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== History ==
== History ==
=== Pennsylvania Railroad ===
=== Pennsylvania Railroad ===
The ''Pennsylvania Special'' was one of nine express trains the Pennsylvania operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14, 1912 the Pennsylvania renamed it the ''Broadway Limited'', to avoid confusion with the similarly-named ''Pennsylvania Limited''. The name, though spelled as "Broadway", honored the Pennsylvania's four-track "broad way" main line.<ref name="sanders2003" />{{rp|110}} In the heavyweight era the ''Broadway Limited'' was an extra-fare, all sleeper (no coach service) train with an open-platform observation car at the end, such as ''Continental Hall'' and ''Washington Hall''.<ref name="kratville" />{{rp|190-193}}
The ''Pennsylvania Special'' was one of nine express trains the Pennsylvania operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14, 1912 the Pennsylvania renamed it the ''Broadway Limited'', to avoid confusion with the similarly-named ''Pennsylvania Limited''. The name, though spelled as "Broadway", honored the Pennsylvania's four-track "broad way" main line.<ref name="sanders2003" />{{rp|110}} In the heavyweight era the ''Broadway Limited'' was an extra-fare, all sleeper (no coach service) train with an open-platform observation car at the end, such as ''Continental Hall'' and ''Washington Hall''.<ref name="kratville" />{{rp|190–193}}


The schedule was 20 hours until 1932; it dropped to 16 hrs 30 min in 1935 and 16 hours flat when lightweight cars took over in June 1938. From 1920 until 1936 the New York to Chicago fare was $32.70 plus the extra fare of $9.60, plus the Pullman charge (e.g. $9 for a lower berth).{{fact|date=October 2014}}
The schedule was 20 hours until 1932; it dropped to 16 hrs 30 min in 1935 and 16 hours flat when lightweight cars took over in June 1938. From 1920 until 1936 the New York to Chicago fare was $32.70 plus the extra fare of $9.60, plus the Pullman charge (e.g. $9 for a lower berth).{{fact|date=October 2014}}
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[[File:PRR Broadway Limited Services 1920s.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Equipment and services on the ''Broadway Limited'' in the 1920s.]]
[[File:PRR Broadway Limited Services 1920s.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Equipment and services on the ''Broadway Limited'' in the 1920s.]]


On June 15, 1938 the ''Broadway Limited'' received lightweight [[Streamliner cars (rail)|streamlined car]]s to replace its heavyweight steel cars; on the same day rival New York Central's ''[[20th Century Limited]]'' was streamlined.<ref name="johnston" />{{rp|42-46}} [[Raymond Loewy]] styled the new cars and the [[PRR GG1]] electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for the Pennsylvania, notably the [[PRR S1|S1]] and [[PRR T1|T1 Duplex]] drive engines. The ''Broadway Limited'' was one of four pre-[[World War II]] Pennsylvania trains to receive such equipment; the others being the ''[[General (train)|General]]'' (New York&ndash;Chicago), ''[[Spirit of St. Louis (train)|Spirit of St. Louis]]'' (New York&ndash;St. Louis), and ''[[Liberty Limited]]'' (Washington&ndash;Chicago). Other Pennsylvania trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by [[Pullman-Standard]] between March and May of that year, but the [[dining car|diners]], [[Railway Post Office|RPO]] and [[baggage car]]s were rebuilt from heavyweight cars by the railroad's [[Altoona Works|Altoona shops]]. The ''Broadway Limited'' was the only Pennsylvania train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II.<ref name="wayner" />{{rp|1-4}}
On June 15, 1938 the ''Broadway Limited'' received lightweight [[Streamliner cars (rail)|streamlined car]]s to replace its heavyweight steel cars; on the same day rival New York Central's ''[[20th Century Limited]]'' was streamlined.<ref name="johnston" />{{rp|42-46}} [[Raymond Loewy]] styled the new cars and the [[PRR GG1]] electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for the Pennsylvania, notably the [[PRR S1|S1]] and [[PRR T1|T1 Duplex]] drive engines. The ''Broadway Limited'' was one of four pre-[[World War II]] Pennsylvania trains to receive such equipment; the others being the ''[[General (train)|General]]'' (New York–Chicago), ''[[Spirit of St. Louis (train)|Spirit of St. Louis]]'' (New York–St. Louis), and ''[[Liberty Limited]]'' (Washington–Chicago). Other Pennsylvania trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by [[Pullman-Standard]] between March and May of that year, but the [[dining car|diners]], [[Railway Post Office|RPO]] and [[baggage car]]s were rebuilt from heavyweight cars by the railroad's [[Altoona Works|Altoona shops]]. The ''Broadway Limited'' was the only Pennsylvania train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II.<ref name="wayner" />{{rp|1–4}}


