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Individuals applying Hubbard's techniques who are not officially connected to the Church of Scientology are considered part of the "[[Free Zone (Scientology)|Free Zone]]". Some of these individuals were litigated against for using and modifying the practices for their own use which is illegal according to copyright law and the intended use of materials as Hubbard intended.
Individuals applying Hubbard's techniques who are not officially connected to the Church of Scientology are considered part of the "[[Free Zone (Scientology)|Free Zone]]". Some of these individuals were litigated against for using and modifying the practices for their own use which is illegal according to copyright law and the intended use of materials as Hubbard intended.


===Word Clearing===
===Toxins and "Purification"===
{{main|Purification Rundown}}
The Purification Rundown <ref name="bouma">{{cite book|title=Australian Soul: Religion and Spirituality in the 21st Century |first=Gary D. |last=Bouma|publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2006|page=9|isbn=0-521-67389-5}}</ref> is a controversial [[detoxification]] program developed by Scientology's founder [[L. Ron Hubbard]] and used by the [[Church of Scientology]] as an introductory service.<ref name="bouma" /><ref name="refslund">{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=Dorthe Refslund|title=Scientology|editor=James R. Lewis|publisher=Oxford University Press US|location=New York|year=2009|pages=420–421|chapter=Sources for the Study of Scientology|isbn=978-0-19-533149-3}}</ref> Scientologists consider it the only effective way to deal with the long-term effects of drug abuse or toxic exposure.<ref name="refslund" /> The program combines exercise, dietary supplements and long stays in a sauna (up to five hours a day for five weeks).<ref name="emergency1997">{{cite journal| last=Al-Zaki |first=Taleb|author2=B Tilman Jolly |date=January 1997| title=Severe Hyponatremia After Purification |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |publisher=Mosby, Inc.|doi=10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70335-4 |volume=29 |issue=1 | pages=194–195| pmid=8998113}}</ref> It is promoted variously as religious or secular, medical or purely spiritual, depending on context.<ref name="welkos">{{cite news | last =Sappell | first =Joel |author2=Robert W. Welkos |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | title=Church Seeks Influence in Schools, Business, Science | date =June 27, 1990|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-scientology062790,0,2470065,full.story |accessdate=January 21, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="sommer3">{{cite news|title=Helping Spread the Word|last=Sommer|first=Mark|date=February 1, 2005|work=The Buffalo News|accessdate=2009-02-24}}</ref>

[[Narconon]] is a drug education and rehabilitation program founded on Hubbard's beliefs about toxins and purification.<ref name="GA182" /><ref name="Melton45-46">{{harvnb|Melton|2000|pp=45–46}}</ref> Narconon is offered in the United States, Canada and a number of European countries; its ''Purification Program'' uses a regimen composed of [[sauna]], physical exercise, vitamins and diet management, combined with auditing and study.<ref name="GA182" /><ref name="Melton45-46" />

==="Handling" of Psychosis===
{{main|Introspection Rundown}}
The Introspection Rundown is a controversial Church of Scientology auditing process that is intended to handle a psychotic episode or complete mental breakdown. Introspection is defined for the purpose of this rundown as a condition where the person is "looking into one's own mind, feelings, reactions, etc."<ref>''Technical Bulletins X'' Bridge Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-88404-481-5 (1991)</ref> The Introspection Rundown came under public scrutiny after the death of [[Lisa McPherson]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/death-in-slow-motion-part-2-of-3-in-a-special-report-on-the-church-of/1012234 |title=Death in slow motion: Part 2 of 3 in a special report on the Church of Scientology |author=Tobin and Childs |publisher=Tampa Bay Times |date=21 June 2009 |accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref>


⚫
==="Word Clearing" and "Learning on a Gradient"===
On November 12, 1952, Hubbard explained in the lecture "Precision Knowledge: Necessity to know terminology and law" the need to have precise terminology that cannot be confused with other words or definitions. He gave emphasis on avoidance of words that have many definitions and compared the language of Scientology with the language of Math and other precise doctrines.
On November 12, 1952, Hubbard explained in the lecture "Precision Knowledge: Necessity to know terminology and law" the need to have precise terminology that cannot be confused with other words or definitions. He gave emphasis on avoidance of words that have many definitions and compared the language of Scientology with the language of Math and other precise doctrines.


