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|name = Macario Sakay
|name = Macario Sakay
|image = Sacay and officers.jpg
|image = Sacay and officers.jpg
|caption = Macario Sakay ''(third from left, front row)'' with his Cabinet: ''(first row, left to right)'' [[Julián Montalan]], [[Francisco Carreon]], [[Sakay]], [[Lucio de Vega]] ''(second row, left to right)'' [[León Villafuerte]], [[Benito Natividad]].
|caption = Macario Sakay ''(third from left, front row)'' with his Cabinet: ''(first row, left to right)'' [[Julián Montalan]], [[Francisco Carreón]], Sakay, [[Lucio de Vega]] ''(second row, left to right)'' [[León Villafuerte]], [[Benito Natividad]].
|predecessor = [[Miguel Malvar]]
|predecessor = [[Miguel Malvar]]
|successor = ''Abolished''<br><small>title next held by [[Manuel Quezon]]</small>
|successor = ''Abolished''<br><small>title next held by [[Manuel Quezon]]</small>
Line 11: Line 11:
|birth_name = Macario Sakay y de León
|birth_name = Macario Sakay y de León
|birth_date = c. 1870
|birth_date = c. 1870
|birth_place = [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], [[Manila]]<br>[[Spanish East Indies]]
|birth_place = [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], [[Manila]]<br> {{flagicon| [[Spanish East Indies]]
|death_date = September 13, 1907 (aged 37)
|death_date = September 13, 1907 (aged 37)
|death_place = [[Manila]], American Philippines
|death_place = [[Manila]], American Philippines
Line 30: Line 30:
Sakay was one of the founders of the [[Nacionalista Party]], which strove for Philippine independence through legal means. The party appealed to the [[Philippine Commission]]. However, the Commission passed the [[Sedition Law]], which prohibited any form of propaganda advocating independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/28143718/The-Period-of-Suppressed-Nationalism|title=The Period of Suppressed Nationalism : Act No. 292 or the Sedition Law|date=March 4, 2010|publisher=[[Salon.com]]}}</ref><ref>United States Philippine Commission. [http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=GVH000000113 Law against treason, sedition, etc. (Act No. 292)]. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902.</ref> (An unrelated [[Nacionalista Party]] which survives to the present day was founded in 1907.) Sakay thus took up arms again.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
Sakay was one of the founders of the [[Nacionalista Party]], which strove for Philippine independence through legal means. The party appealed to the [[Philippine Commission]]. However, the Commission passed the [[Sedition Law]], which prohibited any form of propaganda advocating independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/28143718/The-Period-of-Suppressed-Nationalism|title=The Period of Suppressed Nationalism : Act No. 292 or the Sedition Law|date=March 4, 2010|publisher=[[Salon.com]]}}</ref><ref>United States Philippine Commission. [http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=GVH000000113 Law against treason, sedition, etc. (Act No. 292)]. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902.</ref> (An unrelated [[Nacionalista Party]] which survives to the present day was founded in 1907.) Sakay thus took up arms again.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}


On 12 November 1902, the [[Philippine Commission]] passed the [[Bandolerism Act]] which proclaimed all captured resistance fighters or insurgents to be tried in court as bandits, ''ladrones'', and robbers. In April 1904, Sakay issued his own manifesto proclaiming himself President and established his own government called the ''[[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|Repúblika ng Katagalugan]]'' (Tagalog Republic) in opposition to [[American Colonial Period (Philippines)|American colonial rule]]. The United States Government did not recognise Sakay's government, and through the Bandolerism Act labelled him an outlaw.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
On 4 November 1902, the [[Philippine Commission]] passed the Bandolerismo Statute which proclaimed all captured resistance fighters or insurgents to be tried in court as bandits, ''ladrones'' (thieves), and robbers. In April 1904, Sakay issued his own manifesto proclaiming himself President and established his own government called the ''[[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|Repúblika ng Katagalugan]]'' (Tagalog Republic) in opposition to [[American Colonial Period (Philippines)|American colonial rule]]. The United States Government did not recognise Sakay's government, and through the Bandolerism Act labelled him an outlaw.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}


