Dogra dynasty: Difference between revisions
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'''Dogra dynasty'''<ref name="britan">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167993/Dogra-dynasty |title=Dogra dynasty | India | Britannica.com |publisher=britannica.com|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> (or '''Jamwal dynasty'''<ref name="Shome2014">{{citation|last=Shome|first=Ayan|title=Dialogue & Daggers: Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate (1192 C.E. – 1316 C.E.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q2qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|date=1 November 2014|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84318-46-8|pages=184–}}</ref>) was a [[Hindu]] [[Dogra Rajput]] dynasty that formed the royal house of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. |
'''Dogra dynasty'''<ref name="britan">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/167993/Dogra-dynasty |title=Dogra dynasty | India | Britannica.com |publisher=britannica.com|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref> (or '''Jamwal dynasty'''<ref name="Shome2014">{{citation|last=Shome|first=Ayan|title=Dialogue & Daggers: Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate (1192 C.E. – 1316 C.E.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q2qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|date=1 November 2014|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-84318-46-8|pages=184–}}</ref>) was a [[Hindu]] [[Dogra Rajput]] dynasty that formed the royal house of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. |
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The founder of the dynasty, [[Gulab Singh]], was an influential noble in the court of the [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of [[Sikh Empire|Lahore]]. Appointed by Ranjit Singh as the hereditary Raja of the [[Jammu]] principality, he established his supremacy over all the hill states surrounding the [[Kashmir Valley]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846]], the British Indian government acquired Kashmir from the Sikh Empire and transferred it to [[Gulab Singh]], recognising him as an independent Maharaja. Thus Jammu and Kashmir was established as the |
The founder of the dynasty, [[Gulab Singh]], was an influential noble in the court of the [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] of [[Sikh Empire|Lahore]]. Appointed by Ranjit Singh as the hereditary Raja of the [[Jammu]] principality, he established his supremacy over all the hill states surrounding the [[Kashmir Valley]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846]], the British Indian government acquired Kashmir from the Sikh Empire and transferred it to [[Gulab Singh]], recognising him as an independent Maharaja. Thus Jammu and Kashmir was established as the largest princely state in British India,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9eKbW3ukh9oC&pg=PA68&dq=jammu+and+kashmir+largest+princely+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq9fu2MLRAhXDiiwKHTBnCS8Q6AEIGjAA#v=snippet&q=largest%20state%20in%20british%20india&f=false|title=India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism|last=Ernst|first=Waltraud|last2=Pati|first2=Biswamoy|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781134119882|location=|pages=68|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA378&dq=jammu+and+kashmir+largest+princely+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZq9fu2MLRAhXDiiwKHTBnCS8Q6AEIMDAE#v=onepage&q=jammu%20and%20kashmir%20largest%20princely%20state&f=false|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]|last=Kaminsky|first=Arnold P.|last2=Ph.D|first2=Roger D. Long|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=|isbn=9780313374630|location=|pages=378|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> ruled by Gulab Singh and his descendants till 1947.<ref name="kashmir-issue">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-issue.com/images3/treatyOfamritsar.pdf|date=1 September 2009|title=TREATY OF AMRITSAR|author=Yakub|accessdate=2015-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rai |first=Mridu |authorlink= |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2004 |location= |pages=27, 133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x5azvT2hjW0C&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0-691-11688-1}}</ref> |
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The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was [[Hari Singh]]. Faced with a rebellion in the western districts of the state and a Pakistan-supported [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|tribal invasion]] in October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to the [[Union of India]]. With India's support, the popular leader of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah]], forced the Maharaja to abdicate in favour of his son, Yuvraj [[Karan Singh]], who subsequently accepted the position of a constitutional head of state (''Sadr-i-Riyasat''). |
The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was [[Hari Singh]], who during [[WWII]] served as a member of [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]]'s British [[War cabinet|War Cabinet]], and supplied troops to fight for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=hari+singh+british+war+cabinet&source=bl&ots=2RnjkwA4Ui&sig=n2tolX150wA9GLUmA76HKwvk1G4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB7cCqt8LRAhVGFiwKHWgiD0wQ6AEIRzAL#v=onepage&q=hari%20singh%20british%20war%20cabinet&f=false|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|date=2000|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=|isbn=9781860648984|location=|page=22|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> Faced with a rebellion in the western districts of the state and a Pakistan-supported [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|tribal invasion]] in October 1947, Hari Singh [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|acceded]] to the [[Union of India]]. With India's support, the popular leader of Jammu and Kashmir, [[Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah]], forced the Maharaja to abdicate in favour of his son, Yuvraj [[Karan Singh]], who subsequently accepted the position of a constitutional head of state (''Sadr-i-Riyasat''). |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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The term [[Dogra]] is thought to derive from ''Durgara'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in [[Chamba State|Chamba]]. In medieval times the term became ''Dugar'', which later turned into Dogra. |