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Critics of Scientology have accused Hubbard of "loading the language" and using [[Scientology terms|Scientology jargon]] to keep Scientologists from interacting with information sources outside of Scientology.<ref>{{cite news | last = Branch | first = Craig | title = Applied Scientology In Public Schools? | work = The Watchman Expositor | publisher = [[Watchman Fellowship|Watchman Fellowship ministry]] | year = 1997 | url = http://www.watchman.org/sci/appliedscientology.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Wakefield | first = Margery | title = Understanding Scientology | publisher = Coalition of Concerned Citizens | year = 1991 | url = http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us.html }}</ref>
Critics of Scientology have accused Hubbard of "loading the language" and using [[Scientology terms|Scientology jargon]] to keep Scientologists from interacting with information sources outside of Scientology.<ref>{{cite news | last = Branch | first = Craig | title = Applied Scientology In Public Schools? | work = The Watchman Expositor | publisher = [[Watchman Fellowship|Watchman Fellowship ministry]] | year = 1997 | url = http://www.watchman.org/sci/appliedscientology.htm | accessdate = 2007-01-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Wakefield | first = Margery | title = Understanding Scientology | publisher = Coalition of Concerned Citizens | year = 1991 | url = http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/wakefield/us.html }}</ref>

⚫
Scientologists believe that material must be learned in a definite order, never skipping to material which is overly complex before it is called for. A Scientologist must receive the newer and higher levels only upon completion of the previous level. Scientology calls this concept a "gradient". According to scholar of sociology [[Bryan R. Wilson|Bryan Wilson]], the Church employs a method that has "an elaborate system of instruction, graded, set out, and scored in apparently rational order of increasing complexity."<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wilson | first1 = Bryan | authorlink3 = Bryan R. Wilson | title = Religion in sociological perspective | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1989 | accessdate = 2013-07-16}}</ref> Scholar Giselle Velásquez of University of Nevada, Las Vegas comments on this method: "the promise is that this method can improve diverse areas of human conduct and reduce problematic areas in personality."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Qualitative Inquiry. | journal = Inside the Church of Scientology: An Ethnographic Performance Script | date = November 2011 | first = Giselle | last = Velásquez | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 824–836| id = | accessdate = 2013-07-22 | doi=10.1177/1077800411423200}}</ref>



===Interpretation and context===
===Interpretation and context===
Scientology discourages secondary interpretation of its writings.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0MJrFwCHJQkC&pg=PA221&dq=site:.edu+Scientology+%22a+religion%22&client=firefox-a#PPA229,M1 |title=Book: World Religions in America By Jacob Neusner, page 230 |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref>
Scientology discourages secondary interpretation of its writings.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0MJrFwCHJQkC&pg=PA221&dq=site:.edu+Scientology+%22a+religion%22&client=firefox-a#PPA229,M1 |title=Book: World Religions in America By Jacob Neusner, page 230 |publisher=Books.google.co.uk |accessdate=2012-10-09}}</ref>
Students of Scientology are taught to direct others to those original sources, rather than to convey any interpretation of the concepts in their own words. Emphasis is placed on keeping the writings in context.
Students of Scientology are taught to direct others to those original sources, rather than to convey any interpretation of the concepts in their own words. Emphasis is placed on keeping the writings in context.

⚫
==="Learning on a gradient"===
⚫
Scientologists believe that material must be learned in a definite order, never skipping to material which is overly complex before it is called for. A Scientologist must receive the newer and higher levels only upon completion of the previous level. Scientology calls this concept a "gradient". According to scholar of sociology [[Bryan R. Wilson|Bryan Wilson]], the Church employs a method that has "an elaborate system of instruction, graded, set out, and scored in apparently rational order of increasing complexity."<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wilson | first1 = Bryan | authorlink3 = Bryan R. Wilson | title = Religion in sociological perspective | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1989 | accessdate = 2013-07-16}}</ref> Scholar Giselle Velásquez of University of Nevada, Las Vegas comments on this method: "the promise is that this method can improve diverse areas of human conduct and reduce problematic areas in personality."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Qualitative Inquiry. | journal = Inside the Church of Scientology: An Ethnographic Performance Script | date = November 2011 | first = Giselle | last = Velásquez | volume = 17 | issue = 9 | pages = 824–836| id = | accessdate = 2013-07-22 | doi=10.1177/1077800411423200}}</ref>


===Silent birth===
===Silent birth===
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{{Main|Scientology holidays }}
{{Main|Scientology holidays }}
There are several holidays celebrated by Scientologists, notably L. Ron Hubbard's birthday in March, the Anniversary of the first publication of Dianetics in May, [[Sea Org]] Day in August, Auditor's Day in September and the International Association of Scientologists (IAS) Anniversary in October.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon. "Scientology, Holidays of the Church of." Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Ed. J. Gordon Melton. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 789-791. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Jan. 2014.</ref> Most official celebrations are scheduled on weekends as a convenience to members. Scientologists also celebrate holidays such as Christmas, Easter and New Year's Eve, as well as other local celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientology.org/wis/wiseng/39/39-idx.htm |title=Scientology Beliefs & Practices: What is Scientology? |publisher=Scientology.org |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> Scientologists also celebrate religious holidays depending on other religious beliefs, as Scientologists very often retain their original affiliations with faiths in which they were raised.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/31/christian.scientology/index.html | work=CNN | title=Some Christian pastors embrace Scientology - CNN.com | date=1 November 2007 | accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>
There are several holidays celebrated by Scientologists, notably L. Ron Hubbard's birthday in March, the Anniversary of the first publication of Dianetics in May, [[Sea Org]] Day in August, Auditor's Day in September and the International Association of Scientologists (IAS) Anniversary in October.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon. "Scientology, Holidays of the Church of." Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations. Ed. J. Gordon Melton. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 789-791. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 8 Jan. 2014.</ref> Most official celebrations are scheduled on weekends as a convenience to members. Scientologists also celebrate holidays such as Christmas, Easter and New Year's Eve, as well as other local celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientology.org/wis/wiseng/39/39-idx.htm |title=Scientology Beliefs & Practices: What is Scientology? |publisher=Scientology.org |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> Scientologists also celebrate religious holidays depending on other religious beliefs, as Scientologists very often retain their original affiliations with faiths in which they were raised.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/10/31/christian.scientology/index.html | work=CNN | title=Some Christian pastors embrace Scientology - CNN.com | date=1 November 2007 | accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>

