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{{for|the assessment and treatment of human behavior|Functional analysis (psychology)}}
{{for|the assessment and treatment of human behavior|Functional analysis (psychology)}}
{{distinguish|Functional disorder}}
{{distinguish|Functional disorder}}
'''Functional medicine''' is a form of [[alternative medicine]]<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pal |first= SK |title= Complementary and alternative medicine: An overview |journal= [[Current Science]] |volume= 82 |issue= 5 |pages= 518–24 |date= March 2002 |url= http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102002/518.pdf}}</ref> which proponents say focuses on interactions between the environment and the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems.<ref name=Ehrlich>{{cite journal |last1= Ehrlich |first1= G |first2= T |last2= Callender |first3= B |last3= Gaster |title= Integrative medicine at academic health centers: A survey of clinicians’ educational backgrounds and practices |journal= Family Medicine |date= May 2013 |volume= 45 |issue= 5 |pages= 330–4 |pmid= 23681684 |url= http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2013/May/Gillian330.pdf |accessdate= October 8, 2013}}</ref> Practitioners attempt to develop individual treatment plans for people they treat.<ref name=Ehrlich /> Functional medicine encompasses a number of unproven and disproven methods and treatments,<ref name=sampson1/><ref name=Sampson2>{{cite web |last= Sampson |first= Wallace |authorlink= Wallace Sampson |title= Functional Medicine (FM) What Is It?|url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/fuctional-medicine-fm-what-is-it/ |work= Science Based Medicine |accessdate= May 20, 2014 |date= July 9, 2009}}</ref> and has been criticized for being [[pseudoscientific]].<ref name=quackademic/>


'''Functional medicine''' is an approach to [[healthcare]] that conceptualises [[health]] and [[illness]] as part of a continuum in which all components of the human [[biological system]] interact dynamically with the [[environment]], producing patterns and effects that change over time.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pal |first= SK |title= Complementary and alternative medicine: An overview |journal= [[Current Science]] |volume= 82 |issue= 5 |pages= 518–24 |date= March 2002 |url= http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar102002/518.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work = Natural Medicine Journal |title = Building a Framework for Healthcare: Institute for Functional Medicine Part of Every Clinician's Toolkit |url = http://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2010-07/building-framework-healthcare-institute-functional-medicine-part-every-clinicians/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Sperry |first= Len |date= 2015 |title= Mental Health and Mental Disorders [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being |url= |location= |publisher= Greenwood |page= 489-490 |isbn= 978-1440803826}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Lord |first= Richard |date= 2008 |title= Laboratory Evaluations for Integrative and Functional Medicine |url= |location= |publisher= Greenwood |page= 489-490 |isbn= 978-0967394947}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Lyon |first= Michael |date= 2000 |title= Healing the Hyperactive Brain : Through the New Science of Functional Medicine |page= |isbn= 978-0968510803}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work = Huffpost |title = Chronicles of Health Creation: The Naturopathic Profession's Impact on Integrative and Functional Medicine|url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-weeks/chronicles-of-health-crea_7_b_8877798.html}}</ref> Functional medicine helps practitioners identify and ameliorate dysfunctions in the [[physiology]] and [[biochemistry]] of the [[human body]] as a primary method of improving [[health]] by addressing the influence that [[genetic]], [[environmental]], and [[lifestyle]] factors have on both health and disease.<ref>{{cite web|work = University of Western States |title = Human Nutrition and Functional medicine|url = http://www.uws.edu/master-of-science-in-human-nutrition-and-functional-medicine/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work = Cleveland Business News |title = Cleveland Clinic to launch Center for Functional Medicine|url = http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20140915/FREE/140919873/cleveland-clinic-to-launch-center-for-functional-medicine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work = Chicago Jewish News |title = Functional medicine |url = http://chicagojewishnews.com/2014/07/11/functional-medicine/}}</ref> It focuses on restoring health through treatments that include [[prescription drugs]] and [[herbalism]], [[stress management]] techniques, [[nutrition]], [[sleep hygiene]], and [[exercise]].<ref>{{cite web|work = National Deseret news |title = Investing in Functional medicine to cure disease not soothe symptoms |url = http://national.deseretnews.com/article/2677/investing-in-functional-medicine-to-cure-disease-not-soothe-symptoms-for-patients.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work = Well and Good |title = What is Functional medicine?|url = http://wellandgood.com/2011/04/14/what-is-functional-medicine/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work = Dr Frank Lipman |title = Functional medicine?|url = http://www.drfranklipman.com/what-is-functional-medicine/}}</ref>