In 1949 the PRR again re-equipped the ''Broadway Limited'' with new streamlined equipment. The all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named ''Mountain View'' and ''Tower View''. They had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers.<ref name="welsh" />{{rp|90-93}}
In 1949 the PRR again re-equipped the ''Broadway Limited'' with new streamlined equipment. The all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named ''Mountain View'' and ''Tower View''. They had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers.<ref name="welsh" />{{rp|90–93}}


Also introduced was a twin-unit dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as ''Harbor Rest'', described by a PRR brochure as "cheerful, spacious...richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets...latest periodicals are in the libraries.<ref name="johnston" />{{rp|53-54}}<ref name="ball" />{{rp|203}} The February 1956 [[Official Guide of the Railways|''Official Guide'']] listed the westbound ''Broadway Limited'' (train #29) consist as having fourteen cars normally assigned: nine sleeping cars between New York and Chicago, one additional sleeping car from New York continuing through to Los Angeles on the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]]'s ''[[Super Chief]]'', the twin-unit dining car, lounge car, and observation car. The train departed New York at 6:00&nbsp;P.M. Eastern Time and arrived at Chicago the following morning at 9:00&nbsp;A.M. Central Time.<ref name="og195602" />{{rp|292-300}}
Also introduced was a twin-unit dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as ''Harbor Rest'', described by a PRR brochure as "cheerful, spacious...richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets...latest periodicals are in the libraries.<ref name="johnston" />{{rp|53–54}}<ref name="ball" />{{rp|203}} The February 1956 [[Official Guide of the Railways|''Official Guide'']] listed the westbound ''Broadway Limited'' (train #29) consist as having fourteen cars normally assigned: nine sleeping cars between New York and Chicago, one additional sleeping car from New York continuing through to Los Angeles on the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|Santa Fe]]'s ''[[Super Chief]]'', the twin-unit dining car, lounge car, and observation car. The train departed New York at 6:00&nbsp;P.M. Eastern Time and arrived at Chicago the following morning at 9:00&nbsp;A.M. Central Time.<ref name="og195602" />{{rp|292–300}}


