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The '''Staffordshire Bull Terrier''' is a medium-sized, short-coated [[dog breed|breed]] of [[dog]] of English [[Lineage (genetic)|lineage]] and may be considered to be within the [[pit bull]] [[Dog type|type]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbrc.net/faq.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Pit Bull Rescue Central|accessdate=2017-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=3080 |title=Breed Information Centre – Staffordshire Bull Terrier |publisher=[[The Kennel Club]] |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pit%20bull | title = Pit bull | last = Merriam-Webster | access-date = 26 October 2015 | quote = a dog... of any of several breeds... that was developed and is now often trained for fighting and is noted for strength and stamina }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://definitions.uslegal.com/p/pit-bull/ | last = Dias v. City & County of Denver, 567 F.3d 1169, 1173 (10th Cir. Colo. 2009) |title=Pit Bull Law and Legal Definition | access-date = 22 August 2018 | quote = A "pit bull" is defined as any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, or any dog displaying the majority of physical traits of any one (1) or more of the above breeds }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aspca.org/adopt/truth-about-pit-bulls | title = The Truth About Pit Bulls | last = [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|ASPCA]] | access-date = 26 October 2015 | quote = The term 'pit bull' is often misunderstood, because it does not apply to just one breed of dog. [This text is in the website's page description.] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Foster | first = Ken | date = 2012 | title = I'm a Good Dog: Pit Bulls, America's Most Beautiful (and Misunderstood) Dog | location = New York |publisher = [[Viking Studio]] | quote = For some lovers of the American pit bull terrier... 'pit bull' is embraced as shorthand for their breed. However, fans of the American Staffordshire terrier and English Staffordshire terrier are usually quick to tell you that their breeds are not pit bulls. To the general public, all three dogs are perceived as pit bulls, along with variations of the American bulldog, bull terriers, bullmastiffs, and even boxers, as well as mixes of these breeds. }}</ref>
The '''Staffordshire Bull Terrier''' a medium-sized, muscular, short-coated breed of dog of English lineage. Predominantly found in the United Kingdom, this breed is considered to be within the [[pit bull]] type.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://definitions.uslegal.com/p/pit-bull/|title=Pit Bull Law and Legal Definition|last=Dias v. City & County of Denver, 567 F.3d 1169, 1173 (10th Cir. Colo. 2009)|access-date=22 August 2018|quote=A "pit bull" is defined as any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, or any dog displaying the majority of physical traits of any one (1) or more of the above breeds}}</ref> The English counterpart to the [[American Staffordshire Terrier]], this breed is known to be a family-oriented dog, despite a fighting dog past, and is prone to a multitude of health issues.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=3080|title=Breed Information Centre – Staffordshire Bull Terrier|publisher=[[The Kennel Club]]|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pit%20bull|title=Pit bull|last=Merriam-Webster|access-date=26 October 2015|quote=a dog... of any of several breeds... that was developed and is now often trained for fighting and is noted for strength and stamina}}</ref> The breed, because it is considered part of the pit bull type, is often subjected to breed-specific legislation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.aspca.org/adopt/truth-about-pit-bulls | title = The Truth About Pit Bulls | last = [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|ASPCA]] | access-date = 26 October 2015 | quote = The term 'pit bull' is often misunderstood, because it does not apply to just one breed of dog. [This text is in the website's page description.] }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Before the 19th century, [[blood sport]]s such as [[bull baiting]], [[bear baiting]] and [[cock fighting]] were common. At the [[Market (economics)|cattle market]], dogs were set upon bulls, purportedly towards tenderising the meat but actually to provide entertainment for the [[crowd]]. [[Blood sport]] with bears and other animals was organised as entertainment.
Before the 19th century, [[Blood sport|blood sports]] such as [[Bull-baiting|bull baiting]], [[Bear-baiting|bear baiting]] and [[Cockfight|cock fighting]] were common. At the [[cattle market]], dogs were set upon bulls, bears, or other large animals, with the intent of tenderizing the meat but more commonly to provide entertainment for the crowd.


Another blood sport dogs were involved in during this time was [[dog fighting]]. Dog fighting involved [[gambling]] on dogs that were released into a pit in hopes of betting on the recognized winner: the last surviving dog. A dog fighting contest was cheaper to organize and easier to conceal from the law than bull baiting or bear baiting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ad-international.org/animals_in_entertainment/go.php?id=113&|title=What are bloodsports?|last=International.|first=Animal Defenders|website=Animal Defenders International|language=en|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
The early [[bull and terrier]] types were bred for the characteristic known as [[Game (dog)|gameness]], with the pitting of dogs against bear or bull; testing the strength and skill of the dogs. [[Landrace]] working dogs [[crossbreeding|crossbred]] with [[bulldog]]s provided the ancestral foundation stock for the [[Staffordshire]] Bull Terrier. These bloodsports were officially eliminated in 1835 as Britain began to introduce [[animal welfare]] laws. [[Dog fighting]] involved [[gambling]]; dogs were released into a pit, and the last dog still fighting or surviving was recognised the winner. A dog fighting [[Competition|contest]] was cheaper to organise and easier to conceal from the law.