== Description ==
== Description ==


Revision as of 19:06, 12 January 2016

For the assessment and treatment of human behavior, see Functional analysis (psychology).
Not to be confused with Functional disorder.

Functional medicine is an approach to healthcare that conceptualises health and illness as part of a continuum in which all components of the human biological system interact dynamically with the environment, producing patterns and effects that change over time.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Functional medicine helps practitioners identify and ameliorate dysfunctions in the physiology and biochemistry of the human body as a primary method of improving health by addressing the influence that genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors have on both health and disease.[7][8][9] It focuses on restoring health through treatments that include prescription drugs and herbalism, stress management techniques, nutrition, sleep hygiene, and exercise.[10][11][12]


Description

The discipline of functional medicine is vaguely defined by its proponents.[13] Oncologist David Gorski has written that the vagueness is a deliberate tactic which facilitates the discipline's promotion, but that in general it centers on unnecessary and expensive testing procedures performed in the name of "holistic" health care.[13]

Proponents of functional medicine take a stance opposed to mainstream medicine and reject its models, instead adopting a model of disease based on the notion of "antecedents", "triggers", and "mediators".[14] These are meant to correspond to the underlying causes, the immediate causes, and the particular characteristics of a person's illness respectively.[14] A functional medicine practitioner will devise a "matrix" from these things which acts as a basis for treatment.[14]

Treatments will generally be those not supported by good medical evidence.[15] These include

Institute for Functional Medicine

Institute for Functional Medicine
Founded1991
FounderJeffrey Bland, PhD
Focus"To serve the highest expression of individual health through the widespread adoption of functional medicine as the standard of care."[32]
MethodEducation, Research, Collaboration
Key people
Mark Hyman, MD, Chairman
Websitefunctionalmedicine.org

Functional medicine was invented by nutritionist Jeffrey Bland.[33] He and Susan Bland founded the Institute for Functional Medicine in 1991 as a division of HealthComm.[34][35] That year, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission said that Jeffrey Bland's corporations HealthComm and Nu-Day Enterprises had falsely advanced claims that their products could alter metabolism and induce weight loss.[34] The FTC found that Bland and his companies violated that consent order in 1995 by making more exaggerated claims. The UltraClear dietary program was said to provide relief from gastrointestinal problems, inflammatory and immunologic problems, fatigue, food allergies, mercury exposure, kidney disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. The companies were forced to pay a $45,000 civil penalty.[34]

The Institute for Functional Medicine is chaired by Mark Hyman and consists of roughly 40 faculty members.[36]

