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| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = iucn3.1
| trend =
| trend =
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Wilson, M.L., Balmforth, Z., Cox, D., Davenport, T., Hart, J., Hicks, C., Hunt, K.D., Kamenya, S., Mitani, J.C., Moore, J., Nakamura, M, Nixon, S., Plumptre, A.J. & Reynolds, V.|year=2008|id=15937|title=Pan troglodytes ''ssp.'' schweinfurthii|downloaded=4 January 2009}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Wilson, M.L.|assessor2=Balmforth, Z.|assessor3=Cox, D.|assessor4=Davenport, T.|assessor5=Hart, J.|assessor6=Hicks, C.|assessor7=Hunt, K.D.|assessor8=Kamenya, S.|assessor9=Mitani, J.C.|assessor10=Moore, J.|display-assessors=etal|year=2008|id=15937|title=Pan troglodytes ''ssp.'' schweinfurthii|downloaded=4 January 2009}}</ref>
| image = Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg
| image = Gombe_Stream_NP_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg
| image_width = 180px
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The '''eastern chimpanzee''' (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') is a [[subspecies]] of the [[common chimpanzee]]. It occurs in the [[Central African Republic]], the [[Sudan]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], and [[Tanzania]].<ref>Hof, Jutta; Sommer, Volker: ''Apes Like Us: Portraits of a Kinship'', Edition Panorama, Mannheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-89823-435-1, p. 114.</ref>
The '''eastern chimpanzee''' (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') is a [[subspecies]] of the [[common chimpanzee]]. It occurs in the [[Central African Republic]], the [[Sudan]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], and [[Tanzania]].<ref>Hof, Jutta; Sommer, Volker: ''Apes Like Us: Portraits of a Kinship'', Edition Panorama, Mannheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-89823-435-1, p. 114.</ref>


The 2007 [[IUCN Red List]] classified them as [[Endangered]].<ref name=iucn/> Although the common chimpanzee is the most abundant and widespread of the non-human [[great ape]]s, recent declines in [[East Africa]] are expected to continue due to hunting and loss of habitat. Because chimpanzees and humans are so physiologically similar, chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans.<ref name="GAS">{{cite book | title = Great Ape Societies | contribution = | last = Goodall | first = J. | authorlink = Jane Goodall | page = xix | editor = McGrew, W.C. |editor2=Marchant, L. F. |editor3=Nishida T. eds | year = 1996 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-55536-1 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5708185/?site_locale=en_GB}}</ref> If not properly managed, research and tourism also presents a risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.
The 2007 [[IUCN Red List]] classified them as [[Endangered]].<ref name=iucn/> Although the common chimpanzee is the most abundant and widespread of the non-human [[great ape]]s, recent declines in [[East Africa]] are expected to continue due to hunting and loss of habitat. Because chimpanzees and humans are so physiologically similar, chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans.<ref name="GAS">{{cite book | title = Great Ape Societies | contribution = | last = Goodall | first = J. | authorlink = Jane Goodall | page = xix | editor = McGrew, W.C. |editor2=Marchant, L. F. |editor3=Nishida T. | year = 1996 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-55536-1 | url = http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5708185/?site_locale=en_GB}}</ref> If not properly managed, research and tourism also presents a risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.


[[Colin Groves]] of the [[Australian National University]] argues that there is enough variation between the northern and southern populations of ''P. t. schweinfurthii'' to be split into two subspecies instead of one; the northern population as ''P. t. schweinfurthii'' and the southern population as ''P. t. marungensis''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Groves, CP |title=Geographic variation within eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes cf. schweinfurthii Giglioli, 1872) |journal= Australasian Primatology |year=2005 |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/schweinfurthii.pdf+html}}</ref>
[[Colin Groves]] of the [[Australian National University]] argues that there is enough variation between the northern and southern populations of ''P. t. schweinfurthii'' to be split into two subspecies instead of one; the northern population as ''P. t. schweinfurthii'' and the southern population as ''P. t. marungensis''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Groves, CP |title=Geographic variation within eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes cf. schweinfurthii Giglioli, 1872) |journal= Australasian Primatology |year=2005 |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/schweinfurthii.pdf+html}}</ref>


This subspecies has been extensively studied by Dr. [[Jane Goodall]] at [[Wildlife of Tanzania#Gombe National Park|Gombe National Park]].<ref name="GAS" />
This subspecies has been extensively studied by Dr. [[Jane Goodall]] at [[Wildlife of Tanzania#Gombe National Park|Gombe National Park]].<ref name="GAS" />


==Description==
==Description==
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==Habitat==
==Habitat==
The chimpanzee will spend time both in trees and on the ground, but will usually sleep in a{{what|date=October 2012}} tree where it will build a nest for the night. They once inhabited most of this region, but their habitat has been dramatically reduced in recent years.
The chimpanzee will spend time both in trees and on the ground, but will usually sleep in a{{clarify|date=October 2012}} tree where it will build a nest for the night. They once inhabited most of this region, but their habitat has been dramatically reduced in recent years.