These blood sports were officially eliminated in 1835 as Britain began to introduce animal welfare laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/defending/legislation_1.shtml|title=BBC - Ethics - Animal ethics: Animal welfare legislation|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
The modern breed is one that has a temperament suitable as a [[companion dog]]. It is a dog worthy to show and was accepted by [[The Kennel Club]] as the Staffordshire Bull Terrier on 25 May 1935.<ref name="AKC">{{cite web
|url= http://www.akc.org/breeds/staffordshire_bull_terrier/history.cfm
|title= AKC Staffordshire Bull Terrier Breed History
|accessdate= 29 July 2008
|author=American Kennel Club
|work= www.akc.org
}}</ref> The Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club was formed in June 1935. It is unusual for a breed to be recognised without a club in existence first, and even more unusual for there not to have been a breed standard in place. A standard was not drawn up until June 1935 at the Old Cross Guns, a [[Black Country]] pub in Cradley Heath where 30 Stafford enthusiasts gathered and devised the standard and elected the club's first secretary, Joseph Dunn, a well-known figure connected with the breed.


The early bull and terrier types were developed as a result of breeding for the characteristic known as [[Game (dog)|gameness]]. Gameness was a desirable trait during a time when pitting dogs against bear or bull was common. Gameness ultimately tests the strength and skill of the dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stason.org/TULARC/animals/dogs/american-pit-bull-terriers-breed/12-What-exactly-is-gameness.html|title=12 What exactly is "gameness"?|last=stason.org|first=Stas Bekman: stas (at)|website=stason.org|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> Land-race working dogs crossbred with the early bull and terrier types with this gameness trait provided the ancestral foundation stock for the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.
Challenge certificates were awarded to the breed in 1938, and the first champions were Ch. Gentleman Jim (bred by Joseph Dunn) and Ch. Lady Eve (owned by Joseph Dunn), both taking titles in 1939. The breed was recognised in the U.S. by the [[American Kennel Club]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/staffordshire_bull_terrier/index.cfm |title=American Kennel Club – Staffordshire Bull Terrier |publisher=www.akc.org |accessdate=16 February 2010 }}</ref>


== Road to the Modern Breed ==
In the United Kingdom, a Staffordshire Bull Terrier has been the traditional mascot of the Staffordshire [[British Army]] regiments since 1882,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.staffordshireregimentmuseum.com/watchman.html|title=The Staffordshire Regiment Museum|website=www.staffordshireregimentmuseum.com|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref> C/Sgt [[Watchman (mascot)|Watchman]] V being the current serving mascot.
[[File:Gentleman Jim sbt.jpg|thumb|News clipping of one of Joseph Dunn's award-winning Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Gentleman Jim.]]
The Staffordshire Bull Terrier name was officially accepted by [[The Kennel Club]] on May 25, 1935.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/staffordshire-bull-terrier/|title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information|work=American Kennel Club|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref> The Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club was formed in June 1935, after the acceptance of the breed by The Kennel Club. It is unusual for a breed to be recognized without first having a club in existence or a breed standard in place. A standard was not drawn up until June 1935 at the Old Cross Guns, a [[Black Country]] pub in [[Cradley Heath]] where 30 Stafford enthusiasts gathered. It was there that the group also elected the club's first secretary, Joseph Dunn, a well-known figure connected with the breed.


Challenge certificates were awarded to the breed in 1938, and the first champions were Ch. Gentleman Jim (bred by Joseph Dunn) and Ch. Lady Eve (owned by Joseph Dunn), both taking titles in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbtrescue.org.uk/dunn.htm|title=Joe Dunn|website=www.sbtrescue.org.uk|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
==Appearance==
The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a medium-sized, stocky, and very muscular dog, with a similar appearance to the much larger [[American Staffordshire Terrier]] and [[American Pit Bull Terrier]]. The coat is smooth and clings tightly to the body giving the dog a streamlined appearance. This dog has a broad, wedge-shaped head (male considerably more so than female), defined [[:wikt:occipital|occipital]] muscles, a relatively short fore-face, dark round eyes and a wide mouth with a clean scissor-like bite (the top incisors slightly overlap the bottom incisors). The ears are small. The cheek muscles are very pronounced. The lips show no looseness. The teeth form a scissor bite. The head tapers down to a strong well-muscled neck and shoulders placed on squarely spaced forelimbs. They are tucked up into their loins and the last 1–2 ribs of the rib-cage are usually visible. The tail resembles an old fashioned pump handle. The hind quarters are well-muscled.


The breed was recognized in the U.S. by the [[American Kennel Club]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/staffordshire-bull-terrier/|title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information|work=American Kennel Club|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
They are coloured brindle, black, red, fawn, blue, white, or any blending of these colours with white. White with any other colour broken up over the body is known as "[[wikt:pied|pied]]". Liver-coloured, black and tan dogs can occur but are not desired, and it is advised{{by whom|date=July 2018}} not to breed from either as well as those with light eyes.