===Applications of "Ethics" and "Disconnection"===
{{main|Ethics (Scientology)|Suppressive Person|Disconnection}}
Scientology has an internal justice system (the ''Ethics'' system) designed to deal with unethical or antisocial behavior.<ref name="GA180" /><ref name="Melton34">{{harvnb|Melton|2000|p=34}}</ref> Ethics officers are present in every org; they are tasked with ensuring correct application of Scientology technology and deal with violations such as non-compliance with standard procedures or any other behavior adversely affecting an org's performance, ranging from errors and misdemeanors to crimes and suppressive acts, as defined by internal documents.<ref name="GA181">{{harvnb|Cowan|Bromley|2006|p=181}}</ref> Scientology teaches that spiritual progress requires and enables the attainment of high ''"[[Ethics (Scientology)|ethical]]"'' standards.<ref name="Neusner228"/> In Scientology, rationality is stressed over morality.<ref name="Neusner228"/> Actions are considered ''ethical'' if they promote ''survival'' across all eight ''dynamics'', thus benefiting the greatest number of people or things possible while harming the fewest.<ref name="Melton33-34">{{harvnb|Melton|2000|pp=33–34}}</ref>

While Scientology states that many social problems are the unintentional results of people's imperfections, it asserts that there are also truly malevolent individuals.<ref name="GA177" /> Hubbard believed that approximately 80 percent of all people are what he called ''social personalities''{{spaced ndash}}people who welcome and contribute to the welfare of others.<ref name="GA177" /> The remaining 20 percent of the population, Hubbard thought, were ''[[Suppressive Person|suppressive persons]]''.<ref name="GA177" /> According to Hubbard, only about 2.5 percent of this 20 percent are hopelessly antisocial personalities; these make up the small proportion of truly dangerous individuals in humanity: "the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans, the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords."<ref name="GA177" /><ref name="ZP146-147">{{harvnb|Zellner|Petrowsky|1998|pp=146–147}}</ref> Scientologists believe that any contact with suppressive or antisocial individuals has an adverse effect on one's spiritual condition, necessitating [[disconnection]].<ref name="GA177" /><ref name="ZP146-147" />

In Scientology, defectors who turn into critics of the movement are declared suppressive persons,<ref name="isbn978-0-04-445687-2">{{cite book |author=Marshall, Gordon |title=In praise of sociology |publisher=Unwin Hyman |location=Boston |year=1990 |page=187 |isbn=978-0-04-445687-2}}</ref><ref name="strangetimes101">{{harvnb|Flowers|1984|p=101}}</ref><ref name="netwars">{{cite book |author=Grossman, Wendy |title=Net. wars |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |year=1997 |page=73 |isbn=978-0-8147-3103-1}}</ref><ref name="isbn978-0-691-12582-4">{{cite book |author=Greenawalt, Kent |title=Religion and the Constitution |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J |year=2006 |page=298 |isbn=978-0-691-12582-4}}</ref> and the Church of Scientology has a reputation for moving aggressively against such detractors.<ref name="Melton36">{{harvnb|Melton|2000|p=36}}</ref> A Scientologist who is actively in communication with a suppressive person and as a result shows signs of antisocial behaviour is referred to as a ''Potential Trouble Source''.<ref name="newreli">{{cite book |author=Bednarowski, Mary Farrell |title=New Religions and the Theological Imagination in America (Religion in North America) |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |year=1995 |page=114 |isbn=978-0-253-20952-8}}</ref><ref name="altreliny">{{cite book |author=Miller, Timothy |title=America's alternative religions |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, N.Y |year=1995 |page=388 |isbn=978-0-7914-2397-4}}</ref>
==="Fair Game"===
{{main|Fair Game (Scientology)}}
The term ''Fair Game'' is used to describe policies and practices carried out by the against people the Church perceives as its enemies. Hubbard established the policy in the 1950s, in response to criticism both from within and outside his organization.<ref name="urban2006" /><ref name="urban2008">{{cite journal|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|year=2008|title=Secrecy and New Religious Movements: Concealment, Surveillance, and Privacy in a New Age of Information|journal=Religion Compass|publisher=Wiley |volume=2|issue=1|pages=66–83|issn=1749-8171|doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2007.00052.x|ref=harv}}</ref> Individuals or groups who are "Fair Game" are judged to be a threat to the Church and, according to the policy, can be punished and harassed using any and all means possible.<ref name="urban2006" /><ref name="urban2008" /><ref name="streeter_fairgame">{{Harvnb|Streeter|2008|pp=217–219}}</ref>