The opening of centers for functional medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and at George Washington University has been described by Gorski as an "unfortunate" example of pseudoscientific quackery infiltrating medical academia.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pal, SK (March 2002). "Complementary and alternative medicine: An overview" (PDF). Current Science. 82 (5): 518–24.
  2. ^ "Building a Framework for Healthcare: Institute for Functional Medicine Part of Every Clinician's Toolkit". Natural Medicine Journal.
  3. ^ Sperry, Len (2015). Mental Health and Mental Disorders [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being. Greenwood. p. 489-490. ISBN 978-1440803826.
  4. ^ Lord, Richard (2008). Laboratory Evaluations for Integrative and Functional Medicine. Greenwood. p. 489-490. ISBN 978-0967394947.
  5. ^ Lyon, Michael (2000). Healing the Hyperactive Brain : Through the New Science of Functional Medicine. ISBN 978-0968510803.
  6. ^ "Chronicles of Health Creation: The Naturopathic Profession's Impact on Integrative and Functional Medicine". Huffpost.
  7. ^ "Human Nutrition and Functional medicine". University of Western States.
  8. ^ "Cleveland Clinic to launch Center for Functional Medicine". Cleveland Business News.
  9. ^ "Functional medicine". Chicago Jewish News.
  10. ^ "Investing in Functional medicine to cure disease not soothe symptoms". National Deseret news.
  11. ^ "What is Functional medicine?". Well and Good.
  12. ^ "Functional medicine?". Dr Frank Lipman.
  13. ^ a b c d Gorski, D (September 29, 2014). "Quackademia update: The Cleveland Clinic, George Washington University, and the continued infiltration of quackery into medical academia". Science–Based Medicine. Retrieved November 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  14. ^ a b c Knott L (6 February 2015). "Therapies and Theories Outside Traditional Medicine". Patient. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  15. ^ Sampson, Wallace (October 30, 2008). "Functional Medicine – New Kid on the Block". Science-based Medicine.
  16. ^ "Nutritional Medicine/Orthomolecular Medicine". www.centerforfunctionalmed.com. Center for Functional Medicine.
  17. ^ "Detoxification/ Heavy Metals". www.centerforfunctionalmed.com. Center for Functional Medicine.
  18. ^ Jonas, Wayne (2005). Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. ISBN 0323025161.[full citation needed]
  19. ^ Carter, K. Codell; Carter, Barbara (2005). Childbed Fever. A Scientific Biography of Ignaz Semmelweis. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412804677.
  20. ^ Hyman, Mark (n.d.), "Systems biology, toxins, obesity, and functional medicine" (PDF), 13th International Symposium of the Institute for Functional Medicine, retrieved November 10, 2014.
  21. ^ Prescott, David (June 2007). "Lessons from the California practice rights litigation". Chiropractic Journal. 21 (9): 11, 41.
  22. ^ Gaesser, G; Angadi, S (September 2012). "Gluten-free diet: Imprudent dietary advice for the general population?". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 112 (9): 1330–3. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.009. PMID 22939437. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
  23. ^ Marcason, W (November 2011). "Is there evidence to support the claim that a gluten-free diet should be used for weight loss?". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 111 (11): 1786. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.09.030. PMID 22027062. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  24. ^ Richard (December 9, 2013). "Gluten summit recap". sanjosefuncmed.com. San Jose Functional Medicine. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  25. ^ "Could an undetected gluten sensitivity be contributing to your symptoms?". www.atlantafunctionalmedicine.com. Atlanta Functional Medicine. July 18, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  26. ^ Taylor, LE; Swerdfeger, AL; Eslick, GD (June 2014). "Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies". Vaccine. 32 (29): 3623–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085. PMID 24814559.
  27. ^ The Editors Of The Lancet (February 2010). "Retraction – Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". The Lancet. 375 (9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4. PMID 20137807. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  28. ^ Baker, Sidney MacDonald; Bennet, Peter; Bland, Jeffrey; Galland, Leo; Hedaya, Robert; Houston, Mark; Hyman, Mark; Lombard, Jay; Rountree, Robert; Vasquez, Alex (2010). Textbook of Functional Medicine. Institute for Functional Medicine. ISBN 9780977371372. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "Unlocking the connection between intestinal permeability and autoimmune disease" (PDF). Institute for Functional Medicine. 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  30. ^ Grisanti, Ronald (n.d.). "Leaky gut: Can this be destroying your life?". Functional Medicine University. Sequoia Education Systems. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  31. ^ "Leaky gut syndrome". NHS Choices. April 9, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  32. ^ "Our Mission". December 2014.
  33. ^ Leyton E (2006). "Functional medicine". Can Fam Physician. 52 (12): 1540. PMC 1783750. PMID 17279230.
  34. ^ a b c Barrett, Stephen (September 11, 2013). "Some Notes on Jeffrey Bland and Metagenics". Quackwatch. Retrieved June 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  35. ^ "Founders". www.functionalmedicine.org. Institute for Functional Medicine. n.d. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
  36. ^ "IFM Faculty". Retrieved November 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

Further reading

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