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The Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744) was a nomadic confederation or steppe empire in Mongolia. It was preceded by the First Turkic Khaganate (552-630) and then a period of disunion (630-682). It was followed by the Uyghur Kaganate (744-840). During the khaganate Tang dynasty China and the Tibetan Empire were near their peak and Islam was just beginning to spread into central Asia. Although centered in Mongolia, around 712 it pushed as far west as Samarkand before it was driven back by the Arabs. The Second Khaganate has left us the Orkhon inscriptions - the earliest writing in any Turkic language and an important source for the mentality and actions of the Turkic rulers.

General

It was ruled by the Ashina clan which had founded the first kaghanate. Below the Ashina were the Toquz Oghuz, Basmyls, Uyghurs and Karluks. Succession was lateral, that is, power passed to a ruler's younger brothers before returning to his son. This could cause problems in later generations. The religion of the Ashina rulers may have differed from the Shamanism of the common people. When the Ashina elite gathered on Mount Otukan to worship Tengri, women, children and shamans were excluded. Like the previous khaganate and the later Uyghurs, trade was controlled by the Sogdian merchants who had bases from Bukhara to China.

history

Outline: The khaganate was successful while Tonyukuk was alive under the first four khagans. In the last 10 years there were rebellions and seven different rulers. Note that the sources use different spellings and have slightly different regnal years. This article does not list all the variants. Regnal years in this article are from Baumer and may differ from other Wikipedia articles.

Before: After the fall of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (630) the Chinese left northern Mongolia to the Xueyantuo and moved the Ashina Turks to the Ordos Loop. In 679-81 Ashina Nishufu and Ashina Funian unsuccessfully rebelled against the Chinese.

Success: 682-734: We should first mention three people who were important but never reigned. Tonyukuk (lived c646-c725) was a general, statesman and advisor to the first four kaghans. He advised the Turks to stay on the steppe and avoid Chinese ways. He left the Tonyukuk inscription in which he praised himself, apparently with justification. Kul Tigin was the second son of Ilterish and a general and statesman. Po Beg was the daughter of Tonyukuk and wife of Bilge. After her husband’s death she was an unsuccessful regent for her son.

The kaganate was founded by #1 Ilterish Qaghan (682-91). In 682-87 he united the tribes by gathering Funian’s troops, subjugating the Toquz Oghuz (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes, Basmyls and Karluks to the west. He defeated Chinese armies and raided China. He chose Otukan as his center. Under his brother #2 Qapaghan Qaghan (691-716), the empire reached its height. In the east he annexed the Khitans, raided China and extracted tribute from Emperess Wu. In the north he subdued the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Tuva (709-10) (The attack on Tuva involved a difficult mountain crossing.). In the west he defeated some Western Turkic remnants and allied with the Kankalis, thereby almost reaching the bounds of the first kaganate. But when he pushed toward Samarkand he was defeated by the Arabs (712) . In 714 he was defeated at Beshbalik by someone and withdrew from the central steppe. His new weakness provoked a rebellion by the Toquz Oghuz. This was put down (715-16), but returning from the campaign he was ambushed and killed.

In violation of custom, the throne was taken by Qapaghan's son #3 Inel Qaghan (716). He and his supporters were soon killed by Kul Tegin who inthroned Bilge, Ilteresh’s first son and Kul's elder brother. Under #4 Bilge Khagan (716-34) power was in the hands of Bilge, his brother Kul Tegin and his father-in-law Tonyukuk. The Uyghurs, Tokuz Oghuz and Khitans were subdued but in the far west the Turgesh maintained their new independence. In 1720 Emperor Xuanzong of Tang attacked but Tonyukuk defeated his Basmyl cavalry and the Turks pushed into Gansu. Next year Xuanzong bought him off. In 727 he received 100,000 pieces of silk in return for a 'tribute' of 30 horses. He refused to ally with Tibet against China. His wisdom was praised by Zhang Yue (Tang dynasty). The deaths of Tonyukuk (725) and Kul Tegin (731) removed his best advisors. It is reported that he was killed by poison, but the poison was slow-acting and he managed to kill his murderers before he died. His account of his reign is given in the Kultegin inscription which was set up by his son Yollig.

