Nagpuria people: Difference between revisions
→Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE): this is his regnal period - no need to state it twice |
→Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE): this has nothing to do with the people as a group |
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On his return to Chotanagpur, Durjan Sal assumed the title of Maharaja and changed his surname. Most probably from that time ‘Shah’ was added with the names of the Nagvanshi kings. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiamike.com/india/jharkhand-f144/the-lost-kingdom-of-navratangarh-t233144/|title=The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh|website=IndiaMike.com|accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref> |
On his return to Chotanagpur, Durjan Sal assumed the title of Maharaja and changed his surname. Most probably from that time ‘Shah’ was added with the names of the Nagvanshi kings. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiamike.com/india/jharkhand-f144/the-lost-kingdom-of-navratangarh-t233144/|title=The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh|website=IndiaMike.com|accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref> |
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The King [[Medini Ray]] ruled for thirteen years from 1662 to 1674 from [[Medininagar]] in Palamau.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=24}} His rule extended to areas in South [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Hazaribagh]]. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the Maharaja of Chhotanagpur. With war bounty he constructed the lower fort close to [[Satbarwa block|Satbarwa]].<ref name="palamu.nic.in">[http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html] {{dead link|date=September 2018}}</ref> |
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Daud Khan, who launched his invasion starting from Patna on 3 April 1660, attacked south of Gaya district and finally arrived at the Palamu Forts on 9 December 1660. The terms of surrender and payment of tribute were not acceptable to the Cheros; Daud Khan wanted complete conversion of all Hindus under the Chero rule to Islam. Following this, Khan mounted a series of attacks on the forts. Cheros defended the forts but ultimately both forts had occupied by Daud Khan, and the Cheros fled to the jungles. Hindus driven out, the temples destroyed, and Islamic rule imposed<ref name="palamu.nic.in" /> |
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Following the death of Medini Ray there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately lead to its downfall; this engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=29}} Chitrajeet Rai's nephew Gopal Rai betrayed him and facilitated the Patna Council of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[East India Company]] to attack the fort. When the new fort attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This facilitated the [[British army]] to occupy the new fort on a hill without any struggle. This place was strategic and enabled the British to mount canon supported attacks on the old fort. The Cheros fought valiantly with their own canons but the old fort besieged by the British on 19 March 1771.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=30}} The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772. |
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The Princly states in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], the [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191|title=Gazetteer – Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 – South Asia Archive|website=Southasiaarchive.com|accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref> came within the [[sphere of influence]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], but they became tributary states of British India as a result of the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] in the early 19th century. |
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=== British rule === |
=== British rule === |
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Revision as of 07:32, 9 October 2018
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 4 – c. 5 million [1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha | |
| Languages | |
| Nagpuri, Hindi, Odia | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly: Minorities: | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Indo-Aryan peoples |
Nagpuria or Sadān are an Indo-Aryan-speaking ethno-linguistic group who speak Sadani or Nagpuri language and reside in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region of Indian state Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha.[2]
Etymology
"Sadan" (sadān), refers to the non-tribal, Indo-Aryan speaking ethnic groups of Jharkhand. Probably the term "Sadan" derive from nisaada, referring to an ethnic group of Northeast India. [2]
Communities
Various communities speak the Nagpuri language, including the Rautia,[3] and Chero.[4]
History
Prehistoric era
Stone tools, Microliths have discovered from Chota Nagpur plateau region which are from Mesolithic and Neolithic period.[5] In Bhimbetka rock shelters, Mesolithic Painting of group dance is similar to the Nagpuri folk dance and musical instrument is similar to Mander/Madal. There are ancient Cave Paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).[6] There is a group of megaliths found close to Barkagaon that is about 25 km from Hazaribagh at Punkri Barwadih, which has been proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE.[7] During Neolithic Period, agriculture started in South Asia. Several neolithic settlements found in sites such as Jhusi, Lahuradewa, Bhirrana, Mehergarh and Chirand.
Iron age(c. 1800 – c. 200 BCE)
Several Iron slags, microlith, Potsherds have discovered from Singhbhum district which are from 1400 BCE according to Carbon dating.[8]
In mauryan period, this region ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE).
Early modern period (c. 1526–1858 CE)
In Akbarnama region of Chhotanagpur has described as Jharkhand (Jangal Pradesh). This region was known by another name Khukhra during the Mughal period which was famous for its Diamonds. Akbar got informed of a rebel Afghan sardar, Junaid Kararani, was taking shelter in Chotanagpur. At that time Raja Madhu Singh, the 42nd Nagvanshi king was ruling at Kokhra. Consequently, Kokhra had subdued by the armies of Akbar and a sum of rupees six thousand had fixed as its annual revenues payable to the Mughals.
By the time of Jahangir reign, Nagvanshi Raja Durjan Sal had come to power in Chotanagpur. He refused to pay the rent fixed by the Emperor Akbar. Thus to subdue the Raja of Chotanagpur and to acquire valuable diamonds, Jahangir decided to invade chotanagpur. The details of this invasion had mentioned in Jahangir’s memoirs, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. On getting orders from the emperor, Ibrahim Khan marched against Kokhrain 1615 AD. The Nagvanshi Raja Durjan Sal had arrested and all diamonds which were in posses of Durjan Sal had captured. He had taken as a captive to Patna. From there he had sent to the Imperial court and then imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior.
According to Nagvanshi traditions and Col. Dalton, after twelve-year of confinement, he got released and restored the prosperity taken from him in addition to his kingdom by Emperor for identfing real and fake Diamond in court. The generous Durjan Sal further begged the Emperor to release the other Rajas who had been his companions in prison and his prayer got granted. Being pleased with Durjan Sal, Jahangir conferred the title of ‘Shah’ on the Kokhra ruler.
On his return to Chotanagpur, Durjan Sal assumed the title of Maharaja and changed his surname. Most probably from that time ‘Shah’ was added with the names of the Nagvanshi kings. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.[9]
British rule
The Chero and Kharwar rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack repulsed.[10] Birsa Munda revolt, broke out in 1895–1900.
In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.[11]
In 1936, all nine states transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, not under that of any Provinces.
Post-independence
After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state.[12]
In November 2000, the new states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand separated from Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, respectively.
Notable people
- The King Medini Ray (1662–1674)
- Mukund Nayak, Folk Artist
References
- ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
- ^ a b "Sadani / Sadri". Southasiabibliography.de. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part Two edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 945 to 947 Seagull Books
- ^ People of India Bihar Volume XVI Part One edited by S Gopal & Hetukar Jha pages 229 to 231 Seagull Books
- ^ periods, India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic (4 November 2016). "India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods". Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Cave paintings lie in neglect". The Telegraph. 13 March 2008.
- ^ https://indroyc.com/2017/12/04/punkri-barwadih-megaliths/
- ^ Singh, Upinder (8 September 2018). "A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century". Pearson Education India. Retrieved 8 September 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "The Lost Kingdom of Navratangarh". IndiaMike.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ [1] [dead link]
- ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford
- ^ Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936