The term [[Dogra]] is thought to derive from ''Durgara'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in [[Chamba State|Chamba]]. In medieval times the term became ''Dugar'', which later turned into Dogra. Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' makes no mention of a kingdom by this name, but it could have been referred to by its capital (ether ''Vallapura'', modern Balor, or ''Babbapura'', modern Babor). In modern times, the term Dogra turned into an ethnic identity, claimed by all those people that speak the [[Dogri language]].<ref>{{citation |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |title=Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFPnh9B5zncC&pg=PA178 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-076-7 |pages=178–179}}</ref> |
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The family of Raja [[Gulab Singh]] is referred to as [[Jamwal]] (or ''Jamuwal''). According to some accounts, Raja Kapur Dev, who ruled the area of Jammu around 1560 AD had two sons named Jag Dev and Samail Dev. The two sons ruled from the [[Bahu Fort|Bahu]] and Jammu respectively, the two being on the opposite banks of the [[Tawi River]]. Their descendants came to be called Bahuwals and Jamuwals respectively.<ref>{{citation |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |title=Maharaja Ranjitdev and the Rise and Fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7U5AQAAIAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra |p=141}}</ref> The members of the family however claim descent from a legendary ruler Jambu Lochan, who is believed to have founded the city of Jammu in antiquity.<ref>{{citation |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |title=Kashīr, being a history of Kashmīr from the earliest times to our own |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc0BAAAAMAAJ |year=1949 |publisher=Univ. of Panjab |p=35}}</ref> |
The family of Raja [[Gulab Singh]] is referred to as [[Jamwal]] (or ''Jamuwal''). According to some accounts, Raja Kapur Dev, who ruled the area of Jammu around 1560 AD had two sons named Jag Dev and Samail Dev. The two sons ruled from the [[Bahu Fort|Bahu]] and Jammu respectively, the two being on the opposite banks of the [[Tawi River]]. Their descendants came to be called Bahuwals and Jamuwals respectively.<ref>{{citation |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |title=Maharaja Ranjitdev and the Rise and Fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7U5AQAAIAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra |p=141}}</ref> The members of the family however claim descent from a legendary ruler Jambu Lochan, who is believed to have founded the city of Jammu in antiquity.<ref>{{citation |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |title=Kashīr, being a history of Kashmīr from the earliest times to our own |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc0BAAAAMAAJ |year=1949 |publisher=Univ. of Panjab |p=35}}</ref> |
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==History of Jamwal rulers== |
==History of Jamwal rulers== |
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{{expand section|date=January 2017}} |
{{expand section|date=January 2017}} |
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Raja Dhruv Dev laid down the foundations of the Jamwal rulers of Jammu in 1703.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f-1XyQ2eIG8C&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=raja+dhruv+dev+mughal&source=bl&ots=8nIEU50Wky&sig=YH86k25BKdNHfwwjM1SPb-gWcNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjjguiWu8LRAhXLCiwKHbBJBKUQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=raja%20dhruv%20dev%20mughal&f=false|title=Paintings and Lifestyles of Jammu Region: From 17th to 19th Century A.D.|last=Kumar|first=Raj|date=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=|isbn=9788178355771|location=|page=60|pages=|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> |
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Raja Ranjit Dev was succeed by Raja Braj Dev who killed his brother and nephew to become king.<ref name=":0" /> Braj Dev was killed during the Sikh invasion of Jammu in 1787. His infant son Raja Sampuran Singh (1787–1797) succeeded with Jammu becoming an autonomous tributary under the Sikh empire.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Raja+jit+Singh+jammu+sikh&source=bl&ots=aN4va6S7cV&sig=18_EQLjoLXPzaTsDp52A_moCZkk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxuOeLx8LRAhVEWxoKHYLeBT44ChDoAQg9MAs#v=onepage&q=Raja%20jit%20Singh%20jammu%20sikh&f=false|title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals|last=Charak|first=Sukh Dev Singh|last2=Billawaria|first2=Anita K.|date=1998|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=|isbn=9788170173564|location=|pages=29|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> Sampuran Singh with no issue, was succeeded by his uncle Raja Jit Singh. |