Failure 734-744: Bilge was followed by his elder son #5 Yollig Khagan (734-?), and younger son #6 Tengri Qaghan (?-741). Yollig was responsible for at least one of the Orkhon inscriptions. Tengri was a minor and dominated by his mother, Po Beg, and her favorite. Neither khagan could hold the tribes together.

In 741/42 there were four kaghans. After Tengri killed the western shad he was killed by the eastern shad, Pan Kültiğin (Pan Kyul), who installed Tengri’s son (#7). Pan Kyul was soon killed by the Basmyls. Kutluk killed the new kaghan, installed Tengri’s second son (#8) and then usurped the throne as #9 Kutluk Yabgu Khagan (741-42). He was followed by #10 Özmiş Khagan (742-44), son of Pan Kyul and the last independent kaghan.

Meanwhile the Basmyls (Dzungaria and western Mongolia) allied with the Karluks (west) and Uyghurs (east). Ilterish Khagan of the Basmyls (742-44) called himself kaghan and called the Karluk and Uyghur leaders ‘yabghu’ or viceroy. He, or his alliance, killed the last two Turkic khagans and was in turn killed by the Karluks and Uyghurs. #11 Kulun Beg or Bomei Khagan (744-45), a relative of Ozmysh, tried to resist and was killed by the Uyghurs with Chinese help.

Later: Having defeated the Basmyls, the two other tribes fell out. The Uyghurs drove the Karluks west toward Semirechye and Kutlug I Bilge Kagan (744-47) declared himself ruler of the Uyghur Khaganate. The Chinese were happy that their Uyghur friends and eliminated the Turks but soon learned that the new khaganate was more formidable than the old.

Sources and notes

• Christoph Baumer, History of Central Asia, volume 2, pp255-270. The other usual sources (Grousset, Sinor, Christian, UNESCO have summaries)
• Lev Gumilyov, The Ancient Turks, 1967 (long account in Russian at: [1])

[1[Category:Göktürks| ]]

test

Bagha Qaghan

Accusations

Turkish journalist Ahmet Akyol asserts that Buyruk Chor was not responsible for Bilge Khaghan’s death. Probably Po Beg poisoned her husband because Bilge Khagan had planned to sign a treaty of commerce with Tang China and as was the custom he would marry a Chinese princess after the signing of the treaty.

tony

http://7buruk.blogspot.com/2010/01/tonyukuk-inscription.html

hot

1.This appears to be the same as Bilge Khagan. Should it be deleted or made a redirect?

2a: Tengri Qaghan redirects here. The only What Links here for this is Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates which has Tengri Qaghan (734-741) which are not Bilge's dates. 2b. The Gokturk template has a Tengli Khagan which redirects here. 2c. Baumer, Hist Cent Asia, 2, 263 has a Tengri Khagan (?-741). I have not yet checked other sources. 2d. It appears that Tengli and Tengri are spelling variants of a man who died in 741 and is not Bilge.

happy wops

David Christian (historian) made these observations. The agriculturist lives from domesticated plants and the pastoralist lives from domesticated animals. Since animals are higher on the food chain, pastoralism supports a thinner population than agriculture. Pastoralism predominates where low rainfall makes farming impractical. Full pastoralism required the Secondary products revolution when animals began to be used for wool, milk, riding and traction as well as meat. Where grass is poor herds must be moved, which leads to nomadism. Some peoples are fully nomadic while others live in sheltered winter camps and lead their herds into the steppe in summer. Some nomads travel long distances, usually north in summer and south in winter. Near mountains, herds are led uphill in summer and downhill in winter (transhumance). Pastoralists often trade with or raid their agrarian neighbors.

