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On the night of the accident, the NTSB opened an investigation into the accident, and dispatched a go-team to the site.<ref name=Go>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/PR20150103b.aspx |title=NTSB Launches Go-Team to Metro North Accident in Westchester County, N.Y. |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> They plan to stay for a week, collecting evidence and interviewing witnesses.<ref name="JN investigation story">{{cite news|last=Juva-Brown|first=Theresa|title=Valhalla train crash probe asks 'why'|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/news/transit/2015/02/04/valhalla-train-crash-probe-asks/22904865/|newspaper=The Journal News|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=February 5, 2015}}</ref>
On the night of the accident, the NTSB opened an investigation into the accident, and dispatched a go-team to the site.<ref name=Go>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/PR20150103b.aspx |title=NTSB Launches Go-Team to Metro North Accident in Westchester County, N.Y. |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref> They plan to stay for a week, collecting evidence and interviewing witnesses.<ref name="JN investigation story">{{cite news|last=Juva-Brown|first=Theresa|title=Valhalla train crash probe asks 'why'|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/news/transit/2015/02/04/valhalla-train-crash-probe-asks/22904865/|newspaper=The Journal News|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=February 5, 2015}}</ref>


Investigators said they were particularly interested in one of the crash's unusual aspects. "We do have grade-crossing accidents, and most of the time it's fatal for occupants of the vehicles, and not for train passengers," Robert Sumwalt of the NTSB told ''[[The Journal News]]'', [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]'s main daily newspaper. "We intend to find out what makes this accident different."<ref name="JN investigation story" />
Investigators said they were particularly interested in one of the crash's unusual aspects. "We do have grade-crossing accidents, and most of the time it's fatal for occupants of the vehicles, and not for train passengers," Robert Sumwalt of the NTSB told ''[[The Journal News]]'', [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]]'s main daily newspaper. "We intend to find out what makes this accident different."<ref name="JN investigation story" /> George Bibel, author of ''Train Wreck: The Forensics of Rail Disasters'', agreed that this is uncommon. "Normally you'd expect the train to sweep the car off the tracks," he said. However, there were other exceptions to this pattern, such as the [[2005 Glendale train crash]] in [[Southern California]], where an SUV abandoned by a driver who decided not to commit suicide after all derailed the [[Metrolink]] train that struck it, killing 11.<ref name="JN third rail story">{{cite news|last=Juva-Brown|first=Theresa|title=Experts describe how SUV and train got snagged by rail|url=http://www.lohud.com/story/news/transit/2015/02/08/metro-north-train-suv-snagged-third-rail-valhalla/23070285/|newspaper=The Journal News|date=February 8, 2015|accessdate=February 18, 2015}}</ref>


Another unusual aspect was the configuration of the third rail. Unlike other American commuter-rail agencies that operate trains powered by third rails, Metro-North trains "under-run" it, with the [[Current collector#Contact shoe|shoe]] that draws current from the rail running along the bottom of the third rail during operation rather than the top, in order to prevent ice from building up on top during winter months and reduce the possibility of inadvertent contact with the high-voltage rail. "This has never happened before, and this is a rare configuration of a third rail," said U.S. Senator [[Charles Schumer]]. "Do those two add up to the explanation for this terrible, terrible tragedy? Very possibly." But Steve Ditmeyer, a former [[Federal Railroad Administration]] official, told the [[Associated Press]] it would be impossible to be sure that an under-running shoe lifted the rail without also doing tests to see if the same thing would happen in the more common over-running configuration.<ref name="AP third rail story" />
Another unusual aspect was the configuration of the third rail. Unlike other American commuter-rail agencies that operate trains powered by third rails, Metro-North trains "under-run" it, with the [[Current collector#Contact shoe|shoe]] that draws current from the rail running along the bottom of the third rail during operation rather than the top, in order to prevent ice from building up on top during winter months and reduce the possibility of inadvertent contact with the high-voltage rail.<ref name="AP third rail story" /> To facilitate this, the ends of the third rails adjacent to grade crossings have a slight upturn.<ref name="JN third rail story" />
"This has never happened before, and this is a rare configuration of a third rail," said U.S. Senator [[Charles Schumer]]. "Do those two add up to the explanation for this terrible, terrible tragedy? Very possibly." But Steve Ditmeyer, a former [[Federal Railroad Administration]] official, told the [[Associated Press]] it would be impossible to be sure that an under-running shoe lifted the rail without also doing tests to see if the same thing would happen in the more common over-running configuration.<ref name="AP third rail story" />