Staffordshire Bull Terriers have been the traditional mascot of the army regiments in [[Staffordshire]], [[United Kingdom]], since 1882. C/Sgt Watchman V is the current serving mascot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.staffordshireregimentmuseum.com/watchman.html|title=The Staffordshire Regiment Museum|website=www.staffordshireregimentmuseum.com|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
The dogs stand {{Convert|36|to|41|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the [[withers]] and weigh {{Convert|13|to|17|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for males; females are {{Convert|11|to|15.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=3080 |title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier Breed Standard |publisher=[[The Kennel Club]] |date=September 2000 |accessdate=17 May 2013}}</ref>

==Characteristics==

=== Appearance ===
The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a medium-sized, stocky, and very muscular dog, with a similar appearance to the much larger [[American Staffordshire Terrier]] and [[American Pit Bull Terrier]]. The coat is smooth and clings tightly to the dog's body, making movement through air and water much easier for the breed. This dog has a broad, wedge-shaped head (male considerably more so than female), defined [[Occipital bone|occipital]] muscles, a relatively short fore-face, dark round eyes and a wide mouth with a clean scissor-like bite (the top incisors slightly overlap the bottom incisors).<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Staffordshire Bull Terrier 600.jpg|thumb|A black Staffordshire Bull Terrier]]

The breed has small ears, pronounced cheek muscles, and tight [[Cheek|jowls]]. The breed's waist is tucked up into their [[Loin|loins]] and the last 1–2 ribs of the rib-cage are usually visible. The tail is often straight and thin, with a slight curve at the end.

The hind quarters are well-muscled. The breed is naturally muscular and may appear intimidating.

Staffordshires' coats come in a variety of colors.

* Brindle
* Black
* Red
* Fawn
* Blue
* White

Any blending of these colors with white with any other color broken up over the body is known as "[[Piebald|pied]]".<ref name=":0" />

It is advised not to breed from Staffordshires with light eyes or [[Merle (dog coat)|Merle]] coloring, as the coloring is a result of a genetic mutation and can cause health issues such as blindness and loss of hearing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.playbarkrun.com/dogs-blue-eyes/|title=Dogs with Blue Eyes - Causes, Dangers, & Breeds|date=2016-10-09|work=PlayBarkRun|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

The dogs stand 36 to 41 cm (14 to 16 in) at the [[withers]] (ridge between the shoulder blades) and weigh 13 to 17 kg (29 to 37 lb) for males; females are 11 to 15.4 kg (24 to 34 lb).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-kennel-club.org.uk/services/public/breed/standard.aspx?id=3080 |title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier Breed Standard |publisher=[[The Kennel Club]] |date=September 2000 |accessdate=17 May 2013}}</ref>

=== Health ===
[[File:Staffie.jpg|thumb|A fawn Staffordshire Bull Terrier]]
Staffordshire Bull Terriers are often at risk for various health problems.

* Hereditary cataracts<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aht.org.uk/cms-display/genetics_staffcataracts.html|title=Hereditary Cataract in Staffordshire Bull Terriers {{!}} Animal Health Trust|website=www.aht.org.uk|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
* [[L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria]] — a [[metabolic disorder]] resulting in behavioral changes and [[dementia]]-like symptoms. These symptoms are detectable by [[DNA tests]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caninegeneticdiseases.net/DNAtests/TESTSnow.htm|title=Currently Available DNA Tests|website=www.caninegeneticdiseases.net|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
* [[Distichiasis]] (commonly known as “double eyelash”)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cuteness.com/article/pit-bull-eye-problems|title=Pit Bull Eye Problems {{!}} Cuteness|work=Cuteness.com|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en}}</ref>
* Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous — a condition the blood supply to the [[ocular]] lens fails to regress and fibrovascular tissue forms, causing hazy vision. This health concern can be checked with an ocular examination throughout the life of the breed to prevent the transfer and spread of these conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aht.org.uk/cms-display/research_phpv.html|title=Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous {{!}} Animal Health Trust|website=www.aht.org.uk|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>

The breed is known to be at a higher risk from [[mastocytoma]] (mast cell tumors) than the general population of dogs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/staffordshire-bull-terrier-mast-cell-tumour|title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier - Mast Cell Tumour - UFAW|website=www.ufaw.org.uk|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>

A UK Kennel Club survey determined the median lifespan of the breed to be 12.75 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/for-vets-and-researchers/purebred-breed-health-survey-2004/|title=Purebred Breed Health Survey 2004|website=www.thekennelclub.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> UK vet clinic data determined the median to be 10.7 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-12-01|title=Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023313004486|journal=The Veterinary Journal|language=en|volume=198|issue=3|pages=638–643|doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020|issn=1090-0233}}</ref>