Hubbard and his followers targeted many individuals as well as government officials and agencies, including a [[Operation Snow White|program of covert and illegal infiltration]] of the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] and other [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] agencies during the 1970s.<ref name="urban2006" /><ref name="urban2008" /> They also conducted private investigations, [[character assassination]] and [[lawsuit|legal action]] against the Church's critics in the media.<ref name="urban2006" /> The policy remains in effect and has been defended by the Church of Scientology as a core religious practice.<ref name="wollersheim212calapp3d872">Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology, 212 Cal. App. 3d 872 (Cal. App. 2d Dist. 1989)</ref><ref name="flinnp4032">Frank K. Flinn testimony in Church of Scientology of California, 1984, vol.23, pp.4032-4160</ref><ref name="wollersheimb023193">Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology of California, Court of Appeal of the State of California, civ.no.B023193, 18 July 1989</ref>


==Controversy==
==Controversy==

Revision as of 23:02, 19 August 2015

The Church of Scientology says that a human is an immortal, spiritual being (thetan) that is resident in a physical body. The thetan has had innumerable past lives and it is observed in advanced Scientology texts that lives preceding the thetan's arrival on Earth were lived in extraterrestrial cultures. Based on case studies at advanced levels, it is predicted that any Scientologist undergoing auditing will eventually come across and recount a common series of events.

According to the Church, founder L. Ron Hubbard's discovery of the thetan places Scientology at the heart of the human quest for meaning, and proves that "its origins are as ancient as religious thought itself." However, Scientology considers that its understanding of the theta distinguishes it from other religious traditions, especially Judaism and Christianity, in three important ways. First, while many religions fuse the concept of the body and the soul, the thetan (spirit) is separate and independent. Second, unlike the three great world monotheisms, Scientologists believe in past lives and that the thetan has lived through many, perhaps thousands of lifetimes. Third, contrary to Christian concepts of original sin, Scientology holds to the intrinsic goodness of a being and believes that the spiritual essence has lost touch with its nature. "The spirit, then, is not a thing," Hubbard writes. "It is the creator of things."[1]

Scientology describes itself as the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, others, and all of life. One purpose of Scientology, as stated by the Church of Scientology, is to become certain of one's spiritual existence and one's relationship to God, or the "Supreme Being."[2] Scientologists also believe that people have innate, yet suppressed, power and ability which can be regained if cleared of enforced and unwanted behaviour patterns and discomforts.[3][4] Scientology is described as "a religion to help people use scientific approaches to self-actualize their full potential."[5] Believers reach their full potential "when they understand themselves in their true relationship to the physical universe and the Supreme Being. "[5] There have been many scholarly studies of Scientology and the books are freely available in bookshops, churches and most libraries.[5]

The Church of Scientology believes that "Man is basically good, that he is seeking to survive, (and) that his survival depends on himself and his attainment of brotherhood with the universe," as stated in the Creed of the Church of Scientology.[6]

Roy Wallis of Columbia University describes Scientology as "a movement that straddles the boundaries between psychology and religion, [offering] a graded hierarchy of 'auditing' and training, which will ultimately release fully all the individual's inner potential."[7]

Scientology does not require that their members must exclusively believe in Scientology, distinguishing it from biblical religions. Scientologists may profess belief in other religions, such as Protestantism and Catholicism, and may participate in their activities and sacred rites. Jacob Neusner emphasizes this in the section on Scientology in his book World Religions in America.[8]

Wilson writes that Scientology "constitutes a religious system set forth in the terms of scientific discourse." Hubbard similarly states that "along with science, Scientology can achieve positive invariable results. Given the same conditions, one always get the same results ... What has happened is the superstition has been subtracted from spiritual studies."[9]

Core beliefs and practices

"Reactive mind" and traumatic memories

See also: Dianetics and Auditing (Scientology)
A Scientologist introduces the E-meter to a potential student

Scientology presents two major divisions of the mind.[10] The reactive mind is thought to absorb all pain and emotional trauma, while the analytical mind is a rational mechanism which is responsible for consciousness.[11][12] The reactive mind stores mental images which are not readily available to the analytical (conscious) mind; these are referred to as engrams.[13] Engrams are painful and debilitating; as they accumulate, people move further away from their true identity.[8] To avoid this fate is Scientology's basic goal.[8] Dianetic auditing is one way by which the Scientologist may progress toward the Clear state, winning gradual freedom from the reactive mind's engrams, and acquiring certainty of his or her reality as a thetan.[14]