Christian distinguished ‘Inner Eurasia’ which was pastoral with a few hunter-gatherers in the far north from ‘Outer Eurasia’ – a crescent of agrarian civilizations from Europe through India to China. High civilization is based on agriculture where tax-paying peasants support landed aristocrats, kings, cities, literacy and scholars. Pastoral societies are less developed and more egalitarian. One tribe would often dominate its neighbors, but these ‘empires’ usually broke up after a hundred years or so. The heartland of pastoralism is the Eurasian steppe. In the center of Eurasia pastoralism extended south to Iran and surrounded agrarian oasis cities. When pastoral and agrarian societies went to war, horse-borne mobility counterbalanced greater numbers. Attempts by agrarian civilizations to conquer the steppe usually failed until the last few centuries. Pastoralists frequently raided and sometimes collected regular tribute from their farming neighbors. Especially in north China and Iran, they would sometimes conquer agricultural societies, but these dynasties were usually short-lived and broke up when the nomads became ‘civilized’ and lost their warlike virtues.

Wtookies

552-575: Western expansion: The Gokturks and Mongols were the only two empires to rule both the eastern and central steppe. Their expansion west from Mongolia is poorly documented. Gumilyov gives the following. Bumin gave the west to his younger brother Istami (553-75). 1. The campaign probably began in the spring of 554 and apparently met little resistance. They took Semirechye and by 555 had reached the Aral Sea, probably on a line from the lower Oxus, across the Jaxartes, north of Tashkent to the western tip of the Tian Shan. They drove before them various peoples: Xionites, Uar, Oghurs and others.. These seem to have merged into the Avars whom the Gokturks drove across the Volga in 558. (These people crossed the western steppe and reached Hungary by 567.) 2. The Turks then turned southeast. At this time the Ephthalites held the Tarim Basin (or had just lost it to the Turks?), Ferghana, Sogd, Bactria and Merv, with the Persians at approximately their present border. Khosrow I made peace with the Byzantines and turned on the Ephthalites. Fighting started in 560 (?dates uncertain) after the Ephthalites murdered a Turk ambassador to the Shah. The Persians won a victory in 562 and the Turks took Tashkent. In 565 the Ephthalites were defeated at Qarshi and withdrew to Bactria where they remained until the Arab conquest. The Turks demanded the tribute formerly paid to the Ephthalites and when this was refused, crossed the Oxus, but thought better of it and withdrew. In 571 a border was drawn along the Oxus, the Persians expanding east to Afghanistan, while the Turks gained the Sogdian merchant cities and their control of the silk road. 3. Around 567-576 (sources differ) the Turks took the area between the Caspian and Black Seas. 4. In 568 they took part of Bactria.

575-630: Ishtami was followed by his son Tardush (575-603). About 581 he intervened in the eastern Gokturk civil war. In 588/89 Turks were defeated by Persians near Herat. In 599-603 he gained the eastern half of the Khaganate, but after his death the two halves were definitely split. Heshana Khagan (603-611) was driven out of Dzungaria and then defeated by Sheguy (610-617), Tardush’s grandson, who conquered the Altai, reconquered Tashkent and raided Ishfahan. His brother Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618-630) was the greatest Khaghan. He ruled from the Tarim basin to the Caspian, met Xuanzang (probably), sent men to fight the Persians south of the Caucasus and sent his son Tardush Shad to fight in Afghanistan. His summer capital was Tashkent and his winter capital Suyab north of the Tian Shan. In the year of his death the Chinese overthrew the Eastern Khaganate in Mongolia. He was murdered by his uncle Külüg Sibir (630) with Dulo support. The Nushibi put Tong’s son Irbis Bolun Cabgu (631-33) on the throne. The Nushibi rebelled and enthroned Dulu Khan (633-34) who was followed by his brother Ishbara Tolis (634-38). There was a Dulu-Nushibi conflict and Yukuk Shad (638-42), son of the final eastern Khagan, was brought in. The factions quarreled and the Nushibi and Emperor Taizong of Tang enthroned Irbis Seguy (642-51). The Chinese demanded part of the Tarim Basin and then seized part of it until the war was stopped by Taizong’s death. Irbis was overthrown by Ishbara Qaghan (Ashina Helu) (651-58) who, after about six years of war, was captured by the Chinese. See Conquest of the Western Turks. After this there were several puppet Khagans. In 679-719 the old Gokturk capital of Suyab was one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi. The Chinese remained in the area until the time of An Lushan’s rebellion (756).