==Temperament==
==Temperament==
Due to its breeding and history, common traits exist throughout; the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is known for its character of fearlessness and toughness.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anna Katherine|last=Nicholas|title=Staffordshire Bull Terriers|year=2001|publisher=TFH Publications|page=30|isbn=0-7938-2335-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=3080 |title=Breed information centre, Staffordshire Bull Terrier |publisher=The Kennel Club |accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/076g03-en.pdf |title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier |publisher=FCI |accessdate=13 September 2017 |p=2}}</ref> This, coupled with its affectionate nature, its off-duty quietness and trustworthy stability, make it a foremost all-purpose dog.<ref name="AKC"/><ref name="auto"/>
The modern breed is one that has a temperament suitable as a [[companion dog]]. Though due to its breeding and history, the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is known for its character of fearlessness and toughness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/display.aspx?id=3080|title=The Kennel Club|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> However, this breed is also known to have an affectionate nature and is naturally loyal; they are also a friendly and lively breed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/staffordshire-bull-terrier/|title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information|work=American Kennel Club|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/how-did-the-staffordshire-terrier-fall-in-with-the-wrong-crowd-406915.html|title=How did the Staffordshire terrier fall in with the wrong crowd?|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> The breed is known to be quick learning and Staffordshire Bull Terrier puppies are considered easy to [[House-training|house train]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dogsnz.org.nz/breeds/staffordshire-bull-terrier|title=Dogs New Zealand - Breeds STAFFORDSHIRE BULL TERRIER|website=www.dogsnz.org.nz|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>


Staffordshires are notably adaptable in terms of changing home or even owners but this can cause issues as it makes them vulnerable to [[Dognapping|dog napping]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6365759.stm|title=Thieves 'targeting bull terriers'|date=2007-02-19|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The breed is naturally muscular and may appear intimidating. Staffordshire Bull Terrier puppies are very easy to house train.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzkc.org.nz/breed_info/br280.html |title=Breed Standard – Staffordshire Bull Terrier – Terrier |publisher=NZKC |date= |accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> They are friendly, enthusiastic and usually extremely affectionate.<ref>[http://www.akc.org/breeds/staffordshire_bull_terrier/index.cfm ''American Staffordshire Terrier''], Meet the Breeds, [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC)</ref> Staffordshires are notably adaptable in terms of changing home or even owners; this may make them vulnerable to [[dognapping]].<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Lee
| first = Clare
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Pet Owner's Guide to the Staffordshire Bull Terrier
| publisher = Ringpress Books Ltd
| date = 1 January 1998
| location =
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| isbn = 978-1-86054-082-0}}</ref>


=== Issues of Aggression ===
With proper socialization of the breed from a young age, Staffordshires can be friendly to both other dogs and humans. If lacking sufficient socialization with others, the breed will not be as friendly and would be wary of others.

Staffordshires are known to fight if challenged. When encountering unknown dogs, the Staffordshire could become [[Aggression|aggressive]] if challenged by the unacquainted dog. This breed is also known to be headstrong and stubborn which contributes to the occurrence of challenge-related aggression. However, with dutiful obedience training by a confident owner, can alleviate this aggression.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourpurebredpuppy.com/reviews/staffordshirebullterriers.html|title=Staffordshire Bull Terriers: What's Good and Bad About Staffords|last=Welton|first=Michele|website=www.yourpurebredpuppy.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>

=== Misconceptions ===
[[File:Cooper The Police Dog in Staffordshire UK.jpg|thumb|Police dog Cooper with PC Tim Moss]]
RSPCA chief vet Mark Evans said: "Staffies have had a terrible press, but this is not of their own making–in fact they're wonderful dogs. If people think that Staffies have problems, they're looking at the wrong end of the dog lead! When well cared for and properly trained they can make brilliant companions. Our experience suggests that problems occur when bad owners exploit the Staffie's desire to please by training them to show aggression."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogmagazine.net/archives/562/%E2%80%98staffies-don%E2%80%99t-make-good-pets%E2%80%99%E2%80%A6what-a-load-of-bull |title=K9 Magazine Article |publisher=Dogmagazine.net |date= |accessdate=26 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019175359/http://www.dogmagazine.net/archives/562/%E2%80%98staffies-don%E2%80%99t-make-good-pets%E2%80%99%E2%80%A6what-a-load-of-bull/ |archivedate=19 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
RSPCA chief vet Mark Evans said: "Staffies have had a terrible press, but this is not of their own making–in fact they're wonderful dogs. If people think that Staffies have problems, they're looking at the wrong end of the dog lead! When well cared for and properly trained they can make brilliant companions. Our experience suggests that problems occur when bad owners exploit the Staffie's desire to please by training them to show aggression."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dogmagazine.net/archives/562/%E2%80%98staffies-don%E2%80%99t-make-good-pets%E2%80%99%E2%80%A6what-a-load-of-bull |title=K9 Magazine Article |publisher=Dogmagazine.net |date= |accessdate=26 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019175359/http://www.dogmagazine.net/archives/562/%E2%80%98staffies-don%E2%80%99t-make-good-pets%E2%80%99%E2%80%A6what-a-load-of-bull/ |archivedate=19 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