The ''Broadway Limited'' was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The ''20th Century Limited'' began carrying coaches in 1957.<ref name="sanders2003" />{{rp|114}} In late 1967, when the [[Illinois Central Railroad]]'s ''[[Panama Limited]]'' also began carrying coaches the ''Broadway Limited'' became the last "all-Pullman" train in the United States, a distinction that did not last long.<ref name="schafer" />{{rp|116}} The Pennsylvania merged the ''Broadway Limited'' with the ''[[General (train)|General]]'' on December 13, 1967. The train was one of the few long-distance trains to survive the merger of the Pennsylvania and the [[New York Central Railroad]] into [[Penn Central Transportation|Penn Central]].<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|17}}
The ''Broadway Limited'' was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The ''20th Century Limited'' began carrying coaches in 1957.<ref name="sanders2003" />{{rp|114}} In late 1967, when the [[Illinois Central Railroad]]'s ''[[Panama Limited]]'' also began carrying coaches the ''Broadway Limited'' became the last "all-Pullman" train in the United States, a distinction that did not last long.<ref name="schafer" />{{rp|116}} The Pennsylvania merged the ''Broadway Limited'' with the ''[[General (train)|General]]'' on December 13, 1967. The train was one of the few long-distance trains to survive the merger of the Pennsylvania and the [[New York Central Railroad]] into [[Penn Central Transportation|Penn Central]].<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|17}}
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=== Amtrak ===
=== Amtrak ===
[[File:AMTRAK'S BROADWAY LIMITED MAKES A STOP ENROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO POINTS EAST TO PICK UP AND DISCHARGE PASSENGERS. MANY... - NARA - 556840.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Broadway Limited'' at [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]] in 1974.]]
[[File:AMTRAK'S BROADWAY LIMITED MAKES A STOP ENROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO POINTS EAST TO PICK UP AND DISCHARGE PASSENGERS. MANY... - NARA - 556840.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Broadway Limited'' at [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]] in 1974.]]
Amtrak's incorporators selected the ''Broadway Limited'' as the new company's sole New York-Chicago route. Amtrak operated a [[Washington, D.C.]] section via [[Columbia and Port Deposit Railroad|Port Road Branch]] which separated at Harrisburg. In the 1970s the ''Broadway Limited'' experienced chronic lateness as the tracks it ran on degraded. Beginning in 1979 the route changed as tracks were abandoned and downgraded by [[Conrail]], Penn Central's successor. These changes included:<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|22-25}}
Amtrak's incorporators selected the ''Broadway Limited'' as the new company's sole New York-Chicago route. Amtrak operated a [[Washington, D.C.]] section via [[Columbia and Port Deposit Railroad|Port Road Branch]] which separated at Harrisburg. In the 1970s the ''Broadway Limited'' experienced chronic lateness as the tracks it ran on degraded. Beginning in 1979 the route changed as tracks were abandoned and downgraded by [[Conrail]], Penn Central's successor. These changes included:<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|22–25}}
* A minor re-route over the ex-New York Central in [[Gary, Indiana]] in 1979.
* A minor re-route over the ex-New York Central in [[Gary, Indiana]] in 1979.
* A major re-route over the ex-[[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) in Indiana and Ohio, due to [[Conrail]]'s desire to abandon part of the former [[Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway]]. This change took effect on November 10, 1990.
* A major re-route over the ex-[[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O) in Indiana and Ohio, due to [[Conrail]]'s desire to abandon part of the former [[Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway]]. This change took effect on November 10, 1990.
Line 97: Line 97:
The ''Broadway Limited'' received additional Pullman equipment in 1949. This included ''Harbor Cove'' and ''Harbor Rest'', sleeper-bar-lounges with three double bedrooms, and ''Mountain View'' and ''Tower View'', sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars with two master rooms and a double bedroom.<ref name="wayner" />{{rp|11}} The ''Broadway Limited'' received coaches for the first time in 1967, when it merged with the ''[[General (train)|General]]''. Under the [[Penn Central Transportation|Penn Central]] the train carried "two or more coaches, two lounges, twin-unit diner, and four sleepers." This was better than most remaining passenger trains, which often had just two or three cars, but a far cry from the old days.<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|17}}
The ''Broadway Limited'' received additional Pullman equipment in 1949. This included ''Harbor Cove'' and ''Harbor Rest'', sleeper-bar-lounges with three double bedrooms, and ''Mountain View'' and ''Tower View'', sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars with two master rooms and a double bedroom.<ref name="wayner" />{{rp|11}} The ''Broadway Limited'' received coaches for the first time in 1967, when it merged with the ''[[General (train)|General]]''. Under the [[Penn Central Transportation|Penn Central]] the train carried "two or more coaches, two lounges, twin-unit diner, and four sleepers." This was better than most remaining passenger trains, which often had just two or three cars, but a far cry from the old days.<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|17}}


Amtrak singled out the ''Broadway Limited'' for special treatment and in 1972 completely refurbished its equipment, most of which was ex-Penn Central, although former [[Union Pacific Railroad]] sleeping cars were also used. Amtrak also added a [[Slumbercoach]] to the consist. In 1974 Amtrak tried out rebuilt 6-bedroom, 8-roomette ex-[[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island]] sleeping cars, but their limited capacity reduced revenue. The ''Broadway Limited'' began receiving rebuilt [[Heritage Fleet]] cars in 1980, and [[Amfleet]] coaches thereafter.<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|33-34}} 68 cars were rebuilt at a total cost of $9.8 million.<ref name="an197911" />
Amtrak singled out the ''Broadway Limited'' for special treatment and in 1972 completely refurbished its equipment, most of which was ex-Penn Central, although former [[Union Pacific Railroad]] sleeping cars were also used. Amtrak also added a [[Slumbercoach]] to the consist. In 1974 Amtrak tried out rebuilt 6-bedroom, 8-roomette ex-[[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island]] sleeping cars, but their limited capacity reduced revenue. The ''Broadway Limited'' began receiving rebuilt [[Heritage Fleet]] cars in 1980, and [[Amfleet]] coaches thereafter.<ref name="sanders2006" />{{rp|33–34}} 68 cars were rebuilt at a total cost of $9.8 million.<ref name="an197911" />


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="an197911">{{cite journal | title=Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars | journal=Amtrak NEWS | volume=6 | number=12 |date=November 1979 | url=http://history.amtrak.com/archives/amtrak-news-november-1979 | pages=5}}</ref>
<ref name="an197911">{{cite journal | title=Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars | journal=Amtrak NEWS | volume=6 | number=12 |date=November 1979 | url=http://history.amtrak.com/archives/amtrak-news-november-1979 | pages=5}}</ref>
<ref name="ball">{{cite book|last=Ball Jr.|first=Don|title=The Pennsylvania Railroad 1940s&mdash;1950s|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York|year=1986|isbn=0-393-02357-5}}</ref>
<ref name="ball">{{cite book|last=Ball Jr.|first=Don|title=The Pennsylvania Railroad 1940s–1950s|publisher=W. W. Norton|location=New York|year=1986|isbn=0-393-02357-5}}</ref>
<ref name="og195602">{{Official Guide of the Railways|February|1956}}</ref>
<ref name="og195602">{{Official Guide of the Railways|February|1956}}</ref>
<ref name="johnston">{{Johnston-Streamliner}}</ref>
<ref name="johnston">{{Johnston-Streamliner}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:06, 21 January 2015