They theorized that the fire aboard the train might have been caused by [[gasoline]] from the SUV, ignited by a spark from the third rail and the force of impact. However, "the big question everyone wants to know is: Why was this vehicle in the crossing?" Sumwalt said. The NTSB team believed the crossing was functioning properly, but was aware also that the earlier accident on the Taconic had led to more traffic through it. "We want to understand what, if any, effect that detour had in setting up this accident."<ref name="JN investigation story"/>
They theorized that the fire aboard the train might have been caused by [[gasoline]] from the SUV, ignited by a spark from the third rail and the force of impact. However, "the big question everyone wants to know is: Why was this vehicle in the crossing?" Sumwalt said. The NTSB team believed the crossing was functioning properly, but was aware also that the earlier accident on the Taconic had led to more traffic through it. "We want to understand what, if any, effect that detour had in setting up this accident."<ref name="JN investigation story"/>

Revision as of 16:34, 18 February 2015

Valhalla train crash
Several people in neon colored safety clothing and white helmets examine the fire-damaged wreckage of a silvery passenger rail car along the top with "Metro-North Railroad" written on it. One person has the letters "NTSB" on their jacket sleeve. At left is the rear of a similarly fire damaged automobile.
NTSB investigators survey the vehicles involved in the accident
Map
Details
DateFebruary 3, 2015
6:30 p.m. EST (23:30 UTC)
LocationValhalla, New York
Coordinates41°05′11″N 73°47′17″W / 41.08628°N 73.78804°W / 41.08628; -73.78804
CountryUnited States
LineHarlem Line
OperatorMetro North Railroad
Incident typeGrade crossing
CauseUnder investigation
Statistics
Trains1
Deaths6
Injured15 reported (7 seriously)
Damage1 train car
1 automobile

On the evening of February 3, 2015, a commuter train on Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line struck a passenger car at a grade crossing near Valhalla, New York, United States, between the Valhalla and Mount Pleasant stations, killing six people and injuring fifteen others, including seven in "very serious condition".[1][2]

An accident earlier on the day on the Taconic State Parkway, which parallels that section of track, had led to the road's closure in one direction. Traffic sought alternate routes, one of which went through the grade crossing. The driver of an SUV who was caught inside the crossing gate when it descended, wedging itself into the rear of her vehicle, apparently attempted to rectify the situation by crossing the tracks instead of backing up. She died when her vehicle was struck by the train, along with five passengers on the train. The impact tore loose more than 450 feet (140 m) of third rail; after piercing her car, it went into the front of the train, broken into sections.

It was the deadliest passenger train crash in the United States since the 2009 Washington Metro train collision, which killed nine people and injured eighty others.[3] It is also the deadliest crash in Metro-North's history[2] and is only the second Metro-North train incident to result in passenger fatalities, after the derailment 14 months earlier on the railroad's Hudson Line that killed four people.[4] It is not the first fatal incident at that crossing; a similar crash there in 1984 killed the driver of the van involved[5] and gates had been installed subsequently.[6]

Since grade-crossing accidents typically do not lead to fatalities on board the train, investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board are particularly interested in determining why the fatalities occurred. They believe that fuel from the SUV may have combined with sparks from the dislodged third rail to cause a fire on board the train. They are interested in finding out how the SUV driver got into the position she did in the first place; the detour caused by the earlier road accident may also have played a role.