Scientology asserts that people have hidden abilities which have not yet been fully realized.[15] It is believed that increased spiritual awareness and physical benefits are accomplished through counseling sessions referred to as auditing.[16] Through auditing, it is said that people can solve their problems and free themselves of engrams.[17] This restores them to their natural condition as thetans and enables them to be at cause in their daily lives, responding rationally and creatively to life events rather than reacting to them under the direction of stored engrams.[18] Accordingly, those who study Scientology materials and receive auditing sessions advance from a status of Preclear to Clear and Operating Thetan.[19] Scientology's utopian aim is to "clear the planet", a world in which everyone has cleared themselves of their engrams.[20]

Auditing is a one-on-one session with a Scientology counselor or auditor.[21] It bears a superficial similarity to confession or pastoral counseling, but the auditor records and stores all information received and does not dispense forgiveness or advice the way a pastor or priest might do.[21] Instead, the auditor's task is to help a person discover and understand engrams, and their limiting effects, for him- or herself.[21] Most auditing requires an E-meter, a device that measures minute changes in electrical resistance through the body when a person holds electrodes (metal "cans"), and a small current is passed through them.[17][21]

Scientology asserts that watching for changes in the E-meter's display helps locate engrams.[21] Once an area of concern has been identified, the auditor asks the individual specific questions about it, in order to help him or her eliminate the engram, and uses the E-meter to confirm that the engram's "charge" has been dissipated and the engram has in fact been cleared.[21] As the individual progresses, the focus of auditing moves from simple engrams to engrams of increasing complexity.[21] At the more advanced OT auditing levels, Scientologists perform solo auditing sessions, acting as their own auditors.[21]

Auditing

Main article: Auditing (Scientology)

One central practice of Scientology is an activity known as "auditing" (listening) which seeks to elevate an adherent to a state of "clear", one of freedom from the influences of the reactive mind. The practice is one wherein a counselor called an "auditor" addresses a series of questions to a preclear, observes and records the preclear's responses, and acknowledges them. An important element in all forms of auditing is to not suggest answers to the preclear or invalidate or degrade what the preclear says in response. It is of utmost importance the auditor create a truly safe and distraction free environment for the session.

The term "Clear" is derived from a button on a calculator that deletes previous calculations. According to Scientology beliefs, Clears are "optimal individuals" and "they have been cleared of false information and memories of traumatic experiences that prevent them from adapting to the world around them in a natural and appropriate fashion." Scientologists believe that clears become more successful in their daily lives, "be healthier, experience less stress, and possess better communication skills."[22]

"Auditing" is sometimes seen as controversial, because auditing sessions are permanently recorded and stored within what are called "preclear folders". Scientologists believe that the practice of auditing helps them overcome the debilitating effects of traumatic experiences, most of which have accumulated over a multitude of lifetimes.[1] The folders are kept in accordance with the Priest/Penitent legal parameters which do not allow these folders to be seen or used for any other purpose or seen by any others who are not directly involved in supervising that person's auditing progress.

Auditors are required to become proficient with the use of their E-meters. The device measures the subject's galvanic skin response in a manner similar to a polygraph (lie detector), but with only one electrode per hand rather than multiple sensors.[23] The E-meter is primarily used in auditing, which "aims to remove (engrams) to produce a state of 'clear.'"[24] Auditors do not receive final certification until they have successfully completed an internship, and have demonstrated a proven ability in the skills they have been trained in.[original research?] Auditors often practice their auditing with each other, as well as friends or family. Church members pair up often to get their training, doing the same course at the same time, so that they can audit each other up through the various Scientology levels.

According to scholar Harriet Whitehead, the Church of Scientology "has developed a fine tooled hierarchically organized system of audit (training) sessions where the technology of these sessions, in fact, is the treatment leading to processes of renunciation and eventually reformulation in the individual," which is similar to psychoanalysis.[25]

Emotion "Tone Scale" and Survival

Main articles: Tone scale and Science of Survival

Scientology uses an emotional classification system called the tone scale.[26] The tone scale is a tool used in auditing; Scientologists maintain that knowing a person's place on the scale makes it easier to predict his or her actions and assists in bettering his or her condition.[27]

Scientology emphasizes the importance of survival, which it subdivides into eight classifications that are referred to as "dynamics".[28][29] An individual's desire to survive is considered to be the first dynamic, while the second dynamic relates to procreation and family.[28][30] The remaining dynamics encompass wider fields of action, involving groups, mankind, all life, the physical universe, the spirit, and the Infinity, often associated with the Supreme Being.[28] The optimum solution to any problem is held to be the one that brings the greatest benefit to the greatest number of dynamics.[28]


ARC and KRC triangles

The ARC and KRC triangles are concept maps which show a relationship among three concepts to form another concept. These two triangles are present in the Scientology logo.

