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{{Infobox|bodystyle=border-collapse:collapse|title=Sun [[File:Sun symbol.svg|25px]]|image=[[File:Sun white.jpg|frameless]]|caption=Sun with [[sunspot]]s and [[limb darkening]] as seen in [[visible light]] with solar filter.|headerstyle=background:#FCC857|labelstyle=padding:2px|datastyle=padding:2px
{{Infobox
<!-- section break, rows 1-19-->|header1=Observation data|label2=Mean distance<br>from [[Earth]]|data2=1 [[astronomical unit|au]] ≈ {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<ref name="Pitjeva2009">{{Cite journal|last=Pitjeva|first=E. V.|last2=Standish|first2=E. M.|date=2009|title=Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8|journal=[[Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy]]|language=en|volume=103|issue=4|pages=365–372|doi=10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8|issn=1572-9478}}</ref><br>8&nbsp;min 19&nbsp;s at [[speed of light|light speed]]|label3=[[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (''V'')|data3=−26.74<ref name=nssdc>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=D.R. |date=1 July 2013 |title=Sun Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |publisher=[[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]] |accessdate=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>|label4=[[Absolute magnitude]]|data4=4.83<ref name=nssdc />|label5=[[Stellar classification|Spectral classification]]|data5=G2V<ref>{{cite book|last=Zombeck|first=Martin V.|date=1990|title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/}}</ref>|label6=[[Metallicity]]|data6=''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asplund |first1=M. |last2=Grevesse |first2=N. |last3=Sauval |first3=A.J. |date=2006 |title=The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations |journal=Communications in Asteroseismology |volume=147 |pages=76–79 |bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A |doi=10.1553/cia147s76}}</ref>|label7=[[Angular size]]|data7=31.6–32.7 [[minutes of arc]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=24 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142627/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df= }}</ref>|label8=Adjectives|data8=Solar|header10=[[Orbit]]al characteristics|label11=Mean distance<br>from [[Milky Way]] core|data11=≈ {{val|2.7|e=17|u=km}}<br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|27200|ul=light-years}}}}|label12=[[Galactic year|Galactic period]]|data12=(2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]|label13=[[Velocity]]|data13=≈ {{val|220|u=km/s}} (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) <br>≈ {{val|20|u=km/s}} (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) <br>≈ {{val|370|u=km/s}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinshaw |first=G. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=225–245 |arxiv=0803.0732 |bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225}}</ref> (relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]])
| bodystyle = border-collapse:collapse
<!-- section break, rows 20-39 -->|header20=Physical characteristics|label21=Equatorial [[radius]]|data21=[[Solar radius|695,700]]&nbsp;km,<ref name=IAU2015resB3>{{cite arxiv | first1=E.E. | last1=Mamajek | first2=A. | last2=Prsa | first3=G. | last3=Torres | first4=al. | last4=et | title=IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties | eprint=1510.07674 |mode=cs2| class=astro-ph.SR | year=2015 }}</ref><br> 696,392 km<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>{{citation | first1=Marcelo | last1=Emilio | first2=Jeff R. | last2=Kuhn | first3=Rock I. | last3=Bush | first4=Isabelle F. | last4=Scholl | title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits | arxiv=1203.4898 |bibcode = 2012ApJ...750..135E |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135 | volume=750 | issue=2 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | page=135| year=2012}}</ref><br>{{val|109|u=[[Earth radius|× Earth]]}}<ref name=sse/>|label22=Equatorial [[circumference]]|data22={{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br>109 × Earth<ref name=sse>{{cite web |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archivedate=2 January 2008 |publisher=NASA
| title = Sun [[File:Sun symbol.svg|25px]]