The U.S. Government, the American [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]], and the U.S. military left the pursuit of Sakay in the hands of the [[Philippine Constabulary]] and [[Philippine Scouts]]. In 1905, [[concentration camps]], often referred to as ''zonas'', were re-established in parts of [[Cavite]], [[Batangas]], and [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]. This had little effect on Sakay and his fighters and extensive fighting continued in Southern Luzon for months afterwards.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
The U.S. Government, the American [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]], and the U.S. military left the pursuit of Sakay in the hands of the [[Philippine Constabulary]] and [[Philippine Scouts]]. In 1905, [[concentration camps]], often referred to as ''zonas'', were re-established in parts of [[Cavite]], [[Batangas]], and [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]. This had little effect on Sakay and his fighters and extensive fighting continued in Southern Luzon for months afterwards.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
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Sakay descended from the mountains on the promise of an [[amnesty]] for him and his officials, and the formation of a [[Philippine Assembly]] composed of Filipinos to serve as the "gate of freedom". His surrender was a prerequisite for a state of peace that would supposedly ensure the election of Filipino delegates to the Philippine Assembly. Sakay believed that the struggle had shifted to constitutional means, with the Assembly a means to winning independence.
Sakay descended from the mountains on the promise of an [[amnesty]] for him and his officials, and the formation of a [[Philippine Assembly]] composed of Filipinos to serve as the "gate of freedom". His surrender was a prerequisite for a state of peace that would supposedly ensure the election of Filipino delegates to the Philippine Assembly. Sakay believed that the struggle had shifted to constitutional means, with the Assembly a means to winning independence.


In 1905, Filipino labour leader [[Dominador Gomez|Dominador Gómez]] was authorised by Governor-General [[Henry Clay Ide]] to negotiate for the surrender of Sakay and his men. Gómez met with Sakay at his camp and argued that the establishment of a national assembly was being held up by Sakay's intransigence, and that its establishment would be the first step toward Filipino independence. Sakay agreed to end his resistance on conditions that a general amnesty be granted his men, that they be permitted to carry firearms, and that he and his officers be permitted to leave the country. Gómez assured Sakay that these conditions would be acceptable to the Americans, and Sakay's emissary, General León Villafuerte, obtained agreement to them from the American Governor-General. Sakay and Villafuerte travelled to Manila, where they were welcomed and invited to receptions and banquets. One invitation came from the Constabulary Chief, Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz; it was a trap, and Sakay along with his principal lieutenants were disarmed and arrested while the party was in progress.<ref>{{cite book|author=Renato Constantino|title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xnFVPgAACAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Renato Constantino|isbn=978-971-8958-00-1|page=266}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dante G. Guevarra|title=History of the Philippine Labor Movement|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V3hVIawEXVUC|year=1995|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-1755-2|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=V3hVIawEXVUC&pg=PA13 13]}}</ref>
In 1905, Filipino labour leader [[Dominador Gomez|Dominador Gómez]] was authorised by Governor-General [[Henry Clay Ide]] to negotiate for the surrender of Sakay and his men. Gómez met with Sakay at his camp and argued that the establishment of a national assembly was being held up by Sakay's intransigence, and that its establishment would be the first step toward Filipino independence. Sakay agreed to end his resistance on conditions that a general amnesty be granted his men, that they be permitted to carry firearms, and that he and his officers be permitted to leave the country. Gómez assured Sakay that these conditions would be acceptable to the Americans, and Sakay's emissary, General León Villafuerte, obtained agreement to them from the American Governor-General. Sakay surrendered on 20 July 1906, and with Villafuerte travelled to Manila, where they were welcomed and invited to receptions and banquets. One invitation came from the Constabulary Chief, Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz; it was a trap, and Sakay along with his principal lieutenants were disarmed and arrested while the party was in progress.<ref>{{cite book|author=Renato Constantino|title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xnFVPgAACAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Renato Constantino|isbn=978-971-8958-00-1|page=266}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dante G. Guevarra|title=History of the Philippine Labor Movement|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V3hVIawEXVUC|year=1995|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-1755-2|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=V3hVIawEXVUC&pg=PA13 13]}}</ref>