The KRC triangle is the uppermost triangle. It combines the components of "Knowledge" "Responsibility" and "Control". A Scientologist must gain Knowledge of, take Responsibility for, and effectively exert Control over elements of his or her environment.

The ARC triangle is the lower triangle. It is a summary representation of the knowledge the Scientologist strives for.[8] It combines three components: "Affinity" is the degree of affection, love or liking, i.e. an emotional state.[8] "Reality" reflects consensual reality, that is agreements on what is real.[8] "Communication", believed to be the most important element of the triangle, is the exchange of ideas.[8] Scientologists believe that improving one of the three aspects of the ARC triangle "increases the level" of the other two but the most important aspect of this triangle is "communication" mainly because communication drives the other two aspects: "affinity" and "reality".[31] Scientologists believe that ineffective communication is a chief cause of human survival problems, and this is reflected by efforts at all levels within the movement to ensure clear communication, the presence of unabridged standard dictionaries for example being an established feature of Scientology centers.[8]

The two triangles are connected by a letter "S", standing for SCIO (Latin > "I Know"). Church of Scientology doctrine defines scio as 'knowing in the fullest sense of the word'. It links the two triangles together.

The Dynamics

  1. The first dynamic is the urge toward survival of self.
  2. The second dynamic is the urge toward survival through sex, or children. This dynamic actually has two divisions. The second dynamic (a) is the sexual act itself and second dynamic (b) is the family unit, including the rearing of children.
  3. The third dynamic is the urge toward survival through a group of individuals or as a group. Any group or part of an entire class could be considered to be a part of the third dynamic. The school, the club, the team, the town, the nation are examples of groups.
  4. The fourth dynamic is the urge toward survival through all mankind and as all mankind.
  5. The fifth dynamic is the urge toward survival through life forms such as animals, birds, insects, fish and vegetation, and is the urge to survive as these.
  6. The sixth dynamic is the urge toward survival as the physical universe and has as its components Matter, Energy, Space and Time, from which we derive the word MEST.
  7. The seventh dynamic is the urge toward survival through spirits or as a spirit. Anything spiritual, with or without identity, would come under the seventh dynamic. A sub-heading of this dynamic is ideas and concepts such as beauty and the desire to survive through these.
  8. The eighth dynamic is the urge toward survival through the Supreme Being, or more exactly, infinity.

Thetans

See also: Purification Rundown

According to L. Ron Hubbard's book The History of Man, published in 1952, there are two entities housed by the human body, a genetic entity (whose purpose is to carry on the evolutionary line) and a "Thetan" or consciousness "that has the capacity to separate from body and mind." According to Hubbard, "In man's long evolutionary development the Thetan has been trapped by the engrams formed at various stages of embodiment." Scientology training is aimed at clearing the person of all engrams, thus creating an "Operating Thetan." "Among the abilities of the Operating Thetan is the soul's capacity to leave and operate apart from the body."[32]

People are viewed as spiritual beings that have minds and bodies and a person's "spiritual essence" is called the Thetan.[33] Scientology teaches that "a thetan is the person himself, not his body or his name or the physical universe, his mind or anything else." According to the doctrine, "one does not have a thetan, he is a thetan."[34]

Afterlife

In Scientology the human body is regarded as similar to that of other religions in that the spirit will then leave the body. "Life and personality go on. The physical part of the organism ceases to function." (Ref: Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary)

Scientology also subscribes to the belief of "past lives", not in the sense of being born in different life forms, but "to be born again into the flesh or into another body".[citation needed] Scientologists refer to this belief as "past lives" and not reincarnation. A person cannot move forward unless "aberrations" from past lives are handled. According to Scientology beliefs, "the individual comes back. He has a responsibility for what goes on today since he will experience it tomorrow."[35][36]

"Infinity"

The Church of Scientology states that it has no set dogma on God and allows individuals to come to their own understanding of God.[37] In Scientology, "vastly more emphasis is given to the godlike nature of the person and to the workings of the human mind than to the nature of God."[38] Scientologists believe in an "Infinity" ("the All-ness of All"). They recite a formal prayer for total freedom at meetings, which include the verses "May the author of the universe enable all men to reach an understanding of their spiritual nature. May awareness and understanding of life expand, so that all may come to know the author of the universe. And may others also reach this understanding which brings Total Freedom ... Freedom from war, and poverty, and want; freedom to be; freedom to do and freedom to have. Freedom to use and understand Man's potential -- a potential that is God-given and Godlike." The prayer commences with "May God let it be so."[39] [40]

Science

The church considers itself scientific, although this belief has no basis in true science.[41] Scientologists believe that "all religious claims can be verified through experimentation", according to religious scholar Mikael Rothstein.[41] Scientologists believe that their religion was derived through scientific methods, that Hubbard found knowledge through studying and thinking, not through revelation. The "science" of Dianetics, however, was never accepted by the scientific community, which caused Hubbard to change its form into a religion.[41] Religious scholar Dorthe Refslund Christensen notes that Scientology differs from the scientific method in that Scientology has become increasingly self-referential, while true science normally compares competing theories and observed facts. Scientology eschews external facts—its frame of reference is its own internal sayings and beliefs.[41]