For the 1941 film, see Broadway Limited (film). For the episode of Boardwalk Empire, see Broadway Limited (Boardwalk Empire).
Broadway Limited
The Broadway Limited in the 1930s.
Overview
PredecessorPennsylvania Special
First serviceNovember 14, 1912
Last serviceSeptember 9, 1995
SuccessorThree Rivers
Former operator(s)Pennsylvania Railroad (1912-1968)
Penn Central (1968-1971)
Amtrak (1971-1995)

The Broadway Limited was a passenger train operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York City and Chicago. It operated from 1912 to 1995. It was the Pennsylvania's premier train, competing directly with the New York Central Railroad's 20th Century Limited. The Broadway Limited continued operating after the Penn Central Transportation merger, one of the few long-distance trains to do so. Penn Central conveyed the train to Amtrak in 1971; Amtrak discontinued it in 1995. The train's name referred not to Broadway in Manhattan, but rather to the "broad way" of the Pennsylvania's four-track right of way along a large portion of the route.

History

Pennsylvania Railroad

The Pennsylvania Special was one of nine express trains the Pennsylvania operated between New York City and Chicago. On November 14, 1912 the Pennsylvania renamed it the Broadway Limited, to avoid confusion with the similarly-named Pennsylvania Limited. The name, though spelled as "Broadway", honored the Pennsylvania's four-track "broad way" main line.[1]: 110  In the heavyweight era the Broadway Limited was an extra-fare, all sleeper (no coach service) train with an open-platform observation car at the end, such as Continental Hall and Washington Hall.[2]: 190–193 

The schedule was 20 hours until 1932; it dropped to 16 hrs 30 min in 1935 and 16 hours flat when lightweight cars took over in June 1938. From 1920 until 1936 the New York to Chicago fare was $32.70 plus the extra fare of $9.60, plus the Pullman charge (e.g. $9 for a lower berth).[citation needed]

Equipment and services on the Broadway Limited in the 1920s.

On June 15, 1938 the Broadway Limited received lightweight streamlined cars to replace its heavyweight steel cars; on the same day rival New York Central's 20th Century Limited was streamlined.[3]: 42–46  Raymond Loewy styled the new cars and the PRR GG1 electric locomotive as well as some streamlined steam locomotives for the Pennsylvania, notably the S1 and T1 Duplex drive engines. The Broadway Limited was one of four pre-World War II Pennsylvania trains to receive such equipment; the others being the General (New York–Chicago), Spirit of St. Louis (New York–St. Louis), and Liberty Limited (Washington–Chicago). Other Pennsylvania trains continued to use heavyweight cars until after the end of World War II. Most of the 1938 cars were built new by Pullman-Standard between March and May of that year, but the diners, RPO and baggage cars were rebuilt from heavyweight cars by the railroad's Altoona shops. The Broadway Limited was the only Pennsylvania train to be completely re-equipped with lightweight sleeping cars before World War II.[4]: 1–4 

In 1949 the PRR again re-equipped the Broadway Limited with new streamlined equipment. The all-sleeper train carried compartments, bedrooms, duplex rooms, roomettes for a single occupant and drawing rooms for three persons. The buffet-lounge-observation cars built by Pullman Standard were named Mountain View and Tower View. They had squared-off observation ends, instead of the tapered or rounded ends in the 1938 version, and contained two master rooms with radio and showers.[5]: 90–93 

Also introduced was a twin-unit dining car and a mid-train lounge car, such as Harbor Rest, described by a PRR brochure as "cheerful, spacious...richly appointed for leisure with deep, soft carpets...latest periodicals are in the libraries.[3]: 53–54 [6]: 203  The February 1956 Official Guide listed the westbound Broadway Limited (train #29) consist as having fourteen cars normally assigned: nine sleeping cars between New York and Chicago, one additional sleeping car from New York continuing through to Los Angeles on the Santa Fe's Super Chief, the twin-unit dining car, lounge car, and observation car. The train departed New York at 6:00 P.M. Eastern Time and arrived at Chicago the following morning at 9:00 A.M. Central Time.[7]: 292–300 

The Broadway Limited was not immune to the decline in passenger rail transport, though it resisted longer than most. The 20th Century Limited began carrying coaches in 1957.[1]: 114  In late 1967, when the Illinois Central Railroad's Panama Limited also began carrying coaches the Broadway Limited became the last "all-Pullman" train in the United States, a distinction that did not last long.[8]: 116  The Pennsylvania merged the Broadway Limited with the General on December 13, 1967. The train was one of the few long-distance trains to survive the merger of the Pennsylvania and the New York Central Railroad into Penn Central.[9]: 17 

Amtrak

The Broadway Limited at Fort Wayne, Indiana in 1974.