}}</ref>|label23=[[Flattening]]|data23={{val|9|e=-6}}|label24=[[Surface area]]|data24={{val|6.09|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|12000}}}} × Earth<ref name=sse/>|label25=[[Volume]]|data25={{val|1.41|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3", which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere), but the Sun is not a sphere, and their radius is off a bit from what we have above, so we need to at least round a bit--><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|1300000}}}} × Earth|label26=[[Mass]]|data26={{val|1.9885||e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|333000|u=[[Mass of Earth|× Earth]]}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with data already present in en.wiki -->|label27=Average [[density]]|data27={{val|1.408|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>{{cite web |last=Ko |first=M. |date=1999 |title=Density of the Sun |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml |editor=Elert, G. |website=The Physics Factbook}}</ref><br>{{val|0.255}} × Earth<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/>|label28=Center [[density]] (modeled)|data28={{val|162.2|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{val|12.4}} × Earth|label29=Equatorial [[surface gravity]]|data29={{val|274|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>28 × Earth<ref name=sse/>|label30=[[Moment of inertia factor]]|data30={{val|0.070}}<ref name=nssdc /> (estimate)|label31=[[Escape velocity]]<br>(from the surface)|data31={{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br>55 × Earth<ref name=sse/>|label32=Temperature|data32=Center (modeled): {{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>[[Photosphere]] (effective): {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|5772|ul=K}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><br> [[Corona]]: ≈ {{val|5|e=6|u=K}}|label33=[[Luminosity]] (L<sub>sol</sub>)|data33={{val|3.828|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>≈ {{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}<br>≈ {{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]]|label34=[[Color index|Color]](B-V)|data34=0.63|label35=Mean [[radiance]]&nbsp;(I<sub>sol</sub>)|data35={{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m<sup>−2</sup>·sr<sup>−1</sup>}}|label36=Age|data36=≈ 4.6 billion years<ref name="Bonanno">{{Cite journal |last=Bonanno |first=A. |last2=Schlattl |first2=H. |last3=Paternò |first3=L. |year=2002 |title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=390 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118 |arxiv=astro-ph/0204331 |bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=//www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6107/651.full|title=The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=17 March 2014|doi=10.1126/science.1226919 |journal=Science|volume=338 |issue= 6107 |pages=651–655|bibcode = 2012Sci...338..651C |pmid=23118187 | last1 = Connelly | first1 = JN | last2 = Bizzarro | first2 = M | last3 = Krot | first3 = AN | last4 = Nordlund | first4 = Å | last5 = Wielandt | first5 = D | last6 = Ivanova | first6 = MA}}{{Registration required}}</ref>
| image = [[File:Sun white.jpg|frameless]]
<!-- section break, rows 40-49 -->|header40=[[Rotation]] characteristics|label41=[[Axial tilt|Obliquity]]|data41=7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br>(to the [[ecliptic]])<br>67.23°<br>(to the [[galactic plane]])|label42=[[Right ascension]]<br>of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">{{cite web |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000 |url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |date=2000 |accessdate=22 March 2006}}</ref>|data42=286.13°<br>{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}}|label43=[[Declination]]<br>of North pole|data43=+63.87°<br>63° 52' North|label44=Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br>(at equator)|data44=25.05 d<ref name=nssdc/>|label45=(at 16° latitude)|data45=25.38 d<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/>|label46=(at poles)|data46=34.4 d<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 - 2.33 sin^2 L - 1.56 sin^4 L ) °/day, L = 90° -->|label47=Rotation velocity<br>(at equator)|data47={{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometres divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? -->
| caption = Sun with [[sunspot]]s and [[limb darkening]] as seen in [[visible light]] with solar filter.