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
[[File:Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg|thumb|left|A group of chimps grooming]]
[[File:Gombe_Stream_NP_gegenseitiges_Lausen.jpg|thumb|left|A group of chimps grooming]]
[[File:Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg|thumb|left|A nest on a tree where chimps sleep overnight]]
[[File:Gombe_Stream_NP_Schlafstelle.jpg|thumb|left|A nest on a tree where chimps sleep overnight]]
Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time traveling in small parties of just a few individuals. The eastern chimpanzee is both [[arboreal]] and [[Terrestrial locomotion|terrestrial]] and spend its nights in the trees, while most of its daytime hours are spent on the ground.<ref name="Janssen">{{cite web |title=Chimpanzee Fact File |author=Janssen, Ellen and Paul |url=http://www.outtoafrica.nl/animals/engchimpanzee.html |publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]] |date=2006 |accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref>
Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time traveling in small parties of just a few individuals. The eastern chimpanzee is both [[arboreal]] and [[Terrestrial locomotion|terrestrial]] and spend its nights in the trees, while most of its daytime hours are spent on the ground.<ref name="Janssen">{{cite web |title=Chimpanzee Fact File |author=Janssen, Ellen |author2=Janssen, Paul |last-assessor-amp=yes |url=http://www.outtoafrica.nl/animals/engchimpanzee.html |publisher=[[African Wildlife Foundation]] |date=2006 |accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref>


Chimpanzees walk using the soles of their feet and their knuckles, and they can walk upright for short distances. Common chimpanzees are 'knuckle walkers', like gorillas,<ref name="Janssen" /> in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion (a form of land animal locomotion using four legs) of orangutans and bonobos known as 'palm walkers' who use the outside edge of their palms.
Chimpanzees walk using the soles of their feet and their knuckles, and they can walk upright for short distances. Common chimpanzees are 'knuckle walkers', like gorillas,<ref name="Janssen" /> in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion (a form of land animal locomotion using four legs) of orangutans and bonobos known as 'palm walkers' who use the outside edge of their palms.
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==See also==
==See also==
{{commonscat|Pan troglodytes}}
{{commons category|Pan troglodytes}}
* [[Bili ape]]
* [[Bili ape]]
* [[Prostitution among animals]]
* [[Prostitution among animals]]
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org/ DiscoverChimpanzees.org]
* [http://www.discoverchimpanzees.org/ DiscoverChimpanzees.org]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/chimp/ Chimpanzee Genome resources]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/chimp/ Chimpanzee Genome resources]

Revision as of 12:10, 17 October 2016

Eastern chimpanzee[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Family:
Hominidae
Genus:
Pan
Species:
P. troglodytes
Subspecies:
P. t. schweinfurthii
Trinomial name
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
(Giglioli, 1872)

The eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee. It occurs in the Central African Republic, the Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania.[3]

The 2007 IUCN Red List classified them as Endangered.[2] Although the common chimpanzee is the most abundant and widespread of the non-human great apes, recent declines in East Africa are expected to continue due to hunting and loss of habitat. Because chimpanzees and humans are so physiologically similar, chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans.[4] If not properly managed, research and tourism also presents a risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees.

Colin Groves of the Australian National University argues that there is enough variation between the northern and southern populations of P. t. schweinfurthii to be split into two subspecies instead of one; the northern population as P. t. schweinfurthii and the southern population as P. t. marungensis[5]

This subspecies has been extensively studied by Dr. Jane Goodall at Gombe National Park.[4]

Description

Adult chimpanzees in the wild weigh between 40 and 65 kilograms (88 and 143 pounds). Males can measure up to 160 centimetres (63 inches) and females up to 130 centimetres (51 inches) in height. The chimpanzee's body is covered with coarse dark brown hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Both of its thumbs and its big toes are opposable, allowing a precision grip.

Habitat

The chimpanzee will spend time both in trees and on the ground, but will usually sleep in a[clarification needed] tree where it will build a nest for the night. They once inhabited most of this region, but their habitat has been dramatically reduced in recent years.

Behavior

A group of chimps grooming
A nest on a tree where chimps sleep overnight

Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from 20 to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time traveling in small parties of just a few individuals. The eastern chimpanzee is both arboreal and terrestrial and spend its nights in the trees, while most of its daytime hours are spent on the ground.[6]

Chimpanzees walk using the soles of their feet and their knuckles, and they can walk upright for short distances. Common chimpanzees are 'knuckle walkers', like gorillas,[6] in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion (a form of land animal locomotion using four legs) of orangutans and bonobos known as 'palm walkers' who use the outside edge of their palms.

When confronted by a predator, chimpanzees will react with loud screams and use any object they can get against the threat. The leopard is the chimpanzee's main natural predator, but they have also fallen prey to lions.[7]

Diet

Male chimpanzee with its prey, a bushbuck

Like humans, chimpanzees are omnivorous, meaning their diet consists of plants and animals. Some of the foods a chimpanzee will eat include seeds, fruits, leaves, bark, insects such as termites and small prey. Chimpanzees will often use a twig as a tool to help them reach termites or ants in nests and have been seen using sticks to hunt other small mammals. There are also instances of organized hunting. In some cases, such as the killing of leopard cubs, this primarily seems to be a protective effort, since the leopard is the main natural predator of the common chimpanzee. However, the common chimpanzee sometimes bands together and hunts western red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius) for meat. Isolated cases of cannibalism have also been documented.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pan troglodytes.

General:

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Template:IUCN2008
  3. ^ Hof, Jutta; Sommer, Volker: Apes Like Us: Portraits of a Kinship, Edition Panorama, Mannheim 2010, ISBN 978-3-89823-435-1, p. 114.
  4. ^ a b Goodall, J. (1996). McGrew, W.C.; Marchant, L. F.; Nishida T. (eds.). Great Ape Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xix. ISBN 0-521-55536-1.
  5. ^ Groves, CP (2005). "Geographic variation within eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes cf. schweinfurthii Giglioli, 1872)". Australasian Primatology.
  6. ^ a b Janssen, Ellen; Janssen, Paul (2006). "Chimpanzee Fact File". African Wildlife Foundation. Retrieved 23 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |last-assessor-amp= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Boesch, Christophe (1991). "The Effects of Leopard Predation on Grouping Patterns in Forest Chimpanzees" (PDF). Behaviour. 1991. 117: 221–242. doi:10.1163/156853991x00544.
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