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Jit Singh was involved in another conflict with the Sikh empire, which he lost and was exiled into British territory. With Jammu fully annexed by the Sikhs around 1808, Ranjit Singh first allotted it to his son [[Kharak Singh]]. However, Kharak Singh's agents were unable to maintain law and order, with locals led by Mian Dedo rebelling against the Sikh ''jagirdar'' (governor).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OzZzFm4pLWQC&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=kishore+singh+jammu+gulab+singh&source=bl&ots=-zxRWhFy9w&sig=sLa1A2oq-jHP_k0bWEnpkUclom0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxnoXnzcLRAhWMWCwKHeqSC6c4ChDoAQhMMA4#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803-1920)|last=Chhabra|first=G. S.|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Lotus Press|year=|isbn=9788189093075|location=|pages=184|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA106&dq=%22jit+singh%22+jammu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7uOjA1sLRAhVEjSwKHVowDkwQ6AEILDAE#v=onepage&q=%22jit%20singh%22%20jammu&f=false|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|date=1998-10-08|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521637640|language=en}}</ref> In 1820, Ranjit Singh then bestowed the territory as a hereditary [[Fiefdoms|fiefedom]] to Gulab Singh's father Kishore Singh,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-B7aAAAAMAAJ&dq=kishore+singh+jammu+1820&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22kishore+singh%22|title=Dogra wall paintings in Jammu and Kashmir|last=Seth|first=Mira|date=1987|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=3|language=en|quote=|via=}}</ref> a distant kinsman of Raja Jit Singh. On his father's death in 1822, Jammu passed to Gulab Singh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cz2qDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT47&lpg=PT47&dq=kishore+singh+jammu&source=bl&ots=0G14meDGbz&sig=l1Z0krVS_mj8KE2xTsIIx1y2Fu4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjix5iO0cLRAhVCCCwKHZkACM8Q6AEIVjAN#v=onepage&q=kishore%20singh%20jammu&f=false|title=Kashmir Dispute Terrorism and Pakistan|last=Choudhry|first=Dr Shabir|date=2016-11-28|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781524664213|language=en}}</ref> |
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==Gulab Singh== |
==Gulab Singh== |
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[[File:Gulabsingh1840.jpg|thumb|right|x250px|text|[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], the founder of princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] |
[[File:Gulabsingh1840.jpg|thumb|right|x250px|text|[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], the founder of princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] |
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Around 1808, Jammu became part of the [[Sikh Empire]], under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. Ranjit Singh in 1820, bestowed the place as a jagir on [[Gulab Singh]]'s father Kishore Singh, who belonged to the Jamwal Rajput clan that ruled Jammu. As a ''jagirdar'' (governor) for the Sikhs, Gulab Singh extended the boundaries of the Sikh Empire to western Tibet with the help of his fine General [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]]. The Sikh rule was then extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to include the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]]. |
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After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed British Resident and Lal Singh was asked to surrender Kashmir.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 Raja Lal Singh] {{wayback|url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 |date=20120214225152 }}</ref> Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], the British government then sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh. Thus the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir came into being under [[Gulab Singh|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], as per the treaties, [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed between the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Sikhs]]. |
After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed British Resident and Lal Singh was asked to surrender Kashmir.<ref>[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 Raja Lal Singh] {{wayback|url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ000007381U00013000 |date=20120214225152 }}</ref> Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]], the British government then sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh. Thus the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir came into being under [[Gulab Singh|Maharaja Gulab Singh]], as per the treaties, [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed between the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Sikhs]]. |
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==The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir== |
==The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir== |
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[[File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Maharaja Hari Singh]], the last monarch from the Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir.]] |
[[File:Sir Hari Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, 1944.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Maharaja Hari Singh]], the last monarch from the Royal House of Jammu and Kashmir.]] |
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The last ruler of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes. |
The last ruler of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was Maharaja [[Hari Singh]], who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes. Hari Singh was as a member of Churchill's [[British War Cabinet]] in WWII, and supplied troops for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].<ref name=":1" /> |
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Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent [[Indian Union]] in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] against each other. There was an armed movement against the Maharaja's rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his troops were unable to control these fighters and his troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh appealed to [[India]] for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point.<ref name=bbc>{{Cite news|title = Kashmir: The origins of the dispute|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1762146.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 2002-01-16|access-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref> |
Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent [[Indian Union]] in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] against each other. There was an armed movement against the Maharaja's rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his troops were unable to control these fighters and his troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh appealed to [[India]] for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point.<ref name=bbc>{{Cite news|title = Kashmir: The origins of the dispute|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1762146.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 2002-01-16|access-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref> |
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== Dogras in Politics post 1952 == |
== Dogras in Politics post 1952 == |
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''Yuvraj'' (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] after serving as the President of Jammu and Kashmir from 1952-64 would go on to become the youngest cabinet minister as a leading member the [[Indian Congress party|Indian Congress Party]] in 1967. He was also the Indian Ambassador to the USA in 1989. His elder son [[Vikramaditya Singh (politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]] is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Karan Singh’s elder son to join Mufti’s PDP - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karan-Singhs-elder-son-to-join-Muftis-PDP/articleshow/39853626.cms|website = The Times of India|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> Karan Singh's younger son Ajatshatru Singh was a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) headed by [[Omar Abdullah]], grandson of Sheikh Abdullah who had abolished the monarchy in 1952. [[Ajatshatru Singh]] had served with the NC as a minister in the Jammu and Kashmir Government from 1996 to 2002. In 2014 he quit the NC to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], stating that he had done so to satisfy the "people’s desire to have a corruption and dynasty-free government".<ref>{{Cite web|title = After Ajatshatru’s switch, family has a member each in BJP, Cong, PDP|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/after-ajatshatrus-switch-family-has-a-member-each-in-bjp-cong-pdp/|website = The Indian Express|publisher = |date = 2014-11-13|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> Dogra leader Bhim Singh once close to Karan Singh had commented though that the move was "unexpected of the descendants of the secular, democratic Hari Singh". |
''Yuvraj'' (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] after serving as the President of Jammu and Kashmir from 1952-64 would go on to become the youngest cabinet minister as a leading member the [[Indian Congress party|Indian Congress Party]] in 1967. He was also the Indian Ambassador to the USA in 1989. His elder son [[Vikramaditya Singh (politician)|Vikramaditya Singh]] is a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Karan Singh’s elder son to join Mufti’s PDP - The Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Karan-Singhs-elder-son-to-join-Muftis-PDP/articleshow/39853626.cms|website = The Times of India|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> Karan Singh's younger son Ajatshatru Singh was a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) headed by [[Omar Abdullah]], grandson of Sheikh Abdullah who had abolished the monarchy in 1952. [[Ajatshatru Singh]] had served with the NC as a minister in the Jammu and Kashmir Government from 1996 to 2002. In 2014 he quit the NC to join the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], stating that he had done so to satisfy the "people’s desire to have a corruption and dynasty-free government".<ref>{{Cite web|title = After Ajatshatru’s switch, family has a member each in BJP, Cong, PDP|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/after-ajatshatrus-switch-family-has-a-member-each-in-bjp-cong-pdp/|website = The Indian Express|publisher = |date = 2014-11-13|accessdate = 2015-10-18}}</ref> Dogra leader Bhim Singh once close to Karan Singh had commented though that the move was "unexpected of the descendants of the secular, democratic Hari Singh". |
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''Kunwar'' (Prince) [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]], once a leading member of the Congress party, founded the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]] in 1982, which represents Dogra interest<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fastkashmir.com/2017/01/04/level-committees-panthers-party-only-regional-party-of-jammu-region-fighting-for-peoples-cause-mankotia/|title=level committees Panthers Party only regional party of Jammu region fighting for people’s cause: Mankotia|last=|first=|date=4 January 2017|website=Fast Kashmir|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-14}}</ref> and promotes Dogri language in the sate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/jammu/npp-protests-over-omission-of-dogri-in-language-panel-of-new-currency-notes/235653.html|title=NPP protests over ‘omission’ of Dogri in language panel of new currency notes|last=|first=|date=8 December 2016|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=14 January 2017|via=}}</ref> His nephew [[Harsh Dev Singh]] is the Panthers Party chairman, and served as education minister in government from 2002-2008. His younger nephew [[Balwant Singh Mankotia|Balwant Singh]] is the president of the Panthers Party, and has been twice member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]. Bhim Singh's son Ankit Love, founded the [[One Love Party]] in Great Britain in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/a-dogra-bids-to-make-it-in-uk-politics-again/story-Nj728TNlFVH6C7SjG2kEmM.html|title=A Dogra bids to make it in UK politics – again|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|date=1 November 2016|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 January 2017|via=}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 23:03, 14 January 2017
Dogra dynasty[1] (or Jamwal dynasty[2]) was a Hindu Dogra Rajput dynasty that formed the royal house of Jammu and Kashmir.