References and notes

• Christoph Baumer, History of Central Asia, volume 2, p174-206
• Lev Gumilyov, The Ancient Turks, 1967 (long account in Russian at: [2])

1pt

Even if what I did was not good, the article needs some changes. 1. 'conquest of Eastern Turks': 'Eastern Turks' normally means the Eastern Turkic Khaganate which the Chinese conquered in 630. This seems to say that Persia conquered Mongolia. 2. 'raids on the silk road' should be re-phrased: By gaining an Oxus frontier with Persia c571 the Gokturks controlled the silk road from Bokhara to Gansu and the Sogdian merchants who managed it. It is unlikely that they would raid their own subjects. If the Turks crossed the Oxus they would have been raiding the Persian part of the route, among other things. Since the time of Istami and Maniakh there were attempts to avoid Persian taxation, which may be part of the problem. Since the fighting was around Herat and Balkh they may have been trying to control the southern route from Balkh thru the Alay valley to Kashgar as opposed to the easier route thru Ferghana. It this were true it would explain a lot. 3. Bagha Qaghan: It is strange that the ruler of Mongolia would leave his realm to fight in Afghanistan. This needs to be noted somewhere. 4. Ephthalites: English-language sources say little about the Ephthalites after their defeat by the Turks and Persians and I had to dig a little until I found them in Bregel's Atlas. Perhaps there is something better in Persian. The articles on the first and second wars seem to come from Iranian sources and are not in the usual English sources. Baumer gives each one sentence and for the second his dates are 20 years different.

bags

He may have been the 'great kaghan' that was killed with an arrow by Persian commander Bahrām Chobin during First Perso-Turkic War.

Very Dry

In his journal of the first expedition the elder Verendrye trice speaks of 'my son the chevalier' without saying which one.

Etookies

Summr

In 552-555 the Gokturks replaced the Rouran in Mongolia, forming the Turkic Khaganate (552-630). They quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 the Western Turkic Khaganate in Kazakhstan separated from the Eastern Khaganate in Mongolia. In the early period the Chinese were weak and paid tribute to the Turks. The Chinese grew stronger and overthrew the Eastern Turks in 630.

The sequence of ruling groups was c400-555: Rouran Khaganate; 552-630: Gokturks; 630-682: disunion; 682-744: Second Turkic Khaganate; 744-840: Uyghur Khaganate. The Gokturk rulers were the first dynasty to definitely speak a Turkic language (Orkhon inscriptions). An important part was played by the Sogdian merchants who controlled the silk road trade and advised the Turkic rulers. The Gokturks and Mongols were the only two empires to rule both the eastern and central steppe (modern Mongolia and Kazakhstan).

Before the Khaganate

‘Turk’, meaning something like ‘strong’, was the self-description of the small Ashina clan or tribe. It was later applied to the Gokturk Khaganate and later by Muslim historians to all speakers of Turkic languages. The Chinese equivalent, T’u-Chüeh, was sometimes applied to many northern peoples and does not always mean 'Turk' in the strict sense. The Chinese report that in 439 a man named Ashina led 500 families west from Gansu to Gaochang near Turfan. About 460 the Rouran moved them east to the Altai which was an important source of metalwork for Siberia and Mongolia. David Christian says that the first dated mention of ‘Turk’ appears in Chinese annals in 542 when they made annual raids across the Yellow River when it froze over. In 545 the future Bumin Qaghan was negotiating directly with the Western Wei (535-57) without regard to his Rouran overlords. Later the Turks were sent east to suppress a rebellion by the Kao-ch’e, but the Turks absorbed them into their own army. Bumin demanded a royal bride from the Rouran and was denounced as a ‘blacksmith slave’. Bumin took a bride from the Western Wei, defeated the Rouran ruler in Jehol and took the royal title of Khagan (552).

Nominal unity (552-581)

The west was given to Bumin’s younger brother Istämi (552-75) and his son Tardush (575-603). Ishtami expanded the empire to the Caspian and Oxus. The Gokturks somehow gained the Tarim Basin and thus the Silk Road trade and the Sogdian merchants that managed it. Bumin died in the year of his rebellion (552) and was followed by three of his sons. Issik Qaghan (552-53) reigned briefly. Muqan Khagan (553-72) finished off the remaining Rouran, who resisted until 555, pushed the Kitans east and controlled the Yenisei Kirghiz. He was followed by Taspar Qaghan (572-81). The three brothers extracted a large amount of booty and tribute from the Western Wei (535-57) and Northern Zhou (557-581), including 100,000 rolls of silk annually.