Background

Bombardier M7A trainsets, similar to those forming the No. 659 train

At about 5:30 p.m., shortly before sunset on February 3, 2015, a vehicle traveling south along the Taconic State Parkway north of the hamlet of Valhalla in the town of Mount Pleasant, in central Westchester County north of New York City, struck another vehicle making a turn onto Lakeview Avenue from the northbound parkway. Responding emergency services closed both lanes of the southbound Taconic and one northbound lane. Drivers heading both directions left the parkway, seeking alternate routes back to it on local surface roads.[7]

At 5:44 p.m., the No. 659 train of Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line, which provides commuter rail service over an 82-mile (132 km) route from New York City to Wassaic in northeastern Dutchess County, departed Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, 26 miles (42 km) south of Valhalla. It was an express train of eight carriages,[8] formed by four Bombardier M7A electric multiple units, bound for Southeast in Putnam County,[a] with Chappaqua its first scheduled stop.[9][10] At the controls was Stephen Smalls, a 32-year-old resident of Orange County and three-year Metro-North employee. He had been an engineer for nine months.[11]

The part of the parkway in Valhalla remained closed. One detour available to northbound traffic involved using Lakeview Avenue and turning at the large Kensico Cemetery, a short distance to the west. Lakeview Avenue crossed the two tracks using a grade crossing. The next such crossing was Commerce Street, a lightly traveled local road to the north that intersects the tracks diagonally. It continues northwest through the cemetery for a quarter-mile (400 m), then turns north again down a slight rise back over another grade crossing to a signalized intersection with the parkway.[7]

Accident

The parkway was still closed around 6:30 p.m., when a Mercedes-Benz ML350 SUV driven by Ellen Schaeffer Brody, 49, of Edgemont, went north on Commerce back towards the parkway.[12][13] Brody left work in Chappaqua at 6 p.m. and was going to meet a friend in Scarsdale.[14] Behind her was a vehicle driven by Rick Hope of Yorktown Heights, returning home from his job in White Plains.[2][15]

At the grade crossing, the 659 train was approaching on the western track. The crossing gates descended, warning lights began flashing and bells rang. Hope says Brody's SUV was in front of the gate as it descended, but not on the tracks. Had she simply remained where she was, he speculated, the passing train would have at most struck a glancing blow, perhaps damaging only the SUV's front bumper.[15]

The crossing gate struck the top of Brody's SUV before sliding down its rear and becoming stuck. Hope backed up to give her room to do the same. He instead saw Brody get out and walk to the rear, apparently trying to free it. "What struck me was how calm she was—she didn't seem to be panicking, or in a hurry at all, even though the gate was down," he said later. "She wasn't in a hurry at all, but she had to have known that a train was coming."[15] Brody looked at him, and he motioned to her to come back in his direction, although he allows that she may not have seen him due to the glare from his headlights. Brody then returned to her vehicle and, according to Hope, seemed to pause as if she was adjusting her seat belt. The train was getting closer and the situation more urgent. "The thing's dinging, red lights are flashing, it's going off," he said. "I just knew she was going to back up—never in my wildest dreams did I think she'd go forward."[2]

Instead, Brody did move forward, roughly 30 seconds after the gate came down on her car, investigators determined later.[16] The train, traveling at 58 miles per hour (93 km/h), struck the SUV on its passenger side. "There was a terrible crunching sound, and just like that, the car was gone," Hope said. "Disappeared. It happened instantly. There's no way she could have known what hit her."[15]

In the train's front car, Chris Gross was suddenly thrown out of his seat. "I heard a loud bang and a lot of screaming," he recalled. Flames were within a foot of his face; another passenger got the emergency exit open and pulled him out. The five passengers who died were all sitting near him, he claimed. Jamie Wallace, in the second car, said that passengers there initially tried to come to the aid of those in the front car, but "we could not get the head car doors open for some reason, it was jammed." After failed efforts to break the door open, "[a] number of us started smelling fumes from the car, the fuel, and we said, 'You know what, we need to get out.'"[17]

