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| date = April 5, 2007
| date = April 5, 2007
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
| accessdate = 2007-04-05
}}</ref> Citizendium editors are not required to cite a source{{or}} but they are obligated to follow the rules that are on the site. Sanger set up a system in which topic experts guide content within their area of expertise.<ref name="Jason Z Cohen" />
}}</ref> Citizendium editors are not required to cite a source{{or}} but they are obligated to follow the rules that are on the site.<ref name="Jason Z Cohen" /> Sanger set up a system in which experts work alongside other editors on the wiki.<ref name="Jason Z Cohen" />


==Post-Citizendium==
==Post-Citizendium==

Revision as of 03:23, 30 October 2013

Larry Sanger
Sanger in July 2006
Born
Lawrence Mark Sanger

(1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 (age 56)[1]
Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
Alma materReed College (BA)
Ohio State University (MA, PhD)
OccupationInternet Project Developer
WebsiteLarrySanger.org

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American Internet project/software developer, co-founder of Wikipedia, and the founder of Citizendium.[2][3][4] He grew up in Anchorage, Alaska.[3] From an early age he has been interested in philosophy.[5] Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Reed College in 1991 and a Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000.[6] Most of his philosophical work has focused on epistemology, the theory of knowledge.[5]

He has been involved with various online encyclopedia projects.[7] He is the former editor-in-chief of Nupedia,[8] chief organizer (2001–02) of its successor, Wikipedia,[9] and founding editor-in-chief of Citizendium.[10] From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development.[11] Sanger proposed implementing a wiki, which led directly to the creation of Wikipedia.[12] Initially Wikipedia was a complementary project for Nupedia.[12] He was Wikipedia's early community leader[13] and established many of its original policies.[14] He spearheaded an alternative wiki-based project, Citizendium.[15]

Sanger left Wikipedia in 2002, and has since been critical of the project.[16][17] He articulated that despite its merits, Wikipedia lacks credibility due to, among other things, a lack of respect for expertise.[18] After leaving the project, Sanger taught philosophy at Ohio State University[5] and was an early strategist for the expert-authored Encyclopedia of Earth.[19] He started Citizendium, first envisioned as a fork of Wikipedia, on March 25, 2007.[20] Citizendium represented an effort to create a credible and free-access encyclopedia.[21] Sanger had aimed to bring more accountability to the Internet encyclopedia model.[10]

He has worked on developing educational projects for individuals behind WatchKnowLearn.[22] He has designed a web-based reading program named Reading Bear which aims to teach children how to read.[23] He is starting a new crowdsourcing project named InfoBitt.[2]

Early life and education

Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington. When he was seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska.[3][24] At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics.[5][25]

He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy.[25] In college he became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities.[5] He set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."[26] He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list, the Association for Systematic Philosophy.[27] Sanger wrote in 1994 a manifesto for the discussion group:

The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one's intellectual forebears.[24]

Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Reed College in 1991, a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000.[6] Beginning in 1998 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports", a resource for those concerned about the year 2000 problem, such as managers of computer systems.[12]

Nupedia and Wikipedia

Further information: History of Wikipedia

Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.[11] It was co-founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.[28][29] He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors.[11] Articles were reviewed before being posted on the site.[30] With Wales and Sanger frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,[31] in January 2001, Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development, and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia,[12] officially launched on January 15, 2001.[32][33] It was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for the public to write entries that would then be fed into the Nupedia review process of expertise,[12] but the majority of Nupedia's experts wanted little to do with this project.[12] Originally, Bomis planned to make Wikipedia profitable.[34]

To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching, Wikipedia had outgrown Nupedia, and a small community of editors gathered.[12] By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger ran the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules",[35] "Neutral point of view", and "Verifiability".[14] Wikipedia quickly took off, but just months after it was launched, things started to go off the rails, Sanger says, and by the summer of 2001 the new online community was being "overrun" by what he described as "trolls" and "anarchist-types", who were "opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not".[36] Sanger responded by proposing a stronger emphasis for expert editors, individuals with the authority to resolve disputes and enforce the rules.[36]

Tired of endless content battles and feeling he had a lack of support from Wales, Sanger eventually left the project.[36] Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia,[7] a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. In early 2002 Bomis announced plans to sell advertising on Wikipedia in part to pay for Sanger's job, but the project was against any commercialization.[37] Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002 after the collapse in Internet advertising spending;[38][39] Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as chief organizer of Wikipedia on March 1.[38] Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.[38] Nupedia shut down in 2003,[40] shortly after Wikipedia's second anniversary.[30]