In March 2018, Staffordshire Police took two-year-old Cooper, a Staffordshire Bull Terrier, from an [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|RSPCA]] animal center in [[Taunton]] for training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/cooper-unwanted-staffie-finally-day-1362738|title=Meet Cooper...the unwanted Staffie who's now a police dog!|last=Knapper|first=Dave|date=21 March 2018|publisher=[[Stoke Sentinel]]|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beffshuff.com/2018/06/21/interview-police-dog-cooper-staffordshire-polices-staffordshire-bull-terrier/|title=An interview with PD Cooper - Staffordshire Police's only Staffordshire Bull Terrier - BEFFSHUFF|date=21 June 2018|publisher=Beffshuff|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref> He is the first [[police dog]] of this breed in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lichfieldlive.co.uk/2018/03/12/police-force-takes-on-first-ever-staffordshire-bull-terrier-recruit/|title=Police force takes on first ever Staffordshire Bull Terrier recruit|date=12 March 2018|publisher=Lichfield Live|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2018-04-26/staffordshire-bull-terrier-qualifies-as-police-dog/|title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier qualifies as police dog|publisher=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/cooper-unwanted-staffie-finally-day-1362738|title=Meet Cooper...the unwanted Staffie who's now a police dog!|first=Dave|last=Knapper|date=21 March 2018|publisher=[[Stoke Sentinel]]|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beffshuff.com/2018/06/21/interview-police-dog-cooper-staffordshire-polices-staffordshire-bull-terrier/|title=An interview with PD Cooper - Staffordshire Police's only Staffordshire Bull Terrier - BEFFSHUFF|date=21 June 2018|publisher=Beffshuff|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lichfieldlive.co.uk/2018/03/12/police-force-takes-on-first-ever-staffordshire-bull-terrier-recruit/|title=Police force takes on first ever Staffordshire Bull Terrier recruit|date=12 March 2018|publisher=Lichfield Live|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref>
==Breed-specific legislation==
{{Main|Breed-specific legislation|Pit bull}}
The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is subject to breed-specific legislation in various countries, which ban members of the [[Bull and Terrier]] family.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Dana |title=Pit Bull Bans: The State of Breed–Specific Legislation |journal=GP-Solo |volume=26 |issue=5 |publisher=American Bar Association |date=July–August 2009 |url=http://www.abanet.org/genpractice/magazine/2009/jul_aug/pitbull.html |accessdate=30 July 2009|quote=The American Kennel Club (AKC), the nation’s largest dog–breed registry, does not recognize a 'pit bull' breed per se. The AKC–recognized breeds most commonly included within current BSL are Bull Terriers, American Staffordshire Terriers, and Staffordshire Bull Terriers}}</ref>


==Health==
Staffordshire Bull Terriers are known to be prone to hereditary cataracts and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria—a metabolic disorder resulting in behavioural changes and dementia-like symptoms—both of which are detectable by DNA tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caninegeneticdiseases.net/DNAtests/TESTSnow.htm |title=Currently Available DNA Tests |publisher=Caninegeneticdiseases.net |date= |accessdate=25 December 2008}}</ref>


==Breed-Specific Legislation (US and UK)==
[[Distichiasis]] (commonly known as “double eyelash”) and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous—a condition whereby the blood supply to the [[ocular lens]] fails to regress and fibrovascular tissue forms, causing hazy vision—both of which are checked by way of an ocular examination throughout the life of a breeding stud or brood-bitch to minimise the transfer and spread of these conditions.
{{Main|Breed-specific legislation|Pit bull}}
The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is subject to [[breed-specific legislation]] in various countries, which ban members of the Bull and Terrier family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/newsletter/publications/gp_solo_magazine_home/gp_solo_magazine_index/pitbull.html|title=Pit Bull Bans: The State of Breed–Specific Legislation|website=www.americanbar.org|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>

Breed-specific legislation also includes breed-specific restrictions and requirements:


* Required public muzzling<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.animalplanet.com/pets/breed-specific-legislation/|title=Is your bully breed banned?|date=2012-05-15|work=Animal Planet|access-date=2018-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref>
The breed is known to be at a higher risk from [[mastocytoma]] (mast cell tumours) than the general population of dogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vetstreamcanis.co.uk/%5Ccorporate%5Chtml%5CBreed-relatedcancer%5CBreed-relatedcancer.htm |title=Percentage of deaths due to cancer suffered by dogs of different breeds compared with the percentage of the breed in the survey population (adapted from Michell, 1999) |publisher=Vetstreamcanis.co.uk |date= |accessdate=25 December 2008 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan at 12.75 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey|url=http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/570}}</ref> UK vet clinic data puts the median at 10.7 years.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = O’Neill | first1 = D. G. | last2 = Church | first2 = D. B. | last3 = McGreevy | first3 = P. D. | last4 = Thomson | first4 = P. C. | last5 = Brodbelt | first5 = D. C. | title = Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England | doi = 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020 | journal = The Veterinary Journal | year = 2013 | pmid = 24206631| pmc = | volume=198 | pages=638–43}}</ref>
* Carrying [[liability insurance]]<ref name=":1" />
* Required "dangerous dog sign" on dog's residence<ref name=":1" />
* Mandatory [[Microchip implant (animal)|microchipping]]<ref name=":1" />
* Mandatory [[Neutering|spay]] and [[Neutering|neuter]]<ref name=":1" />
* Required "dangerous dog" tags<ref name=":1" />


