daft Punk". Robert Christgau. Retrieved on February 11, 2012.
  21. ^ a b c Cinquemani, Sal (November 2, 2002). "Daft Punk - Homework". Slant Magazine. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  22. ^ Gajarsky, Bob (April 28, 1997). "Daft Punk, Homework". Westnet. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  23. ^ Ryan Dombal (September 3, 2009). "Staff Lists: The Top 200 Tracks of the 1990s: 20-01". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
  24. ^ D.A.F.T.: A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes. Virgin Records. 1999.
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  26. ^ Gondry, Michel (2003). The Work of Director Michel Gondry companion book. Palm Pictures. Retrieved on May 4, 2012.
  27. ^ a b c Power, Chris (January 5, 2010). "Daft Punk Homework Review". BBC Music. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
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  30. ^ Silcott, Mireille (April 3, 1997). "Personality punks". Montreal Mirror. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved on August 3, 2011.
  31. ^ a b James (2003). p.292.
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  38. ^ Tim Chester. 150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years - #21 - Daft Punk - Around the World NME. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  39. ^ Deming, Mark. "Daft Punk: D.A.F.T. - A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen, and Tomatoes (2000)". Allmovie. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved December 24, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  40. ^ Daft Punk Album & Song Chart History Billboard. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  41. ^ a b "Discography Daft Punk". Australian-Charts.com. Retrieved February 10, 2012. Cite error: The named reference "ARIA" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  42. ^ a b BPI Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Daft Punk. Note: reader must define search parameter as "Daft Punk". BPI. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
  43. ^ a b SNEP Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Daft Punk SNEP. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
  44. ^ RIAA Searchable Database Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 10, 2012. Note: reader must define search parameter as "Daft Punk".
  45. ^ Certification Criteria Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
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  47. ^ a b Browne, David (May 23, 1997). "Homework Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  48. ^ a b Schreiber, Ryan. "Daft Punk: Homework". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2005.
  49. ^ April 1997 issue of Q Magazine, p.120..
  50. ^ a b Hsu, Hua (May 8, 2011). "Daft Punk, Homework". eMusic. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  51. ^ a b c "Daft Punk: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Jann S. Wenner. Retrieved on May 1, 2012. Cite error: The named reference "Rolling" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  52. ^ Carr, Erick (November 17, 2003). "Staff Lists: Top 100 Albums of the 1990s". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved on February 11, 2012
  53. ^ a b Scott Woods (October 5, 1999). "Underground Disco?". The Village Voice. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.
  54. ^ Rayner, Alex (2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. p.812. New York, NY: Universe Publishing. 2006. ISBN 0-7893-1371-5. Retrieved on May 8, 2012.
  55. ^ "Daft Punk influences new electro acts". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on May 2, 2012.
  56. ^ "Classic Albums: Daft Punk - Homework". Clashmusic. Retrieved on May 2, 2012.
  57. ^ Linder, Brian (October 23, 2009). "Daft Punk: Worst to Best". IGN. News Corporation Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  58. ^ Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau: CG 90s: Key to Icons". Robert Christgau. Retrieved on February 11, 2012.
  59. ^ Gawle, Darren (June 20, 1997). "CD Review: Raft Punk, 'Homework'". Drop-D Magazine. Drop-D Digital Publishing. Retrieved on May 1, 2012.
  60. ^ Homework personnel at AllMusic. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  61. ^ "Longplay-Chartverfolgung at Musicline". Musicline.de. Media Control. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  62. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Daft Punk – Homework". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  63. ^ "Charts.nz – Daft Punk – Homework". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  64. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Daft Punk – Homework" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  65. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Daft Punk – Homework" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  66. ^ "Ultratop.be – Daft Punk – Homework" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  67. ^ "Ultratop.be – Daft Punk – Homework" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  68. ^ "Daft Punk Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  69. ^ "Daft Punk: Homework" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  70. ^ "Lescharts.com – Daft Punk – Homework". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  71. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Daft Punk – Homework". Hung Medien. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  72. ^ "Daft Punk | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  73. ^ "Daft Punk Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  74. ^ "CRIA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Daft Punk" CRIA. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  75. ^ RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Daft Punk RIAA. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.

Notes

  • James, Martin. French Connections: From Discotheque to Discovery. London, United Kingdom: Sanctuary Publishing Ltd., 2003. (ISBN 1-86074-449-4)
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