East-West split (581-603)

In 581 the Sui dynasty was founded and began to reunify China. The Chinese began pushing back, generally by supporting or bribing one faction against the other. Taspar died the same year the Sui dynasty was founded. The three claimants were the sons of the three previous rulers. Taspar chose Muqan’s son Apa Qaghan, but the elders rejected this and chose Taspar’s son Anlo (581). Anlo soon yielded to Issik's son Ishbara Qaghan (581-87). Anlo became insignificant and Apa and Ishbara fought it out. In 584 Ishbara attacked Apa and drove him west to Bumin's brother Tardush, who ruled what was becoming the Western Khaganate. Apa and Tardush then drove Ishbara east. He submitted to the Chinese and with Chinese support drove Apa west into Tardush’s territory. In 587 both Apa and Ishbara died. See Gokturk civil war. Ishbara was followed in the east by his brother Bagha Qaghan (587-88) who was followed by Ishbara’s son Tulan Qaghan (588-99). In 587 Tulan stopped paying tribute to the Sui and two years later was assassinated. Tardush moved from the west and briefly reunified the Turkic empire (599-603). The Chinese supported his rivals, he attacked China, the Chinese poisoned the wells and he was forced to retreat.

Independence (603-630)

From 603 the east and west were definitely split. The east went to Yami Qaghan (603-09) as a sort of Chinese vassal. He admired Chinese culture and had the Chinese build him a civilized house in the Ordos country. During the reign of his son Shibi Qaghan (609-19) the Turks were stronger and the Sui dynasty weaker. In 615 the Chinese lured his Sogdian advisor into a trap and killed him. He stopped paying tribute and briefly besieged Emperor Yang of Sui in Shanxi. In 617 he allied with Li Yuan, the future Emperor Gaozu of Tang, and joined in the siege of Chang’an which his men looted. His younger brother Chuluo (619-20) ruled for only 18 months. The next brother, Illig Qaghan (620-30), was the last independent ruler. He led yearly raids against the new Tang dynasty (618-907). In 626 he reached the gates of Chang’an. Emperor Taizong of Tang, who had just overthrown his father, chose to pay an enormous ransom. Taizong waited and enlarged his cavalry. In 627-29 unusual cold led to mass livestock deaths and famine. Instead of lowering taxes, Illig raised them. The Xueyantuo, Uyghurs, Bayegu and some of Illig’s people rebelled and in 629 were joined by the Kitan and Taizong. Six Chinese armies attacked in a 1200 kilometer front and Illig was captured (630). See Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks.

After the First Khaganate (630-683)

After the fall of the Khaganate Zhenzhu Khan (629-45) of the Xueyantuo ruled much of the north. Taizong made the Ashina live inside the Ordos Loop. In 639, after an Ashina assassination attempt, Taizong made them live between the Yellow River and Gobi under Qilibi Khan (639-43) as a buffer state between China and the Xueyantuo. In 642 the Xueyantuo drove them south of the river. (See Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks#Aftermath in Mongolia.) Zhenzhu’s son Duomi Khan (645-46) planned to attack China. Taizong allied with the Uyghurs and broke up the Xueyantuo clan. The Ashina Chebi Khan (646-50) tried to revive the Khaganate but was captured by the Chinese and Uyghurs. Two more attempts by Ashina Nishufu (679-80) and Ashina Funian (680-681) failed. Turkic power was restored by the Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744), followed by the Uyghur Khaganate (744-840).

References and notes

• Christoph Baumer, History of Central Asia, volume 2, p174-206
• Denis Sinor, Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, p285-297 (better for early period)
• David Christian (historian), History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, p248-257 (early period)
• Lev Gumilyov, The Ancient Turks, 1967 (long account in Russian at: [3])

[1[Category:Göktürks| ]]

notes.find

Gumilyov: Ономастическая таблица.