The founder of the dynasty, Gulab Singh, was an influential noble in the court of the Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore. Appointed by Ranjit Singh as the hereditary Raja of the Jammu principality, he established his supremacy over all the hill states surrounding the Kashmir Valley. After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, under the terms of the Treaty of Amritsar, 1846, the British Indian government acquired Kashmir from the Sikh Empire and transferred it to Gulab Singh, recognising him as an independent Maharaja. Thus Jammu and Kashmir was established as the largest princely state in British India,[3][4] ruled by Gulab Singh and his descendants till 1947.[5][6]
The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was Hari Singh, who during WWII served as a member of Churchill's British War Cabinet, and supplied troops to fight for the Allies.[7] Faced with a rebellion in the western districts of the state and a Pakistan-supported tribal invasion in October 1947, Hari Singh acceded to the Union of India. With India's support, the popular leader of Jammu and Kashmir, Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah, forced the Maharaja to abdicate in favour of his son, Yuvraj Karan Singh, who subsequently accepted the position of a constitutional head of state (Sadr-i-Riyasat).
Etymology
The term Dogra is thought to derive from Durgara, the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in Chamba. In medieval times the term became Dugar, which later turned into Dogra. Kalhana's Rajatarangini makes no mention of a kingdom by this name, but it could have been referred to by its capital (ether Vallapura, modern Balor, or Babbapura, modern Babor). In modern times, the term Dogra turned into an ethnic identity, claimed by all those people that speak the Dogri language.[8]
The family of Raja Gulab Singh is referred to as Jamwal (or Jamuwal). According to some accounts, Raja Kapur Dev, who ruled the area of Jammu around 1560 AD had two sons named Jag Dev and Samail Dev. The two sons ruled from the Bahu and Jammu respectively, the two being on the opposite banks of the Tawi River. Their descendants came to be called Bahuwals and Jamuwals respectively.[9] The members of the family however claim descent from a legendary ruler Jambu Lochan, who is believed to have founded the city of Jammu in antiquity.[10]
History of Jamwal rulers
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Raja Dhruv Dev laid down the foundations of the Jamwal rulers of Jammu in 1703.[11]
His son Raja Ranjit Dev (1728–1780), introduced social reforms such as a ban on sati (immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband) and female infanticide.
Raja Ranjit Dev was succeed by Raja Braj Dev who killed his brother and nephew to become king.[11] Braj Dev was killed during the Sikh invasion of Jammu in 1787. His infant son Raja Sampuran Singh (1787–1797) succeeded with Jammu becoming an autonomous tributary under the Sikh empire.[12] Sampuran Singh with no issue, was succeeded by his uncle Raja Jit Singh.
Jit Singh was involved in another conflict with the Sikh empire, which he lost and was exiled into British territory. With Jammu fully annexed by the Sikhs around 1808, Ranjit Singh first allotted it to his son Kharak Singh. However, Kharak Singh's agents were unable to maintain law and order, with locals led by Mian Dedo rebelling against the Sikh jagirdar (governor).[13][14] In 1820, Ranjit Singh then bestowed the territory as a hereditary fiefedom to Gulab Singh's father Kishore Singh,[15] a distant kinsman of Raja Jit Singh. On his father's death in 1822, Jammu passed to Gulab Singh.[16]
Gulab Singh
Around 1808, Jammu became part of the Sikh Empire, under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh in 1820, bestowed the place as a jagir on Gulab Singh's father Kishore Singh, who belonged to the Jamwal Rajput clan that ruled Jammu. As a jagirdar (governor) for the Sikhs, Gulab Singh extended the boundaries of the Sikh Empire to western Tibet with the help of his fine General Zorawar Singh. The Sikh rule was then extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to include the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar.