Smalls applied the emergency brakes as soon as he saw the vehicle. After the crash, he went back into the burning train several times to rescue passengers. "He did everything he could," said Anthony Bottalico, head of Association of Commuter Rail Employees, the labor union which represents Metro-North workers. Despite that, the train knocked Brody's SUV 1,000 feet (300 m) up the tracks, which dislodged more than 450 feet (140 m) of the third rail,[18] breaking it into 13 39-foot (12 m) segments,[19] most of which accumulated in the front car's passenger compartment, and then into the second car.[2] The New York Daily News reported that injuries from them were responsible for most of the deaths on the train.[20]

Passengers further back in the train heard explosions. "The thing that precipitated people really starting to freak out and break the glass and open the door was there was a loud 'bam,' explosion-type thing," said Fred Buonocore, who was in the fourth car. "And once we jumped off the side, there was another explosion to a lesser degree." At the very rear, passengers said they felt only a small jolt. "It felt not even like a short stop, and then the train just completely stopped," said Neil Rader, who was sitting in the middle-back of the train.[17][21]

Aftermath

A line of people, seen from behind, boarding two buses. The nearer one has "MNR service" on its front display. It is dark, with orangish-colored streetlights illuminating snow
Passengers at Pleasantville boarding a shuttle bus to North White Plains the morning after the accident

Brody died, as did five passengers aboard the train.[21][22] The lead car caught fire[21] and was eventually destroyed.[12] Passengers who escaped or were evacuated and were not injured were taken to a nearby climbing gym, where they were able to stay warm until buses arrived.[17] Nine passengers were taken to Westchester Medical Center, with one of them in very serious condition.[23] A police helicopter with thermal imaging equipment scanned the cemetery in search of survivors who might have wandered away from the scene and collapsed into the snow, but found none.[24]

A curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and three finance executives were among the other victims, who were all identified on February 4. There were a total of six deaths and fifteen injuries.[25]

Shortly after and as a result of the crash, Harlem Line service was suspended between Pleasantville and North White Plains.[26][27] On the afternoon of February 4, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) gave permission for Metro-North crews to clear the site. Overnight on February 4, a 100-member crew cleared the vehicles, using a high-rail crane to remove the SUV. The train's locomotive was towed to Metro-North's North White Plains yard, and then workers proceeded to repair the 450 feet of third rail. Metro-North service resumed on the morning of February 5, with delays of fifteen minutes for trains to slow down as they pass the site of the accident.[28] Commerce Street reopened to car traffic on the afternoon of February 5.[29]

Fatalities

All but one of the victims were Westchester residents. All the train passengers killed worked in Manhattan; three of them in finance, and two of them at the same firm.

Investigation

The train involved in the accident at a maintenance facility for further examination

On the night of the accident, the NTSB opened an investigation into the accident, and dispatched a go-team to the site.[37] They plan to stay for a week, collecting evidence and interviewing witnesses.[38]

Investigators said they were particularly interested in one of the crash's unusual aspects. "We do have grade-crossing accidents, and most of the time it's fatal for occupants of the vehicles, and not for train passengers," Robert Sumwalt of the NTSB told The Journal News, Westchester County's main daily newspaper. "We intend to find out what makes this accident different."[38] George Bibel, author of Train Wreck: The Forensics of Rail Disasters, agreed that this is uncommon. "Normally you'd expect the train to sweep the car off the tracks," he said. However, there were other exceptions to this pattern, such as the 2005 Glendale train crash in Southern California, where an SUV abandoned by a driver who decided not to commit suicide after all derailed the Metrolink train that struck it, killing 11.[39]

Another unusual aspect was the configuration of the third rail. Unlike other American commuter-rail agencies that operate trains powered by third rails, Metro-North trains "under-run" it, with the shoe that draws current from the rail running along the bottom of the third rail during operation rather than the top, in order to prevent ice from building up on top during winter months and reduce the possibility of inadvertent contact with the high-voltage rail.[19] To facilitate this, the ends of the third rails adjacent to grade crossings have a slight upturn.[39]