• Gummy.dex: [[4]]
• Golden? look

Zuev: look 'Ashina' has Frye, Gaminov, Gummy

Bizzy

This needs special treatment because of the importance of Byzyantium and the better documentation. Istämi ruled from a winter camp near Karashar. The westward expansion can be reconstructed as follows: 552: Turks conquer Mongolia, 555: Aral Sea(probably); 558:Volga by defeating the Avars; 557-565: Turks and Persians crush Hephthalites, Turko-Persian border along the Oxus which lasted several decades; 564:Tashkent; 569 brief war with Persia. 567-71 north Caucasus, 576 Black Sea raid.

The Oxus frontier gave the Western Turks control of the Sogdian merchant cities. As a Chinese general complained:

 "The Turks themselves are simple-minded and short-sighted and dissention can easily be roused among them. Unfortunately, many Sogdians live among them who are cunning and insidious; they teach and instruct the Turks."

Sinor saw the Byzantine alliance as a Sogdian scheme to benefit themselves at the expense of the Turks. A related fact is that the Eastern Turks were extracting a large amount of silk as booty from the Chinese which had to be marketed westward. Before 568 Maniakh, a leading merchant, was sent to the Sassanian Persians to open up trade. This was refused, apparently to restrict trade with the Byzantines. The members of a second embassy were, it is said, poisoned. In 569 Turk armies invaded Persia, failed near Merv and peace was restored in 571. (In 588-89 (First Perso-Turkic War) a raid into Bactria failed.)

Maniakh now proposed to bypass the Persians and re-open a direct route north of the Caspian. If trade on this route later increased (uncertain) it would have benefited Khorezm and the Black Sea cities and might have had something to do with the later rise of the Khazars and Rus’. The first embassy reached Constantinople in 563. In 568 Maniakh led a second embassy, the object being trade and an alliance against the Avars and Persians. Maniakh returned with the Byzantine official Zemarchus, who left an important account of the Turks. In 576 Valentinus led a mission to a Turxanthos whose camp was west of the Caspian. Valentinus wanted action against the Persians and Turxanthos complained that Byzantium was harboring the Avars. Valentinus then went east to meet Tardu. What caused this hostility is not clear. In 576-77 a Turk general called Bokhan and an Utigur called Anagai captured the Crimean Byzantine town of Panticapaeum and failed at a siege of Chersonesus. This marks the westernmost extent of Turk power.

The alliance was revived in the 620s during the last great Byzantine-Persian war before the Arab conquests. In 627 Tong Yabghu Qaghan sent out his nephew Böri Shad. The Turks stormed the great fortress of Derbent on the Caspian coast, entered Azerbaijan and Georgia, did a good bit of looting and met Heraclius who was besieging Tiflis. When the siege dragged on, the Turks left and Heraclius went south and won a great victory over the Persians. The Turks returned, captured Tiflis and massacred the garrison. A Turk general, Chorpan Tarkhan then won most of Armenia for the Byzantines. See Third Perso-Turkic War. What the Turks gained from this is not clear.

Stuff:CK Zemarchos returned with Tagma, Maniakh having died. UTGS? DUN Christian///(Sinor Silzibulos??. .

summer

Summary: The first Turkic Khaganate was founded by Bumin in 552 in Mongolia and quickly spread west toward the Caspian. Within 35 years the western half and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak under Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618-630). After Tong's murder there were conflicts between the Dulu and Nushibi factions, many short-lived Khagans and some territory was lost. From 642 the expanding Tang dynasty Chinese began interfering. The Tang destroyed the Khaganate in 657-659. The far west of the Khaganate evolved into the Khazars.

doots

People have doubted this article since 2009. It is not mentioned in the usual English sources (Grousset, Baumer, Sinor, Christian). None speak ot 'independent states' but speak of tribal confederations, tribes, factions or something similar. The works of Zuev do not seem to be available in English. It is likely that something happened in 638, but what it was would require work in a research library. Benjamin Trovato (talk) 03:18, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

ibris

Irbis Seguy or Ibris Beg Shekui Khagan (I Pi She Kui) (r. 642-651) was the next-to-last ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate. He was linked to the Nushibi faction and was the grandson of Ishbara Tolis (r. 634-638).