After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, Sir Henry Lawrence was appointed British Resident and Lal Singh was asked to surrender Kashmir.[17] Under the terms of the Treaty of Amritsar, the British government then sold Kashmir for a sum of 7.5 million Nanakshahee rupees to Maharaja Gulab Singh. Thus the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir came into being under Maharaja Gulab Singh, as per the treaties, Treaty of Lahore, signed between the British and the Sikhs.
Maharaja Partab Singh (enthroned in 1885) saw the construction of Banihal Cart Road (B.C. Road) mainly to facilitate telegraph services.
One of the main residences of the maharajas was the Sher Garhi Palace in their summer capital Srinagar.
List of Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1949)
- Gulab Singh (1846–1856)
- Ranbir Singh (1856–1885)
- Pratap Singh (1885–1925)
- Hari Singh (1925–1949)
- Hari Singh (Title Only) (1949–1961)
- Karan Singh (Title Only) (1961–1971) (Monarchy abolished)
Family tree
I. Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1792–1857; Maharaja: 1846 (abdicated 1856))
- II. Ranbir Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir GCSI, CIE (1830–1885; r. 1856–1885)
- III. Pratap Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir GCSI, GCIE, GBE (1848–1925; r. 1885–1925)
- Raja Amar Singh KCSI (1864–1909)
- IV. Hari Singh, Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir GCSI, GCIE, GCVO (1895–1961; r. 1925–1952; titular Maharaja: 1952–1961)
- V. Karan Singh, President of Jammu and Kashmir (b. 1931; Regent of Jammu and Kashmir: 1949–1952; Sardar-e-Riyasat (President) of Jammu and Kashmir: 1952–1965; Governor of Jammu and Kashmir: 1965–1967; titular Maharaja: 1961–1971; pretender: 1971-present)
- Yuvraja Vikramaditya Singh (born 1964)
- Mian Martanday Singh (b. 198?)
- Maharajkumar Ajatshatru Singh (born 1966)
- Mian Ranvijay Singh (born 1993)
- Yuvraja Vikramaditya Singh (born 1964)
Persecution of Muslims by Dogras
In 1837, Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu was entrusted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to suppress the revolt of the Yousafzai tribe which formed the biggest proportion of Pashtun tribes. He offered one rupee for the head of every Yousafzai man brought to his feet. He made Kahuta his headquarters and hunted for Muslim Pashtun tribes. He had some of the women spared, but others were kept for Raja Gulab Singh's harem and the rest were sold as slaves in Lahore and Jammu. It was reported that this expedition resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of Pashtun rebels and thousands of women were sold into slavery.[20] In 1863 the Dogra ruler Maharaja Ranbir Singh ordered a major invasion of the frontier areas of Yasin and Hunza to punish Muslim rebels. 3,000 troops were commanded by General Hooshiara Singh who invaded the frontier. The Dogras took all men as prisoners and many Dogra soldiers entered the back portion of the Mandoori Hill which was full of Yasini and Hunza women and their children. Those women who were injured but not dead were burnt alive and approximately 2000 Yasin villagers were killed overall. About 5,000 Yasinis were taken back to Srinagar for forced labor and many of their surviving women were included either in the harems or in the zenanas of Dogra Soldiers.[21]
The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir
The last ruler of Jammu and Kashmir was Maharaja Hari Singh, who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes. Hari Singh was as a member of Churchill's British War Cabinet in WWII, and supplied troops for the Allies.[7]
Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent Indian Union in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off India and Pakistan against each other. There was an armed movement against the Maharaja's rule especially in the Poonch district of Jammu, when his troops were unable to control these fighters and his troops retreated to Jammu, in October 1947, Singh appealed to India for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point.[22]
In June 1952, Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir.[23][24] His son Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh was elected Sadr-e-Riyasat ('President of the Province') and Governor of the State in 1964.
Dogras in Politics post 1952
Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh after serving as the President of Jammu and Kashmir from 1952-64 would go on to become the youngest cabinet minister as a leading member the Indian Congress Party in 1967. He was also the Indian Ambassador to the USA in 1989. His elder son Vikramaditya Singh is a member of the Peoples Democratic Party.[25] Karan Singh's younger son Ajatshatru Singh was a member of the National Conference (NC) headed by Omar Abdullah, grandson of Sheikh Abdullah who had abolished the monarchy in 1952. Ajatshatru Singh had served with the NC as a minister in the Jammu and Kashmir Government from 1996 to 2002. In 2014 he quit the NC to join the BJP, stating that he had done so to satisfy the "people’s desire to have a corruption and dynasty-free government".[26] Dogra leader Bhim Singh once close to Karan Singh had commented though that the move was "unexpected of the descendants of the secular, democratic Hari Singh".