"This has never happened before, and this is a rare configuration of a third rail," said U.S. Senator Charles Schumer. "Do those two add up to the explanation for this terrible, terrible tragedy? Very possibly." But Steve Ditmeyer, a former Federal Railroad Administration official, told the Associated Press it would be impossible to be sure that an under-running shoe lifted the rail without also doing tests to see if the same thing would happen in the more common over-running configuration.[19]

They theorized that the fire aboard the train might have been caused by gasoline from the SUV, ignited by a spark from the third rail and the force of impact. However, "the big question everyone wants to know is: Why was this vehicle in the crossing?" Sumwalt said. The NTSB team believed the crossing was functioning properly, but was aware also that the earlier accident on the Taconic had led to more traffic through it. "We want to understand what, if any, effect that detour had in setting up this accident."[38]

Some area residents suggested the crossing itself was the problem. Lance Sexton, a Manhattan resident who commutes to the area to assemble electronic equipment, described using it to The New York Times: "[C]oming down the hill of the cemetery, you have to put the brakes on earlier ... There's a bank there that always collects water, making it even more dangerous." He also said he and his coworkers often complained about how quickly the train came after the gates went down, gates which had been installed after a 1984 crash killed a van driver. "How safe is that crossing—for this to happen again?" that victim's sister asked the newspaper.[40] While the crossing had undergone upgrades in recent years, including brighter lights and an additional sign warning passing drivers not to stop on the tracks, in 2009 another upgrade, which would have added a sign with flashing lights 100–200 feet (30–61 m) up the road west of the tracks was not installed. "It's way too early to be guessing about what could have or couldn't have made a difference," said a spokesman for the New York State Department of Transportation.[19]

Three days later, the NTSB investigators announced that all safety features at the crossing—the gate, the train's horn, and a sign 65 feet (20 m) away warning drivers not to stop on the tracks—were in good working order and had functioned properly at the time of the accident. The gates had gone down 39 seconds before the train reached the crossing, they said, meaning Brody had spent almost that amount of time inside them. They would next focus on whether she was familiar with the road and whether she was using a phone at the time.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The line, from Grand Central Terminal to Southeast Station, is electrified by third rail. Electrification ends at that station; only diesel trains can continue on the Harlem Line to Wassaic.