He overthrew Yukuk Shad (r. 638-642) with support from the expanding Tang dynasty Chinese. Although Yukuk Shad was still active and controlling a part of the territory, Irbis Seguy had the support of Nushibi (western) tribes. During the early years of his reign the rivalry between the Nushibi and Dulo factions cooled off. In 646 sought a Chinese princess for his bride. In return, Emperor Taizong of Tang demanded the return of several Tarim Basin cities. When this was refused the Chinese invaded the Tarim. Two years later several Dulo leaders took refuge in China. With them the khaganate also lost Dzungaria to China. In 651 he was overthrown by Ishbara Qaghan (Ashina Helu) (his grandfather's nephew) who was supported by the Dulo faction and Tang China.

In 646 Irbis Seguy of the Western Turks sought a Chinese princess for his bride. In return, Taizong asked for several Tarim Basin cities. Ibris' refusal was one of the pretexts for the war. ) was the third khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate. He was the grandson of Tardu (575-603) and was followed followed by his brother Tong Yabghu Qaghan (c 618-639) under whom the Kaganate reached its apex.

He as defeated by Sheguy and fled east to Karakoja and a year later to Chang'an.

>>>>>Finish Tong Family: He succeeded his brother Sheguy. He was killed by his uncle Külüg Sibir who was quickly overthrown and was replaced by his son Irbis Bolun Cabgu. His son Tardush Shad got as far south as Kunduz. follow bro, kilt by uncle, son followed

/// According to one source he defeated a rival called Illig Beg Ishbara Yaghbu Khagan (Ashini Bobo) (ruled 639-41) and sent governors to the Tarim Basin, Tashkent, Samarkand and Bactria.

treer

Baumer has him as Ishtemi Sir Yabghu Khagan (r.552/3-75)

gaochang

Gaochang

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Gaochang in Xinjiang. The map is about 1800 km wide.

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Russian forts on the east side of the Caspian

[*[File:Caspian Sea relief location map.jpg|thumb|50px|MapCap2 -file, 50px 35-48N, 46-55E]]

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MapKZ: Siberian Line about 1800

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Two locations in Uzbekistan

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The vector cross product]] (X cross Y=Z) is a relation between three vectors in three-dimensional space which computes the Z vector from the X and Y vectors. The Z vector is always at a right angle to the XY plane according to the right-hand rule. Its length is the product of the X and Y vectors times the sine of the angle between them. The sine term means that its length is maximum when the X and Y vectors are at right angles (sine=1), is less at any other angle and is zero when the X and Y vectors are parallel or antiparallel (sine=0). If the XY angle exceeds 180 degrees the Z vector reappears on the opposite side and grows and shrinks in the same manner. If X is constant and Y rotates around the Z axis the Z vector gets longer and shorter as a [[Sine wave. These rules seem arbitrary, but they keep showing up when we deal with rotating bodies or electromagnetism.

For an intuitive example, consider a rock hitting a paddlewheel. Maximum rotational force is delivered when the rock strikes the paddle at a right angle (sine=1). At any other angle the force is less. If the paddle points in the direction the rock came from (sine=0) the collision does not change the rotation speed. When done more accurately, a force applied to a rotating body is described by the vector cross product.

If the curl of your right fingers represents a rotation from the x vector to the y vector then the z vector points along your right thumb. If the movement from x to y defines a rotation then the z vector is the axis of rotation. Further, the length of the z vector is the product of the other two vectors times the sine of the angle between them. If they are at right angles (sine=1) then the length of z is maximum. As the angle moves away from 90° z gets shorter. When the two vectors are parallel or antiparallel (sine=0) z has zero length. Holding Y constant and letting x rotate the z vector gets longer and shorter in a sine wave]]. Once X rotates more than 180° (sine negative) Z appears on the opposite side and the process repeats. For an intuitive example, consider a rock hitting a paddlewheel. Maximum rotational force is delivered when the rock strikes the paddle at a right angle (sine=1). At any other angle the force is less. If the paddle points in the direction the rock came from (sine=0) the collision does not change the rotation speed. When done more accurately, a force applied to a rotating body is described by the vector cross product..

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