Amtrak's incorporators selected the Broadway Limited as the new company's sole New York-Chicago route. Amtrak operated a Washington, D.C. section via Port Road Branch which separated at Harrisburg. In the 1970s the Broadway Limited experienced chronic lateness as the tracks it ran on degraded. Beginning in 1979 the route changed as tracks were abandoned and downgraded by Conrail, Penn Central's successor. These changes included:[9]: 22–25 

Amtrak discontinued the Broadway Limited on September 10, 1995, in the face significant funding problems. The Broadway Limited then earned $6.6 million against costs of $24 million. Amtrak replaced it with the all-coach Three Rivers, which would in turn be discontinued in 2005.[9]: 27 

Equipment

Sample consist
1938 equipment
  • City-series sleeping car (18 roomettes)
  • Harbor-series sleeper-bar-lounge (2 double bedrooms)
  • Heavyweight dining car
  • Imperial-series sleeping car (4 compartments, 2 drawing rooms, 4 double bedrooms)
  • County-series sleeping car (13 double bedrooms)
  • View-series sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation (2 master rooms, 1 double bedroom)
[4]: 1 
The Mountain View sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation car at Chicago's Union Station in 1963
.

Pullman-Standard built the entirety of the equipment pool for the 1938 lightweight re-equipping, with the exception of two dining cars which were rebuilt in the Pennsylvania's Altoona shops. The equipment delivered included eight 18-roomette sleeping cars; two sleeper-bar-lounges; four 4-compartment, 2-drawing room, 4-double bedroom sleeping cars; two 13-double bedroom sleeping cars; and two sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars, including the famed Metropolitan View. The dining car seated 24 at tables (in both 1x1 and 2x2 configurations) and featured a small bar at one end with seating for two. The sleeper-bar-lounge included a secretary's room, barber shop, shower-bath, and a bar/lounge with both booth and chair seating.[4]: 1 

The Broadway Limited received additional Pullman equipment in 1949. This included Harbor Cove and Harbor Rest, sleeper-bar-lounges with three double bedrooms, and Mountain View and Tower View, sleeper-buffet-lounge-observation cars with two master rooms and a double bedroom.[4]: 11  The Broadway Limited received coaches for the first time in 1967, when it merged with the General. Under the Penn Central the train carried "two or more coaches, two lounges, twin-unit diner, and four sleepers." This was better than most remaining passenger trains, which often had just two or three cars, but a far cry from the old days.[9]: 17 

Amtrak singled out the Broadway Limited for special treatment and in 1972 completely refurbished its equipment, most of which was ex-Penn Central, although former Union Pacific Railroad sleeping cars were also used. Amtrak also added a Slumbercoach to the consist. In 1974 Amtrak tried out rebuilt 6-bedroom, 8-roomette ex-Rock Island sleeping cars, but their limited capacity reduced revenue. The Broadway Limited began receiving rebuilt Heritage Fleet cars in 1980, and Amfleet coaches thereafter.[9]: 33–34  68 cars were rebuilt at a total cost of $9.8 million.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b Sanders, Craig (2003). Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34216-4.
  2. ^ Kratville, William W. (1962). Steam, Steel & Limiteds. Omaha, NE: Barnhart Press. OCLC 1301983.
  3. ^ a b Johnston, Bob; Welsh, Joe; Schafer, Mike (2001). The Art of the Streamliner. New York: Metro Books. ISBN 978-1-58663-146-8.
  4. ^ a b c d Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690.
  5. ^ Welsh, Joe (2006). Pennsylvania Railroad's Broadway Limited. Saint Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2302-1.
  6. ^ Ball Jr., Don (1986). The Pennsylvania Railroad 1940s–1950s. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02357-5.
  7. ^ Official Guide of the Railways. New York: National Railway Publication Co. February 1956. OCLC 6340864.
  8. ^ Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0377-1.
  9. ^ a b c d e Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.
  10. ^ "Lake Shore Gets Upgraded Cars". Amtrak NEWS. 6 (12): 5. November 1979.
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