<!-- section break, rows 50-69 -->|header50=[[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition (by mass)|label51=[[Hydrogen]]|data51=73.46%<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sun's Vital Statistics |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |publisher=Stanford Solar Center |accessdate=29 July 2008}} Citing {{cite book |last=Eddy |first=J. |date=1979 |title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |page=37 |publisher=NASA |id=NASA SP-402}}</ref>|label52=[[Helium]]|data52=24.85%|label53=[[Oxygen]]|data53=0.77%|label54=[[Carbon]]|data54=0.29%|label55=[[Iron]]|data55=0.16%|label56=[[Neon]]|data56=0.12%|label57=[[Nitrogen]]|data57=999.09%|label58=[[Silicon]]|data58=0.07%|label59=[[Magnesium]]|data59=0.05%|label60=[[Sulfur]]|data60=0.04%}}
| headerstyle = background:#FCC857
| labelstyle = padding:2px
| datastyle = padding:2px
<!-- section break, rows 1-19-->
| header1 = Observation data
| label2 = Mean distance<br>from [[Earth]]
| data2 = 1 [[astronomical unit|au]] ≈ {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<ref name="Pitjeva2009">{{Cite journal|last=Pitjeva|first=E. V.|last2=Standish|first2=E. M.|date=2009|title=Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8|journal=[[Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy]]|language=en|volume=103|issue=4|pages=365–372|doi=10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8|issn=1572-9478}}</ref><br>8&nbsp;min 19&nbsp;s at [[speed of light|light speed]]
| label3 = [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (''V'')
| data3 = −26.74<ref name=nssdc>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=D.R. |date=1 July 2013 |title=Sun Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |publisher=[[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]] |accessdate=12 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| label4 = [[Absolute magnitude]]
| data4 = 4.83<ref name=nssdc />
| label5 = [[Stellar classification|Spectral classification]]
| data5 = G2V<ref>{{cite book|last=Zombeck|first=Martin V.|date=1990|title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/}}</ref>
| label6 = [[Metallicity]]
| data6 = ''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asplund |first1=M. |last2=Grevesse |first2=N. |last3=Sauval |first3=A.J. |date=2006 |title=The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations |journal=Communications in Asteroseismology |volume=147 |pages=76–79 |bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A |doi=10.1553/cia147s76}}</ref>
| label7 = [[Angular size]]
| data7 = 31.6–32.7 [[minutes of arc]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=24 October 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142627/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df= }}</ref>
| label8 = Adjectives
| data8 = Solar
| header10 = [[Orbit]]al characteristics
| label11 = Mean distance<br>from [[Milky Way]] core
| data11 = ≈ {{val|2.7|e=17|u=km}}<br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|27200|ul=light-years}}}}
| label12 = [[Galactic year|Galactic period]]
| data12 = (2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]
| label13 = [[Velocity]]
| data13 = ≈ {{val|220|u=km/s}} (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) <br>≈ {{val|20|u=km/s}} (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) <br>≈ {{val|370|u=km/s}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinshaw |first=G. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=225–245 |arxiv=0803.0732 |bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225}}</ref> (relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]])
<!-- section break, rows 20-39 -->
| header20 = Physical characteristics
| label21 = Equatorial [[radius]]
| data21 = [[Solar radius|695,700]]&nbsp;km,<ref name=IAU2015resB3>{{cite arxiv | first1=E.E. | last1=Mamajek | first2=A. | last2=Prsa | first3=G. | last3=Torres | first4=al. | last4=et | title=IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties | eprint=1510.07674 |mode=cs2| class=astro-ph.SR | year=2015 }}</ref><br> 696,392 km<ref name=arxiv1203_4898>{{citation | first1=Marcelo | last1=Emilio | first2=Jeff R. | last2=Kuhn | first3=Rock I. | last3=Bush | first4=Isabelle F. | last4=Scholl | title=Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits | arxiv=1203.4898 |bibcode = 2012ApJ...750..135E |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135 | volume=750 | issue=2 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | page=135| year=2012}}</ref><br>{{val|109|u=[[Earth radius|× Earth]]}}<ref name=sse/>
| label22 = Equatorial [[circumference]]
| data22 = {{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br>109 × Earth<ref name=sse>{{cite web |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archivedate=2 January 2008 |publisher=NASA
}}</ref>
| label23 = [[Flattening]]
| data23 = {{val|9|e=-6}}
| label24 = [[Surface area]]
| data24 = {{val|6.09|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|12000}}}} × Earth<ref name=sse/>
| label25 = [[Volume]]