References

  1. ^ Trott, Bill; Heavey, Susan (4 February 2015). "Cuomo says death toll in commuter train accident revised to six". Reuters. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e Santora, Marc; Flegenheimer, Matt (February 4, 2015). "Investigation Underway in Metro-North Train Crash". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  3. ^ Wright, Robert (4 February 2015). "At least six die in New York rail crash". FT.com. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  4. ^ "Four People Killed After Train Derails In New York". Sky News. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  5. ^ Saeed, Khurram (February 4, 2015). "Valhalla train crossing was site of 1984 fatal crash". The Journal News. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  6. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Buettner, Russ (February 4, 2015). "Rail Crossing Accidents Decline Nationwide, but Less So in New York Region". New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  7. ^ a b "How the Metro-North Crash Unfolded". The New York Times. February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  8. ^ Ortiz, Kelly; Donohue, Pete; Dillon, Nancy; McShane, Larry (February 5, 2015). "Metro-North engineer is shocked he survived train-SUV crash that killed 6". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  9. ^ ABC News. "How the Most Fatal Train Crash in Metro-North History Unfolded". ABC News. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  10. ^ "Harlem Line timetable effective November 9, 2014" (PDF). Metro-North Railroad. November 9, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  11. ^ Juva-Brown, Theresa; Bandler, Stephen (February 5, 2015). "Union: Engineer battled flames, smoke to save riders". The Journal News. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  12. ^ a b "Six killed as New York train hits vehicle". BBC News Online. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  13. ^ The Journal News staff (4 February 2015). "Metro-North crash: Lost lives emerge". lohud.com. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  14. ^ Kleinfield, N. R.; Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (February 4, 2015). "Friends and Colleagues Remember Lives Lost in the Metro-North Crash". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  15. ^ a b c d Liebson, Richard (February 4, 2015). "Witness: 'Terrible crunching sound' and the car was gone". The Journal News. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  16. ^ a b "SUV Inside Train Gates for About 30 Seconds Before NY Crash". Associated Press. February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  17. ^ a b c ""We Need to Get Out": Passengers Recount Deadly Metro-North Crash, Aftermath". WNBC-TV. February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  18. ^ Failla, Zak (February 7, 2015). "NTSB Braces For Long Investigation Into Metro-North Crash". Briarcliff Daily Voice. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  19. ^ a b c d Fitzgerald, Jim (February 6, 2015). "Did Electrified Third Rail Make Metro-North Train Wreck Deadlier?". Associated Press. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  20. ^ Donohue, Pete; Paddock, Barry; McShane, Larry (February 5, 2015). "Driver and engineer in Metro-North crash saw horror ahead but it was too late to avert doom". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  21. ^ a b c McGuire, Bill; Katersky, Aaron (3 February 2015). "'Numerous' Fatalities in Metro-North Train Collision, Fire". ABC News. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  22. ^ Harshbarger, Rebecca; Fredericks, Bob (4 February 2015). "Mother of 3 was driver who caused deadly Metro-North crash". New York Post. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  23. ^ Harshbarger, Rebecca; Conley, Kirstan; Celona, Larry (February 3, 2015). "7 Dead after Metro-North train collides with car". The New York Post.
  24. ^ Ruud, Sarah; Armaghan; Deutsch, Kevin; Gralla, Joan; Jones, Bart; Castillo, Alphonso A.; Dowdy, Zachary; Rivoli, Dan; Fox, Alison (February 5, 2015). "NTSB: It's a mystery why SUV was on tracks before fatal Metro-North crash". Newsday. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  25. ^ "Museum Curator, Jewelry Store Worker, Finance Exec Among 6 Victims in Deadly Metro-North Crash". NBC New York. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  26. ^ "6 Die When Packed Metro-North Train Hits Car on Tracks, Sparking Fiery Crash: Officials". NBC 4 New York.
  27. ^ Tangel, Andrew (February 3, 2015). "Metro-North Train Crashes into Vehicle in Valhalla, N.Y." The Wall Street Journal. New York City. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
  28. ^ Donahue, Casey (February 5, 2015). "Metro-North's Overnight Repair Job Completed By 100-Member Crew". Briarcliff Daily Voice. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  29. ^ "Traffic Returns To Commerce Street Crossing After Fatal Accident". The Mount Pleasant Daily Voice. February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  30. ^ Ramaswamy, Swapna Venugopal (February 6, 2015). "Ellen Brody: Lives Remembered". Journal News. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  31. ^ Nguyen, Ho (February 6, 2015). "Robert Dirks: Lives remembered". Journal News. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  32. ^ "A life begun in Bangkok ends in fiery New York train wreck". Bangkok Post. February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  33. ^ Cary, Bill (February 6, 2015). "Walter Liedtke: Lives Remembered". Journal News. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  34. ^ Lombroso, Linda (February 6, 2015). "Joseph Nadol: Lives remembered". Journal News. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  35. ^ Henry, David (February 5, 2015). "Aditya Tomar, JPMorgan Technology Executive, Dies at 41". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  36. ^ Bandler, Jonathan (February 6, 2015). "Eric Vandercar: Lives Remembered". Journal News. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
  37. ^ "NTSB Launches Go-Team to Metro North Accident in Westchester County, N.Y." National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  38. ^ a b c Juva-Brown, Theresa (February 5, 2015). "Valhalla train crash probe asks 'why'". The Journal News. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  39. ^ a b Juva-Brown, Theresa (February 8, 2015). "Experts describe how SUV and train got snagged by rail". The Journal News. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
  40. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Buettner, Russ (February 5, 2015). "Rail Crossing Accidents Decline Nationwide, but Less So in New York Region". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
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