Kunwar (Prince) Bhim Singh, once a leading member of the Congress party, founded the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party in 1982, which represents Dogra interest[27] and promotes Dogri language in the sate.[28] His nephew Harsh Dev Singh is the Panthers Party chairman, and served as education minister in government from 2002-2008. His younger nephew Balwant Singh is the president of the Panthers Party, and has been twice member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. Bhim Singh's son Ankit Love, founded the One Love Party in Great Britain in 2015.[29]
See also
References
- ^ "Dogra dynasty | India | Britannica.com". britannica.com. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Shome, Ayan (1 November 2014), Dialogue & Daggers: Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate (1192 C.E. – 1316 C.E.), Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, pp. 184–, ISBN 978-93-84318-46-8
- ^ Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (2007). India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 9781134119882.
- ^ Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Ph.D, Roger D. Long (2011). India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 378. ISBN 9780313374630.
- ^ Yakub (1 September 2009). "TREATY OF AMRITSAR" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Rai, Mridu (2004). Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir. Princeton University Press. pp. 27, 133. ISBN 0-691-11688-1.
- ^ a b Schofield, Victoria (2000). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. I.B.Tauris. p. 22. ISBN 9781860648984.
- ^ Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998), Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, pp. 178–179, ISBN 978-81-7387-076-7
- ^ Charak, Sukh Dev Singh (1971), Maharaja Ranjitdev and the Rise and Fall of Jammu Kingdom, from 1700 A.D. to 1820 A.D., Dogra-Pahari Itihas Kendra, p. 141
- ^ Sufi, G. M. D. (1949), Kashīr, being a history of Kashmīr from the earliest times to our own, Univ. of Panjab, p. 35
- ^ a b Kumar, Raj (2006). Paintings and Lifestyles of Jammu Region: From 17th to 19th Century A.D. Gyan Publishing House. p. 60. ISBN 9788178355771.
- ^ Charak, Sukh Dev Singh; Billawaria, Anita K. (1998). Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals. Abhinav Publications. p. 29. ISBN 9788170173564.
- ^ Chhabra, G. S. (2005-01-01). Advance Study in the History of Modern India (Volume-2: 1803-1920). Lotus Press. p. 184. ISBN 9788189093075.
- ^ Grewal, J. S. (1998-10-08). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521637640.
- ^ Seth, Mira (1987). Dogra wall paintings in Jammu and Kashmir. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
- ^ Choudhry, Dr Shabir (2016-11-28). Kashmir Dispute Terrorism and Pakistan. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781524664213.
- ^ Raja Lal Singh Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Dogra Dynasty". www.royalark.net. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
Raja Sri Dhruv Dev Sahib...Drove out the Mughals and re-established his independent rule. Mian Ghunsar Dev, of Bhalwalta (Udhampur). Successfully defeated and repulsed an invasion by the Imperial armies.
- ^ "Jammu and Kashmir - family genealogy". royalark.net. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ Hastings Donnan, Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan, (Brill, 1997), 41.[1]
- ^ Chohan, A.S. (1997). Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited. p. 16. ISBN 9788171561469. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
- ^ "Kashmir: The origins of the dispute". BBC. 2002-01-16. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
- ^ "J&K terminates hereditary monarchy - This Day in India". thisdayinindia.com. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
- ^ "The Hindu : dated June 14, 1952: Rulership of Kashmir". www.thehindu.com. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
- ^ "Karan Singh's elder son to join Mufti's PDP - The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
- ^ "After Ajatshatru's switch, family has a member each in BJP, Cong, PDP". The Indian Express. 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
- ^ "level committees Panthers Party only regional party of Jammu region fighting for people's cause: Mankotia". Fast Kashmir. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
- ^ "NPP protests over 'omission' of Dogri in language panel of new currency notes". Greater Kashmir. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
- ^ Sonwalkar, Prasun (1 November 2016). "A Dogra bids to make it in UK politics – again". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
External links
- Kashmir and Jammu, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 15, p. 71.
- Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir
- Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA; University of California at Berkeley Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list
- Brief history of Kashmir rulers with their coinage details
- Brief history of Jammu rulers with a coin image