Sakay was accused of "''bandolerismo'' under the Brigandage Act of Nov. 12, 1902, which interpreted all acts of armed resistance to American rule as banditry." The colonial [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] upheld the decision.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dumimdin, Arnaldo |title=The Last Holdouts: General Vicente Lukban falls, Feb. 18, 1902 |work=Philippine-American War |url=http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/thelastholdouts.htm}}</ref> Sakay was sentenced to death, and hanged on 13 September 1907. Before his death, he made the following statement:
Sakay was accused of "''bandolerismo'' under the Brigandage Act of Nov. 12, 1902, which interpreted all acts of armed resistance to American rule as banditry." The colonial [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] upheld the decision.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dumimdin, Arnaldo |title=The Last Holdouts: General Vicente Lukban falls, Feb. 18, 1902 |work=Philippine-American War |url=http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/thelastholdouts.htm}}</ref> Sakay was sentenced to death, and hanged on 13 September 1907. Before his death, he made the following statement:

Revision as of 13:33, 27 November 2013

{{Infobox President |name = Macario Sakay |image = Sacay and officers.jpg |caption = Macario Sakay (third from left, front row) with his Cabinet: (first row, left to right) Julián Montalan, Francisco Carreón, Sakay, Lucio de Vega (second row, left to right) León Villafuerte, Benito Natividad. |predecessor = Miguel Malvar |successor = Abolished
title next held by Manuel Quezon |office = President of the Philippines
(Unofficial)
Tagalog Republic |term_start = May 6, 1902 |term_end = July 14, 1906 |vicepresident = Francisco Carreón |birth_name = Macario Sakay y de León |birth_date = c. 1870 |birth_place = Tondo, Manila
{{country data Spanish East Indies |flag icon/core|variant=|size=}}

Macario Sakay (1870 – September 13, 1907) was a Filipino general who took part in the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and in the Philippine-American War. After the war was declared over by the United States in 1902, Sakay continued resistance and the following year he became President of the Tagalog Republic.[1]

Early life

Sakay was born in 1870 along Tabora Street, Tondo, City of Manila.[2] He first worked as an apprentice in a kalesa (carriage) manufacturing shop. He was also a tailor and a stage actor, performing in a number of plays including Principe Baldovino, Doce Pares de Francia, and Amante de la Corona.[2] An original member of the Katipunan movement, of which he joined in 1894, he fought alongside Andrés Bonifacio throughout the Revolution.[2] In 1899, he continued the struggle for Philippine independence against the United States. Early in the Philippine-American War, he was jailed for seditious activities, and later released as part of an amnesty.[3]

After the war

Sakay was one of the founders of the Nacionalista Party, which strove for Philippine independence through legal means. The party appealed to the Philippine Commission. However, the Commission passed the Sedition Law, which prohibited any form of propaganda advocating independence.[4][5] (An unrelated Nacionalista Party which survives to the present day was founded in 1907.) Sakay thus took up arms again.[citation needed]

On 4 November 1902, the Philippine Commission passed the Bandolerismo Statute which proclaimed all captured resistance fighters or insurgents to be tried in court as bandits, ladrones (thieves), and robbers. In April 1904, Sakay issued his own manifesto proclaiming himself President and established his own government called the Repúblika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic) in opposition to American colonial rule. The United States Government did not recognise Sakay's government, and through the Bandolerism Act labelled him an outlaw.[citation needed]

The U.S. Government, the American Governor-General, and the U.S. military left the pursuit of Sakay in the hands of the Philippine Constabulary and Philippine Scouts. In 1905, concentration camps, often referred to as zonas, were re-established in parts of Cavite, Batangas, and Laguna. This had little effect on Sakay and his fighters and extensive fighting continued in Southern Luzon for months afterwards.[citation needed]

Capture and execution

Sakay descended from the mountains on the promise of an amnesty for him and his officials, and the formation of a Philippine Assembly composed of Filipinos to serve as the "gate of freedom". His surrender was a prerequisite for a state of peace that would supposedly ensure the election of Filipino delegates to the Philippine Assembly. Sakay believed that the struggle had shifted to constitutional means, with the Assembly a means to winning independence.