The Bridge to Total Freedom

The Bridge to Total Freedom is the means by which Scientologists undertake personal life development. Processing is the actual practice of "auditing" which directs questions towards areas of travail in a person's life to get rid of unwanted barriers that inhibit, stop or blunt a person's natural abilities. This process is supposed to bring greater happiness, intelligence and success.[42] Training is education in the skill required to deliver the process of "auditing" to another.[43]


Morals and ethics

Main article: Ethics (Scientology)

Scientology teaches that progress on The Bridge requires and enables the attainment of high moral and ethical standards.[43] The main Scientology text on ethics is the book Introduction to Scientology Ethics (1968).[2]

Scientology uses the term "morals" to refer to a collectively agreed code of good conduct and defines ethics as "the actions an individual takes on himself in order to accomplish optimum survival for himself and others on all dynamics (eight drives in life from self to family to groups to mankind, etc.) Scientology stresses the rationality of ethics over morals: "Ethics actually consists of rationality toward the highest level of survival."; "If a moral code were thoroughly reasonable, it could, at the same time, be considered thoroughly ethical. But only at this highest level could the two be called the same".[2]

Scientologists also follow a series of behavior codes, these are: Auditor Code, Supervisor's Code, Code of Honor and the Code of a Scientologist.[2]

Hubbard said that "the purpose of ethics is to remove counter-intentions from the environment. Having accomplished that, the purpose becomes to remove other intentionedness from the environment", meaning to work towards higher levels of survival for oneself and one's family, groups etc. in order to achieve new levels of happiness and success for oneself and others.

Applied teachings

See also: L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology bibliography

Hubbard is considered the sole source of Dianetics and Scientology. His work, recorded in 500,000 pages of writings, 6,500 reels of tape and 42 films, is archived for posterity.[44] Scientology studies are achieved by the systematic study and application of its axioms and principles.[2] The Religious Technology Center holds "the ultimate ecclesiastical authority and the pure application of L. Ron Hubbard's religious technologies."[45]

Individuals applying Hubbard's techniques who are not officially connected to the Church of Scientology are considered part of the "Free Zone". Some of these individuals were litigated against for using and modifying the practices for their own use which is illegal according to copyright law and the intended use of materials as Hubbard intended.

Toxins and "Purification"

Main article: Purification Rundown

The Purification Rundown [46] is a controversial detoxification program developed by Scientology's founder L. Ron Hubbard and used by the Church of Scientology as an introductory service.[46][47] Scientologists consider it the only effective way to deal with the long-term effects of drug abuse or toxic exposure.[47] The program combines exercise, dietary supplements and long stays in a sauna (up to five hours a day for five weeks).[48] It is promoted variously as religious or secular, medical or purely spiritual, depending on context.[49][50]

Narconon is a drug education and rehabilitation program founded on Hubbard's beliefs about toxins and purification.[51][52] Narconon is offered in the United States, Canada and a number of European countries; its Purification Program uses a regimen composed of sauna, physical exercise, vitamins and diet management, combined with auditing and study.[51][52]

"Handling" of Psychosis

Main article: Introspection Rundown

The Introspection Rundown is a controversial Church of Scientology auditing process that is intended to handle a psychotic episode or complete mental breakdown. Introspection is defined for the purpose of this rundown as a condition where the person is "looking into one's own mind, feelings, reactions, etc."[53] The Introspection Rundown came under public scrutiny after the death of Lisa McPherson in 1995.[54]


"Word Clearing" and "Learning on a Gradient"

On November 12, 1952, Hubbard explained in the lecture "Precision Knowledge: Necessity to know terminology and law" the need to have precise terminology that cannot be confused with other words or definitions. He gave emphasis on avoidance of words that have many definitions and compared the language of Scientology with the language of Math and other precise doctrines.

Scientology and Dianetics place a heavy emphasis on understanding word definitions. Hubbard wrote a book titled How to Use a Dictionary, in which he defined the methods of correcting "misunderstoods" (a Scientology term referring to a "misunderstood word or symbol"). It is believed in Scientology that complete understanding of a subject matter requires first complete understanding of the words of that subject matter. Hubbard also assembled the Technical Dictionary (ISBN 0-686-30803-4, ISBN 0-88404-037-2), a lexicon of hundreds of words, terms, and definitions that are used by Scientologists. Hubbard modified definitions for many existing English words, such as "clear" and "static." "Clear" was borrowed from early computer science during his 1948 research. He likened the human mind to a perfect computer that needed to be "cleared" of erroneous data enforced upon it from engrams or painful memories. Soon after, the word "clear" as a noun meant a person who had attained such a state. He also coined many terms that are variants on standard English words, such as "enturbulate" and "havingness."