| data25 = {{val|1.41|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3", which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere), but the Sun is not a sphere, and their radius is off a bit from what we have above, so we need to at least round a bit--><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|1300000}}}} × Earth
| label26 = [[Mass]]
| data26 = {{val|1.9885||e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|333000|u=[[Mass of Earth|× Earth]]}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with data already present in en.wiki -->
| label27 = Average [[density]]
| data27 = {{val|1.408|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>{{cite web |last=Ko |first=M. |date=1999 |title=Density of the Sun |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml |editor=Elert, G. |website=The Physics Factbook}}</ref><br>{{val|0.255}} × Earth<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/>
| label28 = Center [[density]] (modeled)
| data28 = {{val|162.2|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{val|12.4}} × Earth
| label29 = Equatorial [[surface gravity]]
| data29 = {{val|274|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>28 × Earth<ref name=sse/>
| label30 = [[Moment of inertia factor]]
| data30 = {{val|0.070}}<ref name=nssdc /> (estimate)
| label31 = [[Escape velocity]]<br>(from the surface)
| data31 = {{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br>55 × Earth<ref name=sse/>
| label32 = Temperature
| data32 = Center (modeled): {{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>[[Photosphere]] (effective): {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|5772|ul=K}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><br> [[Corona]]: ≈ {{val|5|e=6|u=K}}
| label33 = [[Luminosity]] (L<sub>sol</sub>)
| data33 = {{val|3.828|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>≈ {{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}<br>≈ {{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]]
| label34 = [[Color index|Color]](B-V)
| data34 = 0.63
| label35 = Mean [[radiance]]&nbsp;(I<sub>sol</sub>)
| data35 = {{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m<sup>−2</sup>·sr<sup>−1</sup>}}
| label36 = Age
| data36 = ≈ 4.6 billion years<ref name="Bonanno">{{Cite journal |last=Bonanno |first=A. |last2=Schlattl |first2=H. |last3=Paternò |first3=L. |year=2002 |title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=390 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118 |arxiv=astro-ph/0204331 |bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=//www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6107/651.full|title=The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=17 March 2014|doi=10.1126/science.1226919 |journal=Science|volume=338 |issue= 6107 |pages=651–655|bibcode = 2012Sci...338..651C |pmid=23118187 | last1 = Connelly | first1 = JN | last2 = Bizzarro | first2 = M | last3 = Krot | first3 = AN | last4 = Nordlund | first4 = Å | last5 = Wielandt | first5 = D | last6 = Ivanova | first6 = MA}}{{Registration required}}</ref>
<!-- section break, rows 40-49 -->
| header40 = [[Rotation]] characteristics
| label41 = [[Axial tilt|Obliquity]]
| data41 = 7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br>(to the [[ecliptic]])<br>67.23°<br>(to the [[galactic plane]])
| label42 = [[Right ascension]]<br>of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">{{cite web |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000 |url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |date=2000 |accessdate=22 March 2006}}</ref>
| data42 = 286.13°<br>{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}}
| label43 = [[Declination]]<br>of North pole
| data43 = +63.87°<br>63° 52' North
| label44 = Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br>(at equator)
| data44 = 25.05 d<ref name=nssdc/>
| label45 = (at 16° latitude)
| data45 = 25.38 d<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/>
| label46 = (at poles)
| data46 = 34.4 d<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 - 2.33 sin^2 L - 1.56 sin^4 L ) °/day, L = 90° -->
| label47 = Rotation velocity<br>(at equator)
| data47 = {{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometres divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? -->
<!-- section break, rows 50-69 -->
| header50 = [[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition (by mass)
| label51 = [[Hydrogen]]
| data51 = 73.46%<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sun's Vital Statistics |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |publisher=Stanford Solar Center |accessdate=29 July 2008}} Citing {{cite book |last=Eddy |first=J. |date=1979 |title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |page=37 |publisher=NASA |id=NASA SP-402}}</ref>
| label52 = [[Helium]]
| data52 = 24.85%
| label53 = [[Oxygen]]
| data53 = 0.77%
| label54 = [[Carbon]]
| data54 = 0.29%
| label55 = [[Iron]]
| data55 = 0.16%
| label56 = [[Neon]]
| data56 = 0.12%
| label57 = [[Nitrogen]]
| data57 = 0.09%
| label58 = [[Silicon]]
| data58 = 0.07%
| label59 = [[Magnesium]]
| data59 = 0.05%
| label60 = [[Sulfur]]
| data60 = 0.04%
}}




Revision as of 15:08, 15 January 2019

Sun
Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter.