Staffordshires are currently the subject of debate on whether or not to be added to the [[Dangerous Dogs Act 1991|Dangerous Dogs Act i]]<nowiki/>n the UK. If they are to be added to this act, it would become illegal to own, breed, sell or abandon Staffordshires. Along with [[Pit bull|pit bull terriers]], [[Tosa (dog)|Japanese Tosa]], [[Dogo Argentino]], and the [[Fila Brasileiro|Fila Brasiliero]], the Staffordshire could be added to the list depending on the result of a [[Parliament]] vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/staffordshire-bull-terriers-dangerous-dogs-14912767|title=Staffies could be added to Dangerous Dogs Act after petition|last=Burnett|first=Tom|date=2018-07-16|work=birminghammail|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref>
==Cooper==
In March 2018, Staffordshire Police took two-year-old Cooper, a Staffordshire Bull Terrier, from an [[Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|RSPCA]] animal centre in [[Taunton]] for training. He is the first [[police dog]] of this breed in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/central/2018-04-26/staffordshire-bull-terrier-qualifies-as-police-dog/|title=Staffordshire Bull Terrier qualifies as police dog|publisher=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/news/stoke-on-trent-news/cooper-unwanted-staffie-finally-day-1362738|title=Meet Cooper...the unwanted Staffie who's now a police dog!|first=Dave|last=Knapper|date=21 March 2018|publisher=[[Stoke Sentinel]]|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beffshuff.com/2018/06/21/interview-police-dog-cooper-staffordshire-polices-staffordshire-bull-terrier/|title=An interview with PD Cooper - Staffordshire Police's only Staffordshire Bull Terrier - BEFFSHUFF|date=21 June 2018|publisher=Beffshuff|accessdate=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lichfieldlive.co.uk/2018/03/12/police-force-takes-on-first-ever-staffordshire-bull-terrier-recruit/|title=Police force takes on first ever Staffordshire Bull Terrier recruit|date=12 March 2018|publisher=Lichfield Live|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mancunianmatters.co.uk/content/270172386-judging-person-their-pooch-are-staffordshire-bull-terriers-just-chav-dogs|title=Judging a person by their pooch: Are Staffordshire Bull Terriers just 'chav dogs'? - Mancunian Matters|website=www.mancunianmatters.co.uk|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-30902078|title=Are Staffies a question of class?|first=Lauren|last=Potts|date=3 September 2018|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 September 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/how-did-the-staffordshire-terrier-fall-in-with-the-wrong-crowd-406915.html|title=How did the Staffordshire terrier fall in with the wrong crowd?|publisher=[[The Independent|Independent]]|accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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File:סאטף אנגלי.jpg

Revision as of 15:22, 12 October 2018

Not to be confused with Bull Terrier.

Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Common nicknames
  • Staffie
OriginEngland
Traits
Height Males 36 to 41 cm (14 to 16 in)
Weight Males 13 to 17 kg (29 to 37 lb)
Females 11 to 15.4 kg (24 to 34 lb)
Coat Smooth, short and close
Colour Red, fawn, white, black, blue, or any one of these colours with white; any shade of brindle; any shade of brindle with white
Kennel club standards
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Staffordshire Bull Terrier a medium-sized, muscular, short-coated breed of dog of English lineage. Predominantly found in the United Kingdom, this breed is considered to be within the pit bull type.[1] The English counterpart to the American Staffordshire Terrier, this breed is known to be a family-oriented dog, despite a fighting dog past, and is prone to a multitude of health issues.[2][3] The breed, because it is considered part of the pit bull type, is often subjected to breed-specific legislation.[4]

History

Before the 19th century, blood sports such as bull baiting, bear baiting and cock fighting were common. At the cattle market, dogs were set upon bulls, bears, or other large animals, with the intent of tenderizing the meat but more commonly to provide entertainment for the crowd.

Another blood sport dogs were involved in during this time was dog fighting. Dog fighting involved gambling on dogs that were released into a pit in hopes of betting on the recognized winner: the last surviving dog. A dog fighting contest was cheaper to organize and easier to conceal from the law than bull baiting or bear baiting.[5]

These blood sports were officially eliminated in 1835 as Britain began to introduce animal welfare laws.[6]

The early bull and terrier types were developed as a result of breeding for the characteristic known as gameness. Gameness was a desirable trait during a time when pitting dogs against bear or bull was common. Gameness ultimately tests the strength and skill of the dogs.[7] Land-race working dogs crossbred with the early bull and terrier types with this gameness trait provided the ancestral foundation stock for the Staffordshire Bull Terrier.

