Chamomile: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Chamaemelum nobile 001.JPG|thumb|upright|Roman chamomile]] |
[[File:Chamaemelum nobile 001.JPG|thumb|upright|Roman chamomile]] |
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'''Chamomile''' ([[American English]]) or '''camomile''' ([[British English]]; [[American and British English spelling differences#Miscellaneous spelling differences|see spelling differences]]) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|m|ə|ˌ|m|aɪ|l|,_|-|ˌ|m|iː|l}} {{respell|KAM|ə-myl}} or {{respell|KAM|ə-meel}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor1=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref><ref name="Dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Chamomile | encyclopedia=Dictionary.com Unabridged | publisher=Random House | accessdate=29 August 2014 | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chamomile}}</ref>) is the [[common name]] for several [[Bellis perennis|daisy]]-like plants of the family [[Asteraceae]]. Two of the species are commonly used to make herbal [[infusion]]s for [[traditional medicine]]. |
'''Chamomile''' ([[American English]]) or '''camomile''' ([[British English]]; [[American and British English spelling differences#Miscellaneous spelling differences|see spelling differences]]) ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|m|ə|ˌ|m|aɪ|l|,_|-|ˌ|m|iː|l}} {{respell|KAM|ə-myl}} or {{respell|KAM|ə-meel}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor1=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref><ref name="Dictionary">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Chamomile | encyclopedia=Dictionary.com Unabridged | publisher=Random House | accessdate=29 August 2014 | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chamomile}}</ref>) is the [[common name]] for several [[Bellis perennis|daisy]]-like plants of the family [[Asteraceae]]. Two of the species are commonly used to make herbal [[infusion]]s for [[traditional medicine]], although there is no [[evidence-based medicine|evidence]] that chamomile has any effect on health or diseases.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |url=http://nccih.nih.gov/health/chamomile/ataglance.htm |title=Chamomile |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |date=September 2016|accessdate=6 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Medline">{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/752.html |title=Roman chamomile |publisher=MedlinePlus, US National Institutes of Health |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2014-08-30}}</ref> |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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== Adverse reactions == |
== Adverse reactions == |
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People who are [[Allergy|allergic]] to [[ragweed]] (also in the daisy family) may be allergic to chamomile due to [[cross-reactivity]].<ref name= |
People who are [[Allergy|allergic]] to [[ragweed]] (also in the daisy family) may be allergic to chamomile due to [[cross-reactivity]].<ref name=nccih/> |
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==Pregnancy== |
==Pregnancy== |
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Because chamomile has been known to cause [[uterine contractions]] that can invoke [[miscarriage]], pregnant mothers are advised to not consume [[Chamaemelum nobile|Roman chamomile]] (''Chamaemelum nobile'').<ref name= |
Because chamomile has been known to cause [[uterine contractions]] that can invoke [[miscarriage]], pregnant mothers are advised to not consume [[Chamaemelum nobile|Roman chamomile]] (''Chamaemelum nobile'').<ref name=Medline/> |
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==Agriculture== |
==Agriculture== |
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Revision as of 13:12, 6 August 2019
.JPG)
Chamomile (American English) or camomile (British English; see spelling differences) (/ˈkæməˌmaɪl, -ˌmiːl/ KAM-ə-myl or KAM-ə-meel[1][2]) is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae. Two of the species are commonly used to make herbal infusions for traditional medicine, although there is no evidence that chamomile has any effect on health or diseases.[3][4]
Etymology
The word "chamomile" derives, via French and Latin, from Greek χαμαίμηλον (khamaimēlon), i.e. "earth apple", from χαμαί (khamai) "on the ground" and μῆλον (mēlon) "apple".[5][6] The spelling "chamomile" corresponds to the Latin and Greek source.[7] The spelling "camomile" is a British derivation from the French.[8]
Species
Some commonly used species include:
- Matricaria chamomilla (also known as "Water of Youth"),[9]
- Chamaemelum nobile, Roman, English or garden chamomile, also frequently used, (C. nobile 'Treneague' is normally used to create a chamomile lawn).[10]
A number of other species' common names include the word "chamomile". This does not mean they are used in the same manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as "chamomile". Plants including the common name "chamomile", of the family Asteraceae, are:
- Anthemis arvensis, corn, scentless or field chamomile
- Anthemis cotula, stinking chamomile
- Cladanthus mixtus, Moroccan chamomile
- Cota tinctoria, dyer's, golden, oxeye, or yellow chamomile
- Eriocephalus punctulatus, Cape chamomile
- Matricaria discoidea, wild chamomile or pineapple weed
- Tripleurospermum inodorum, wild, scentless or false chamomile
Infusion
Chamomile tea is an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers and hot water. Two types of chamomile used are German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).
Research
The main constituents of chamomile flowers are polyphenol compounds,[9] including apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, and luteolin.[11] Essential-oil components extracted from the flowers are terpenoids.[11] Chamomile is under preliminary research for its potential anti-anxiety properties.[9]
Drug interactions
Apigenin and other compounds may interact with medications causing drug interactions, some of the possible interactions include those with anticoagulant agents and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.[12]
Chamomile is not recommended to be taken with aspirin or non-salicylate NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as it may cause herb-drug interaction.
"Chamomile consists of several ingredients including coumarin, glycoside, herniarin, flavonoid, farnesol, nerolidol and germacranolide. Despite the presence of coumarin, as chamomile’s effect on the coagulation system has not yet been studied, it is unknown if a clinically significant drug-herb interaction exists with antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs. However, until more information is available, it is not recommended to use these substances concurrently."[13]
Adverse reactions
People who are allergic to ragweed (also in the daisy family) may be allergic to chamomile due to cross-reactivity.[3]
Pregnancy
Because chamomile has been known to cause uterine contractions that can invoke miscarriage, pregnant mothers are advised to not consume Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).[4]
Agriculture
The chamomile plant is known to be susceptible to many fungi, insects, and viruses. Fungi such as Albugo tragopogonis (white rust), Cylindrosporium matricariae, Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), and Sphaerotheca macularis (powdery mildew) are known pathogens of the chamomile plant. Aphids have been observed feeding on chamomile plants and the moth Autographa chryson causes defoliation.
In culture
In The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter (in 1902), the author refers to chamomile tea given to Peter after being chased by Mr. McGregor.[14]
References
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
- ^ "Chamomile". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Chamomile". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. September 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- ^ a b "Roman chamomile". MedlinePlus, US National Institutes of Health. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
- ^ χαμαίμηλον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, online edition, entry "camomile | chamomile"
- ^ "Chamomile - Define Chamomile at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.
- ^ a b c Sarris, J; Panossian, A; Schweitzer, I; Stough, C; Scholey, A (December 2011). "Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety, and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 21 (12): 841–860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002. PMID 21601431.
- ^ "Camomile lawn". The Royal Horticultural Society. 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
- ^ a b McKay, D. L.; Blumberg, J. B. (2006). "A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.)". Phytotherapy Research. 20 (7): 519–30. doi:10.1002/ptr.1900. PMID 16628544.
- ^ Miller, LG (1998). "Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions" (PDF). Arch. Intern. Med. 158 (20): 220–2211. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200. PMID 9818800.[better source needed]
- ^ Abebe, W. (1 December 2002). "Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 27 (6): 391–401. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00444.x. ISSN 0269-4727. PMID 12472978.
- ^ Michael Castleman The New Healing Herbs: The Classic Guide to Nature's Best Medicines ... at Google Books
External links
- PLANTS Profile: Anthemis tinctoria L. (golden chamomile), USDA
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Chamomile". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Chamomile". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