Observation data
Mean distance
from Earth		1 au ≈ 1.496×108 km[1]
8 min 19 s at light speed
Visual brightness (V)−26.74[2]
Absolute magnitude4.83[2]
Spectral classificationG2V[3]
MetallicityZ = 0.0122[4]
Angular size31.6–32.7 minutes of arc[5]
AdjectivesSolar
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance
from Milky Way core		≈ 2.7×1017 km
27,200 light-years
Galactic period(2.25–2.50)×108 yr
Velocity≈ 220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Milky Way)
≈ 20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood)
≈ 370 km/s[6] (relative to the cosmic microwave background)
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius695,700 km,[7]
696,392 km[8]
109 × Earth[9]
Equatorial circumference4.379×106 km[9]
109 × Earth[9]
Flattening9×10−6
Surface area6.09×1012 km2[9]
12,000 × Earth[9]
Volume1.41×1018 km3[9]
1,300,000 × Earth
Mass1.9885×1030 kg[2]
333,000 × Earth[2]
Average density1.408 g/cm3[2][9][10]
0.255 × Earth[2][9]
Center density (modeled)162.2 g/cm3[2]
12.4 × Earth
Equatorial surface gravity274 m/s2[2]
28 × Earth[9]
Moment of inertia factor0.070[2] (estimate)
Escape velocity
(from the surface)		617.7 km/s[9]
55 × Earth[9]
TemperatureCenter (modeled): 1.57×107 K[2]
Photosphere (effective): 5,772 K[2]
Corona: ≈ 5×106 K
Luminosity (Lsol)3.828×1026 W[2]
≈ 3.75×1028 lm
≈ 98 lm/W efficacy
Color(B-V)0.63
Mean radiance (Isol)2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1
Age≈ 4.6 billion years[11][12]
Rotation characteristics
Obliquity7.25°[2]
(to the ecliptic)
67.23°
(to the galactic plane)
Right ascension
of North pole[13]		286.13°
19 h 4 min 30 s
Declination
of North pole		+63.87°
63° 52' North
Sidereal rotation period
(at equator)		25.05 d[2]
(at 16° latitude)25.38 d[2]
25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s[13]
(at poles)34.4 d[2]
Rotation velocity
(at equator)		7.189×103 km/h[9]
Photospheric composition (by mass)
Hydrogen73.46%[14]
Helium24.85%
Oxygen0.77%
Carbon0.29%
Iron0.16%
Neon0.12%
Nitrogen999.09%
Silicon0.07%
Magnesium0.05%
Sulfur0.04%


  1. ^ Pitjeva, E. V.; Standish, E. M. (2009). "Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids, the Moon-Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 103 (4): 365–372. doi:10.1007/s10569-009-9203-8. ISSN 1572-9478.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Williams, D.R. (1 July 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^ Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A.J. (2006). "The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology. 147: 76–79. Bibcode:2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76.
  5. ^ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 180 (2): 225–245. arXiv:0803.0732. Bibcode:2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225.
  7. ^ Mamajek, E.E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; et, al. (2015), "IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties", arXiv:1510.07674 [astro-ph.SR]
  8. ^ Emilio, Marcelo; Kuhn, Jeff R.; Bush, Rock I.; Scholl, Isabelle F. (2012), "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits", The Astrophysical Journal, 750 (2): 135, arXiv:1203.4898, Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008.
  10. ^ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G. (ed.). "Density of the Sun". The Physics Factbook.
  11. ^ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2002). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 390 (3): 1115–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0204331. Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  12. ^ Connelly, JN; Bizzarro, M; Krot, AN; Nordlund, Å; Wielandt, D; Ivanova, MA (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk". Science. 338 (6107): 651–655. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..651C. doi:10.1126/science.1226919. PMID 23118187. Retrieved 17 March 2014.(registration required)
  13. ^ a b Seidelmann, P.K.; et al. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000". Retrieved 22 March 2006.
  14. ^ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 29 July 2008. Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402.
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