Road to the Modern Breed

News clipping of one of Joseph Dunn's award-winning Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Gentleman Jim.

The Staffordshire Bull Terrier name was officially accepted by The Kennel Club on May 25, 1935.[8] The Staffordshire Bull Terrier Club was formed in June 1935, after the acceptance of the breed by The Kennel Club. It is unusual for a breed to be recognized without first having a club in existence or a breed standard in place. A standard was not drawn up until June 1935 at the Old Cross Guns, a Black Country pub in Cradley Heath where 30 Stafford enthusiasts gathered. It was there that the group also elected the club's first secretary, Joseph Dunn, a well-known figure connected with the breed.

Challenge certificates were awarded to the breed in 1938, and the first champions were Ch. Gentleman Jim (bred by Joseph Dunn) and Ch. Lady Eve (owned by Joseph Dunn), both taking titles in 1939.[9]

The breed was recognized in the U.S. by the American Kennel Club in 1975.[10]

Staffordshire Bull Terriers have been the traditional mascot of the army regiments in Staffordshire, United Kingdom, since 1882. C/Sgt Watchman V is the current serving mascot.[11]

Characteristics

Appearance

The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a medium-sized, stocky, and very muscular dog, with a similar appearance to the much larger American Staffordshire Terrier and American Pit Bull Terrier. The coat is smooth and clings tightly to the dog's body, making movement through air and water much easier for the breed. This dog has a broad, wedge-shaped head (male considerably more so than female), defined occipital muscles, a relatively short fore-face, dark round eyes and a wide mouth with a clean scissor-like bite (the top incisors slightly overlap the bottom incisors).[2]

A black Staffordshire Bull Terrier

The breed has small ears, pronounced cheek muscles, and tight jowls. The breed's waist is tucked up into their loins and the last 1–2 ribs of the rib-cage are usually visible. The tail is often straight and thin, with a slight curve at the end.

The hind quarters are well-muscled. The breed is naturally muscular and may appear intimidating.

Staffordshires' coats come in a variety of colors.

  • Brindle
  • Black
  • Red
  • Fawn
  • Blue
  • White

Any blending of these colors with white with any other color broken up over the body is known as "pied".[2]

It is advised not to breed from Staffordshires with light eyes or Merle coloring, as the coloring is a result of a genetic mutation and can cause health issues such as blindness and loss of hearing.[12]

The dogs stand 36 to 41 cm (14 to 16 in) at the withers (ridge between the shoulder blades) and weigh 13 to 17 kg (29 to 37 lb) for males; females are 11 to 15.4 kg (24 to 34 lb).[13]

Health

A fawn Staffordshire Bull Terrier

Staffordshire Bull Terriers are often at risk for various health problems.

  • Hereditary cataracts[14]
  • L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria — a metabolic disorder resulting in behavioral changes and dementia-like symptoms. These symptoms are detectable by DNA tests.[15]
  • Distichiasis (commonly known as “double eyelash”)[16]
  • Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous — a condition the blood supply to the ocular lens fails to regress and fibrovascular tissue forms, causing hazy vision. This health concern can be checked with an ocular examination throughout the life of the breed to prevent the transfer and spread of these conditions.[17]

The breed is known to be at a higher risk from mastocytoma (mast cell tumors) than the general population of dogs.[18]

A UK Kennel Club survey determined the median lifespan of the breed to be 12.75 years.[19] UK vet clinic data determined the median to be 10.7 years.[20]

Temperament

The modern breed is one that has a temperament suitable as a companion dog. Though due to its breeding and history, the Staffordshire Bull Terrier is known for its character of fearlessness and toughness.[21] However, this breed is also known to have an affectionate nature and is naturally loyal; they are also a friendly and lively breed.[22][23] The breed is known to be quick learning and Staffordshire Bull Terrier puppies are considered easy to house train.[24]

Staffordshires are notably adaptable in terms of changing home or even owners but this can cause issues as it makes them vulnerable to dog napping.[25]

Issues of Aggression

With proper socialization of the breed from a young age, Staffordshires can be friendly to both other dogs and humans. If lacking sufficient socialization with others, the breed will not be as friendly and would be wary of others.