Origins of Wikipedia

Wales started to play down Sanger's role in the founding of the project in 2005, a few years after Sanger left Wikipedia.[41][42][43] In light of Wales' view, Sanger posted on his personal webpage several links which supported his role as a co-founder.[13] Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.[44] Jimmy Wales identified himself in August 2002 as "co-founder" of Wikipedia.[45][46] Sanger said "While I was organizing Wikipedia, Wales was in the background and focused on Bomis.com.[47] Wales stated in 2005 that he had initially heard of the wiki concept in 2001 not from Sanger, but instead from Jeremy Rosenfeld.[47] Wales stated in October 2001 that it was "Larry (who) had the idea to use Wiki software for a separate project."[39]

The critical concept of marrying two of the three fundamental elements of Wikipedia, namely an encyclopedia and a wiki, first took form when Sanger met up with an old friend, Ben Kovitz.[7][9] This meeting occurred at a dinner on January 2, 2001, and it was here that Sanger was first introduced to the functionality of wiki software. Kovitz was a computer programmer and a regular on Ward Cunningham's wiki.[7][9] Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.[48][49] Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.[49][50]

It was Jimmy Wales who added the third critical ingredient to the mix. He directed Sanger to give essentially unrestricted editorial access to this new wiki to the "non expert" public.[37] Sanger came up with the name 'Wikipedia', writing at the time that he believed it would merely be "a silly name for what was at first a very silly project."[37][51] Sanger first conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia project only as a means to hopefully accelerate Nupedia's slow growth. During Wikipedia's critical first year of growth, Sanger spearheaded and guided the following that gathered around this nucleus.[52] Through this early period, he served as Wikipedia's "chief organizer",[53] a position which has not been filled since his departure from Wikipedia.[13][37][54] Sanger is also credited with creating and enforcing many of the policies and strategy that made Wikipedia possible during its first formative year.[14][55] Thus it was that Wikipedia was in fact an accidental spin-off of Nupedia.[56] Originally it was only intended to act as a 'feeder site' to generate rough articles for Nupedia, where the articles would then theoretically be 'polished up' by the 'more qualified' volunteer editors that were expected to be found there.[12]

Post-Wikipedia

Since Sanger parted ways with Wikipedia in 2002 he has been critical of its accuracy, among other things.[16] In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he stated that Wikipedia is not perceived as credible among librarians, teachers, and academics when it does not have a formal review process and it is "anti-elitist."[17][18] In September 2009, Sanger mentioned one reason for distancing himself from Wikipedia: "I thought that the project would never have the amount of credibility it could have if it were not somehow more open and welcoming to experts."[39] He pointed out "The other problem was the community had essentially been taken over by trolls to a great extent. That was a real problem, and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it."[39]

Sanger, a philosophy instructor,[57] began work as a lecturer at The Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005.[5] His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics.[5][25]

In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.[58] He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.[59][60] The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth,[19] an electronic reference about the Earth.[61]

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.[62]

The question of accuracy over Wikipedia article content spurred Sanger to unveil plans for a new encyclopedia called Citizendium, the citizen's compendium.[63] At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium as a fork of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork were to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences would be no anonymous editing: every author/editor would have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors: it would aspire to be a "real encyclopedia."[64]

In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for education online. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."[65] In 2008, Sanger was at Oxford University to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge." Sanger agreed that today's wikis and blogs are fundamentally changing the way knowledge is created and distributed.[66]

In February 2009, Sanger identifies the purpose of the Internet as being equally about communication, as it is about information.[67]

Citizendium

Main article: Citizendium

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium launched.[20] Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely.[68] Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."[69][70] Citizendium has a form of peer-review, in which the site's content is subject to "gentle expert oversight."[71][72][73]

Citizendium offers more than 16,000 articles, of which 159 have been expert reviewed.[74] Citizendium was criticized in 2009 as a failed effort because of its slow growth.[75] Larry Sanger said in November 2011 that the project collected enough donations to keep the server running "for several months" and "people are still writing articles for it".[76] As of 2011, the idea of Citizendium outdoing Wikipedia appears quite remote.[77]

Contrast to Wikipedia

Building on Sanger's experience from other collaborative encyclopedias,[7] Citizendium represented an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia[21][68] which aimed to bring more accountability and academic quality to articles.[10][78]

Citizendium is wiki-based, and several aspects set it apart from Wikipedia.[79] Prospective contributors on Citizendium are required to sign in using real names in contrast to Wikipedia users who may remain anonymous.[80][81] Citizendium editors are not required to cite a source[original research?] but they are obligated to follow the rules that are on the site.[79] Sanger set up a system in which experts work alongside other editors on the wiki.[79]