Critics of Scientology have accused Hubbard of "loading the language" and using Scientology jargon to keep Scientologists from interacting with information sources outside of Scientology.[55][56]

Scientologists believe that material must be learned in a definite order, never skipping to material which is overly complex before it is called for. A Scientologist must receive the newer and higher levels only upon completion of the previous level. Scientology calls this concept a "gradient". According to scholar of sociology Bryan Wilson, the Church employs a method that has "an elaborate system of instruction, graded, set out, and scored in apparently rational order of increasing complexity."[57] Scholar Giselle Velásquez of University of Nevada, Las Vegas comments on this method: "the promise is that this method can improve diverse areas of human conduct and reduce problematic areas in personality."[58]


Interpretation and context

Scientology discourages secondary interpretation of its writings.[59] Students of Scientology are taught to direct others to those original sources, rather than to convey any interpretation of the concepts in their own words. Emphasis is placed on keeping the writings in context.

Silent birth

Main article: Silent birth

Advocated by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard, silent birth describes "the process of childbirth where labor and delivery is done in a calm and loving environment." To provide quiet surroundings for the delivery of the baby, individuals in his/her immediate vicinity are prompted not to speak. According to Scientology practices, silent birth is "mandatory to provide the best possible environment for the pregnant mother and her new baby." Shouting, laughing or making loud remarks must be avoided while the baby is being pushed out. According to The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World, "its origins are fundamentally rooted in the principle that women, particularly expectant mothers, be given the utmost care and respect."[60]

Holidays

Main article: Scientology holidays

There are several holidays celebrated by Scientologists, notably L. Ron Hubbard's birthday in March, the Anniversary of the first publication of Dianetics in May, Sea Org Day in August, Auditor's Day in September and the International Association of Scientologists (IAS) Anniversary in October.[61] Most official celebrations are scheduled on weekends as a convenience to members. Scientologists also celebrate holidays such as Christmas, Easter and New Year's Eve, as well as other local celebrations.[62] Scientologists also celebrate religious holidays depending on other religious beliefs, as Scientologists very often retain their original affiliations with faiths in which they were raised.[63]

Applications of "Ethics" and "Disconnection"

Main articles: Ethics (Scientology), Suppressive Person, and Disconnection

Scientology has an internal justice system (the Ethics system) designed to deal with unethical or antisocial behavior.[64][65] Ethics officers are present in every org; they are tasked with ensuring correct application of Scientology technology and deal with violations such as non-compliance with standard procedures or any other behavior adversely affecting an org's performance, ranging from errors and misdemeanors to crimes and suppressive acts, as defined by internal documents.[66] Scientology teaches that spiritual progress requires and enables the attainment of high "ethical" standards.[67] In Scientology, rationality is stressed over morality.[67] Actions are considered ethical if they promote survival across all eight dynamics, thus benefiting the greatest number of people or things possible while harming the fewest.[68]

While Scientology states that many social problems are the unintentional results of people's imperfections, it asserts that there are also truly malevolent individuals.[69] Hubbard believed that approximately 80 percent of all people are what he called social personalities – people who welcome and contribute to the welfare of others.[69] The remaining 20 percent of the population, Hubbard thought, were suppressive persons.[69] According to Hubbard, only about 2.5 percent of this 20 percent are hopelessly antisocial personalities; these make up the small proportion of truly dangerous individuals in humanity: "the Adolf Hitlers and the Genghis Khans, the unrepentant murderers and the drug lords."[69][70] Scientologists believe that any contact with suppressive or antisocial individuals has an adverse effect on one's spiritual condition, necessitating disconnection.[69][70]

In Scientology, defectors who turn into critics of the movement are declared suppressive persons,[71][72][73][74] and the Church of Scientology has a reputation for moving aggressively against such detractors.[75] A Scientologist who is actively in communication with a suppressive person and as a result shows signs of antisocial behaviour is referred to as a Potential Trouble Source.[76][77]

"Fair Game"

Main article: Fair Game (Scientology)

The term Fair Game is used to describe policies and practices carried out by the against people the Church perceives as its enemies. Hubbard established the policy in the 1950s, in response to criticism both from within and outside his organization.[78][79] Individuals or groups who are "Fair Game" are judged to be a threat to the Church and, according to the policy, can be punished and harassed using any and all means possible.[78][79][80]

Hubbard and his followers targeted many individuals as well as government officials and agencies, including a program of covert and illegal infiltration of the IRS and other U.S. government agencies during the 1970s.[78][79] They also conducted private investigations, character assassination and legal action against the Church's critics in the media.[78] The policy remains in effect and has been defended by the Church of Scientology as a core religious practice.[81][82][83]

Controversy

Squirreling

The act of using Scientology techniques in a form different from that originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling", and is said by Scientologists to be "high treason".[84]

The Church of Scientology requires that all members sign a legal waiver which covers their relationship with the Church of Scientology before engaging in Scientology services.[85][86]

See also

References

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