Staffordshires are known to fight if challenged. When encountering unknown dogs, the Staffordshire could become aggressive if challenged by the unacquainted dog. This breed is also known to be headstrong and stubborn which contributes to the occurrence of challenge-related aggression. However, with dutiful obedience training by a confident owner, can alleviate this aggression.[26]

Misconceptions

File:Cooper The Police Dog in Staffordshire UK.jpg
Police dog Cooper with PC Tim Moss

RSPCA chief vet Mark Evans said: "Staffies have had a terrible press, but this is not of their own making–in fact they're wonderful dogs. If people think that Staffies have problems, they're looking at the wrong end of the dog lead! When well cared for and properly trained they can make brilliant companions. Our experience suggests that problems occur when bad owners exploit the Staffie's desire to please by training them to show aggression."[27]

In March 2018, Staffordshire Police took two-year-old Cooper, a Staffordshire Bull Terrier, from an RSPCA animal center in Taunton for training.[28][29] He is the first police dog of this breed in the UK.[30].[31][32][33][34]


Breed-Specific Legislation (US and UK)

Main articles: Breed-specific legislation and Pit bull

The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is subject to breed-specific legislation in various countries, which ban members of the Bull and Terrier family.[35]

Breed-specific legislation also includes breed-specific restrictions and requirements:

Staffordshires are currently the subject of debate on whether or not to be added to the Dangerous Dogs Act in the UK. If they are to be added to this act, it would become illegal to own, breed, sell or abandon Staffordshires. Along with pit bull terriers, Japanese Tosa, Dogo Argentino, and the Fila Brasiliero, the Staffordshire could be added to the list depending on the result of a Parliament vote.[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Dias v. City & County of Denver, 567 F.3d 1169, 1173 (10th Cir. Colo. 2009). "Pit Bull Law and Legal Definition". Retrieved 22 August 2018. A "pit bull" is defined as any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, or any dog displaying the majority of physical traits of any one (1) or more of the above breeds{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c "Breed Information Centre – Staffordshire Bull Terrier". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  3. ^ Merriam-Webster. "Pit bull". Retrieved 26 October 2015. a dog... of any of several breeds... that was developed and is now often trained for fighting and is noted for strength and stamina
  4. ^ ASPCA. "The Truth About Pit Bulls". Retrieved 26 October 2015. The term 'pit bull' is often misunderstood, because it does not apply to just one breed of dog. [This text is in the website's page description.]
  5. ^ International., Animal Defenders. "What are bloodsports?". Animal Defenders International. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  6. ^ "BBC - Ethics - Animal ethics: Animal welfare legislation". Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  7. ^ stason.org, Stas Bekman: stas (at). "12 What exactly is "gameness"?". stason.org. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  9. ^ "Joe Dunn". www.sbtrescue.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  10. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  11. ^ "The Staffordshire Regiment Museum". www.staffordshireregimentmuseum.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  12. ^ "Dogs with Blue Eyes - Causes, Dangers, & Breeds". PlayBarkRun. 9 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  13. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier Breed Standard". The Kennel Club. September 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  14. ^ "Hereditary Cataract in Staffordshire Bull Terriers | Animal Health Trust". www.aht.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  15. ^ "Currently Available DNA Tests". www.caninegeneticdiseases.net. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  16. ^ "Pit Bull Eye Problems | Cuteness". Cuteness.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  17. ^ "Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous | Animal Health Trust". www.aht.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  18. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier - Mast Cell Tumour - UFAW". www.ufaw.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  19. ^ "Purebred Breed Health Survey 2004". www.thekennelclub.org.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  20. ^ "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. 198 (3): 638–643. 1 December 2013. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. ISSN 1090-0233.
  21. ^ "The Kennel Club". Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  22. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier Dog Breed Information". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  23. ^ "How did the Staffordshire terrier fall in with the wrong crowd?". The Independent. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  24. ^ "Dogs New Zealand - Breeds STAFFORDSHIRE BULL TERRIER". www.dogsnz.org.nz. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  25. ^ "Thieves 'targeting bull terriers'". 19 February 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  26. ^ Welton, Michele. "Staffordshire Bull Terriers: What's Good and Bad About Staffords". www.yourpurebredpuppy.com. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  27. ^ "K9 Magazine Article". Dogmagazine.net. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Knapper, Dave (21 March 2018). "Meet Cooper...the unwanted Staffie who's now a police dog!". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  29. ^ "An interview with PD Cooper - Staffordshire Police's only Staffordshire Bull Terrier - BEFFSHUFF". Beffshuff. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  30. ^ "Police force takes on first ever Staffordshire Bull Terrier recruit". Lichfield Live. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  31. ^ "Staffordshire Bull Terrier qualifies as police dog". ITV. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  32. ^ Knapper, Dave (21 March 2018). "Meet Cooper...the unwanted Staffie who's now a police dog!". Stoke Sentinel. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  33. ^ "An interview with PD Cooper - Staffordshire Police's only Staffordshire Bull Terrier - BEFFSHUFF". Beffshuff. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  34. ^ "Police force takes on first ever Staffordshire Bull Terrier recruit". Lichfield Live. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  35. ^ "Pit Bull Bans: The State of Breed–Specific Legislation". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d e f "Is your bully breed banned?". Animal Planet. 15 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  37. ^ Burnett, Tom (16 July 2018). "Staffies could be added to Dangerous Dogs Act after petition". birminghammail. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
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