Post-Citizendium

In early 2009, Sanger effectively ceased to edit Citizendium, although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30, 2009 on the Citizendium-l mailinglist.[82]

In April 2010 Sanger sent a letter to the FBI detailing his concern that Wikimedia Commons was hosting child pornography in its pedophilia and lolicon categories later clarified as "obscene visual representations of the abuse of children".[83][84] Sanger said that he felt it was his civic duty to report the images.[85]

On September 22, 2010, Sanger stepped down as editor-in-chief of Citizendium but said, at the time, that he is still willing to offer advice and continues to support the goals of the project.[86] In December 2010, commenting to WikiLeaks, he said: "Speaking as Wikipedia's co-founder, I consider you enemies of the U.S.—not just the government, but the people."[87]

He has worked at WatchKnowLearn project, a non-profit online community focused on linking young children with a repository of educational videos and other media watchable on one website.[23] Business Edge Services and Technologies, Inc. completed the project under the direction of Larry Sanger.[88] Sanger was the executive director of the system.[23] In 2010, he continued working on developing a reading-tutorial application for beginning readers which was launched as Reading Bear in 2011.[22] The web-based reading program is designed to teach children how to read, without cost.[23] Sanger is interested in incorporating vast online teaching video multimedia platforms for early education using technology.[76]

In February 2013, Sanger started a project named InfoBitt. On Twitter, he described the project: "My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I've long wanted to solve. Not a wiki".[2]

Personal life

Sanger moved to San Diego, California, in February 2000 when he was first hired by Wales to develop Nupedia.[89] He was married in Las Vegas, Nevada, in December 2001.[90] In January 2002 he returned to Columbus, Ohio,[24] where he currently resides with his wife and two children.[17]

Selected writings

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written:[91]

Academic work
  • Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification – doctoral thesis.
  • Descartes' methods and their theoretical background – bachelor thesis.
Essays
Presentations