In 1905, Filipino labour leader Dominador Gómez was authorised by Governor-General Henry Clay Ide to negotiate for the surrender of Sakay and his men. Gómez met with Sakay at his camp and argued that the establishment of a national assembly was being held up by Sakay's intransigence, and that its establishment would be the first step toward Filipino independence. Sakay agreed to end his resistance on conditions that a general amnesty be granted his men, that they be permitted to carry firearms, and that he and his officers be permitted to leave the country. Gómez assured Sakay that these conditions would be acceptable to the Americans, and Sakay's emissary, General León Villafuerte, obtained agreement to them from the American Governor-General. Sakay surrendered on 20 July 1906, and with Villafuerte travelled to Manila, where they were welcomed and invited to receptions and banquets. One invitation came from the Constabulary Chief, Colonel Harry H. Bandholtz; it was a trap, and Sakay along with his principal lieutenants were disarmed and arrested while the party was in progress.[6][7]

Sakay was accused of "bandolerismo under the Brigandage Act of Nov. 12, 1902, which interpreted all acts of armed resistance to American rule as banditry." The colonial Supreme Court of the Philippines upheld the decision.[8] Sakay was sentenced to death, and hanged on 13 September 1907. Before his death, he made the following statement:

"Death comes to all of us sooner or later, so I will face the LORD Almighty calmly. But I want to tell you that we are not bandits and robbers, as the Americans have accused us, but members of the revolutionary force that defended our mother country, the Philippines! Farewell! Long live the Republic and may our independence be born in the future! Long live the Philippines!"[9][10]

  • Sakay is often cited for his long hair, his name becoming a byword for people needing a haircut.
  • A life-sized statue of Sakay was unveiled at the Plaza Morga in Tondo, by the Manila Historical Heritage Commission on his on 101st death anniversary, 13 September 2008[12] That same month, the Senate adopted two separate resolutions honouring Sakay's life and his fellow freedom fighters for their contribution to the cause of independence.[13][14]

See also

Further reading

  • Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Retrieved 2007-04-08.

References

  1. ^ Orlino A. Ochosa (1995). Bandoleros: Outlawed Guerrillas of the Philippine-American War, 1903-1907. New Day Publishers. pp. 55, 95–96. ISBN 978-971-10-0555-9.
  2. ^ a b c Kabigting Abad, Antonio (1955). General Macario L. Sakay: Was He a Bandit or a Patriot?. J. B. Feliciano and Sons Printers-Publishers.
  3. ^ C. Duka (2008). Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 200. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
  4. ^ "The Period of Suppressed Nationalism : Act No. 292 or the Sedition Law". Salon.com. March 4, 2010.
  5. ^ United States Philippine Commission. Law against treason, sedition, etc. (Act No. 292). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902.
  6. ^ Renato Constantino (1981). The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Renato Constantino. p. 266. ISBN 978-971-8958-00-1.
  7. ^ Dante G. Guevarra (1995). History of the Philippine Labor Movement. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 13. ISBN 978-971-23-1755-2.
  8. ^ Dumimdin, Arnaldo. "The Last Holdouts: General Vicente Lukban falls, Feb. 18, 1902". Philippine-American War.
  9. ^ Constantino, Renato (1981). The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Renato Constantino. p. 267. ISBN 978-971-8958-00-1.
  10. ^ Pomeroy, William J. (1992). The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. International Publishers Co. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7178-0692-8.
  11. ^ "Sakay (1993)". Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  12. ^ Carmen Guerrero Nakpil, The mark of Sakay: The vilified hero of our war with America, The Philippine Star, September 8, 2008
  13. ^ Resolution No. 121, Philippine Senate
  14. ^ Resolution No. 623, Philippine Senate

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