References

  1. ^ Anderson, Jennifer Joline (2011). Wikipedia: The Company and Its Founders, page 20. ABDO, ISBN 1617148121
  2. ^ a b c Morris, Kevin (February 13, 2013). "Wikipedia cofounder Larry Sanger on his next revolution". The Daily Dot. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Chillingworth, Mark (November 27, 2006). "Expert edition". Information World Review. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.
  4. ^ Anderson, Nate (November 21, 2007). "Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki". Ars Technica. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Roush, Wade (January 2005). "Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All". Technology Review. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  6. ^ a b Sanger, Larry. "Larry Sanger – Education". larraysanger.org. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  7. ^ a b c d e Sidener, Jonathan (September 23, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.
  8. ^ Nauffts, Mitch (March 27, 2007). "5 Questions For...: Larry Sanger, Founder, Citizendium". Philanthropy News Digest. Foundation Center. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992–1996, 1997–1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000–2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and 'chief organiser,' Wikipedia.
  10. ^ a b c LeClaire, Jennifer (March 27, 2007). "Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium". NewsFactor Network. Retrieved March 27, 2007.
  11. ^ a b c Gouthro, Liane (March 10, 2000). "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia". PCWorld. Archived from the original on March 14, 2000. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved October 22, 2013. Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be 'fed into the Nupedia process' of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called 'Wikipedia.' Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. 'Humor me,' he wrote. 'Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes.' And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
  13. ^ a b c Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia". MSNBC. Associated Press. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial – Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.
  14. ^ a b c Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "Know It All". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
  15. ^ Blakely, Rhys (September 7, 2007). "Wikipedia amateurs face backlash from the experts". The Times. London. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  16. ^ a b "Wikipedia founder sets up rival". Australian IT. October 19, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  17. ^ a b c Pink, Daniel H (March 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  18. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  19. ^ a b Terdiman, Daniel (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'". CNET. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  20. ^ a b Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  21. ^ a b Dawson, Christopher (February 23, 2007). "Citizendium seeks to be the Wikipedia you can cite". ZDNet. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  22. ^ a b Sawers, Paul (November 2, 2011). "Wikipedia co-founder launches Reading Bear, an online phonics tutorial for kids". The Next Web, Inc. Retrieved 2013-10-9. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  23. ^ a b c d Kelley, Michael. "Web-based reading program targets young learners". Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group.
  24. ^ a b c Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 2. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  25. ^ a b c Boraas, Alan (September 2, 2006). "Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  26. ^ Sanger, Larry (August 30, 1995). "Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities". scout.wisc.edu. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  27. ^ Sanger, Larry (March 22, 1994). "Association for Systematic Philosophy". George Mason University. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  28. ^ Williams, Sam (April 27, 2004). "Everyone is an editor". Salon Media Group. p. 2. Retrieved April 15, 2009.[dead link]
  29. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  30. ^ a b Lanxon, Nate (June 5, 2008). "The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters". CNET. p. 5. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  31. ^ Betz, Lindsay (June 1, 2007). "Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye". The Lantern. The Ohio State University. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
  32. ^ Walker, Leslie (September 9, 2004). "Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way". Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  33. ^ Long, Tony (January 15, 2008). "Enter Wikipedia, for Better and Worse". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  34. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says". London: The Guardian. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  35. ^ "Rules To Consider". Ignore all rules. wikipedia.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2001. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  36. ^ a b c Waters, Richard (November 10, 2006). "Wikipedia stand-off in search for online truth". Financial Times. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  37. ^ a b c d Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities.—Larry Sanger.
     • Sanger, Larry (April 19, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II". SourceForge. Slashdot. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  38. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (March 1, 2002). "My resignation—Larry Sanger". Meta-Wiki. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  39. ^ a b c d Ferraro, Nicole (October 9, 2009). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Speaks Out Against Jimmy Wales". Internet Evolution. UBM LLC. Retrieved October 23, 2013. Nupedia was started first, and is extremely high quality in the limited content that it does produce. After a year or so of working on Nupedia, Larry had the idea to use Wiki software for a separate project specifically for people like you (and me!) who are intimidated and bored (sorry, Nupedia!) with the tedium of the process.
  40. ^ Youngwood, Susan (April 1, 2007). "Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?". Vermont Sunday Magazine. Rutland Herald. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
  41. ^ Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). "Insider Editing at Wikipedia". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  42. ^ Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved March 25, 2007. 'I must say I am amused,' Sanger wrote in a posting on Wikipedia on Monday. 'Having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out.'
  43. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (February 12, 2009). "What's in a name? Everything, when you're talking wiki value". The Guardian. London. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  44. ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved March 25, 2007."I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
  45. ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 6, 2002). "3apes open content web directory". Yahoo! Tech Groups forum post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009. I'm Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Nupedia and Wikipedia, the open content encyclopedias.
  46. ^ "Wikipedia boss challenged over claims made in Hot Press". Hot Press. April 24, 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
  47. ^ a b NewsAssignment.net (May 3, 2007). "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness". Wired. Retrieved April 25, 2009. Larry Sanger was my employee working under my direct supervision during the entire process of launching Wikipedia. He was not the originator of the proposal to use a wiki for the encyclopedia project – that was Jeremy Rosenfeld. And Larry has himself publicly stated, 'To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine.
  48. ^ "Ben Kovitz". WikiWikiWeb. January 19, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  49. ^ a b Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 3. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic," the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."
  50. ^ "WikiPedia". WikiWikiWeb. January 19, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  51. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  52. ^ O'Toole, Jason (May 7, 2009). "Citizen Sanger". Hot Press. Retrieved May 25, 2009. Larry Sanger is widely credited as "co-founder" of Wikipedia – something Wales disputes." In a 2009 Hot Press interview Sanger said in part: "I essentially guided what was a blank, infinitely expandable community bulletin board into a rapidly growing encyclopedia. I formulated or articulated many of the most basic policies of the website and, more importantly, actually enforced these policies. Had I not enforced the policies in those early months, the project simply would have become another wiki – which is to say, nothing in particular, or whatever users happen to want to make it. What really made Wikipedia catch on was the notion, which I was very keen to promote, that we were merely using a wiki for the special purpose of creating an encyclopedia, not a collection of opinions, not a dictionary, not many other things that you can use a wiki to create. Jimmy was understood to be a very hands-off owner or distant overseer, and so his involvement in that seminal first year was far less than mine. This makes sense, of course, because while he was busy being CEO of Bomis, my job was to start Wikipedia – which I did.
  53. ^ "Larry Sanger on co-founding Wikipedia and how online education could change the world". Retrieved December 28, 2012. At first I resigned as Chief Organizer of Wikipedia – that was my title, by the way. I was never called 'Editor'.
  54. ^ Singer, Michael (January 16, 2002). "Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One". Jupitermedia. Archived from the original on March 16, 2003. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a PhD in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project.
  55. ^ Tally, Steve (March 20, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus". Purdue University News Service. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  56. ^ Blundo, Joe (April 26, 2007). "Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
  57. ^ Aviv, Rachel (January 10, 2006). "Mondo Wikipedia". The Village Voice. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  58. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 6, 2006). "Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe". CNET. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  59. ^ "Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'". PR Newswire. Digital Universe. January 17, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  60. ^ "Contributor: Lawrence Sanger". Encyclopedia of Earth. Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  61. ^ "About the EoE". Encyclopedia of Earth. Digital Universe. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
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