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Coordinates: 52°02′28″N 9°31′52″W / 52.041°N 9.531°W / 52.041; -9.531
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{{Short description|15th century castle in Ireland}}
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[[Image:Ross Castle.jpg|thumb|right|Ross Castle]]
{{EngvarB|date=November 2013}}
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[[Image:Ross castle.jpg|thumb|right|Ross Castle]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[Image:Rosscastle3.jpg|thumb|right|Ross Castle]]
{{Infobox historic site
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{{commons category|Ross Castle}}
| name = Ross Castle
'''Ross Castle''' ({{lang-ga|Caisleán an Rois}}) is the ancestral home of the [[O'Donoghue]] [[clan]] though it is better known for its association with the Brownes of Killarney who owned it until recently. It is located on the edge of [[Lakes of Killarney|Lough Leane]], in [[Killarney National Park]], [[County Kerry]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].
| native_name = Caisleán an Rois
| native_language = Irish
| area = [[Killarney]], [[County Kerry]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| image = Ross Castle on Lough Leane (15242590587).jpg
| caption =
| locmapin = Ireland
| map_size =
| map_caption = Ross Castle in Ireland
| architecture = [[Tower house]] and [[keep]]
| built_for = O'Donoghue family
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|52.041|-9.531|region:Ireland|display=inline,title}}
| built = 15th century
| governing_body = [[Office of Public Works]]
}}


'''Ross Castle''' ({{lang-ga|Caisleán an Rois}}) is a 15th-century [[tower house]] and [[keep]] on the edge of [[Lakes of Killarney|Lough Leane]], in [[Killarney National Park]], [[County Kerry]], Ireland.<ref name="NPWS">{{cite web | url=http://www.killarneynationalpark.ie/Ross%20Castle/Ross%20Castle.htm | title=Ross Castle page (Killarney National Park Website) | publisher=National Parks & Wildlife Service | access-date=16 May 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118233054/http://www.killarneynationalpark.ie/Ross%20Castle/Ross%20Castle.htm | archive-date=18 November 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is the ancestral home of the [[Chief of the Name|Chiefs]] of the [[Clan]] [[O'Donoghue]],<ref name="indo">{{cite news|url= http://www.independent.ie/regionals/kerryman/news/killarneys-ross-castle-reopens-for-the-tourist-season-27404857.html |title= Killarney's Ross Castle reopens for the tourist season|date=30 November 2012 | publisher=Independent News & Media |access-date= 16 May 2014}}</ref> later associated with the Brownes of Killarney.<ref>Castleden, Rodin. ''The Castles of Britain and Ireland''. Quercus, 2013</ref>
⚫
Ross Castle was built in the late 15th century by local ruling clan the O'Donoghues Mor (Ross), though ownership changed hands during the [[Second Desmond Rebellion]] of the 1580s to the Mac Carty Mor. He then leased the castle and the lands to Sir [[Valentine Browne]] ancestor of the [[Earls of Kenmare]]. The castle was amongst the last to surrender to [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[Roundheads]] during the [[Irish Confederate Wars]], and was only taken when artillery was brought by boat via the River Laune.<ref>"[http://www.killarneyonline.ie/tis/Top_Regional_Attractions/ti835.shtml Ross Castle]". Gulliver Infores. Retrieved on 12 May 2007.</ref> Lord Muskerry (MacCarty) held the castle against General Ludlow who marched to Ross with 4000 foot soldiers and 200 horse; however, it was by water that he attacked the stronghold. The Irish had a prophecy that Ross could never be taken until a warship could swim on the lake, an unbelievable prospect. The sight of the 'ships' unnerved the onlookers and the castle soon submitted.


The castle is operated by the [[Office of Public Works]],<ref name="indo"/> and is open to the public seasonally with guided tours.<ref name="heritage">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/rosscastle/ |title=Heritage Ireland - South-West - Ross Castle |publisher=OPW (National Monuments and National Historic Properties) |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525153732/http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/rosscastle/ |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref>
⚫
At the end of the wars, the Brownes were able to show that their heir was too young to have taken part in the rebellion and they retained the lands. By about 1688, they had erected a mansion house near the castle, but their adherence to [[James II of England]] caused them to be exiled. The castle became a military barracks, which remained so until early in the 19th century. The Brownes did not return to live at Ross but built [[Kenmare House]] near Killarney.


==History==
⚫
There is a legend that O’Donoghue leaped or was sucked out of the window of the grand chamber at the top of the castle and disappeared into the waters of the lake along with his horse, his table and his library. It is said that O’Donoghue now lives in a great palace at the bottom of the lake where he keeps a close eye on everything that he sees.
⚫
Ross Castle was built in the late 15th century by local ruling clan the O'Donoghues Mór (Ross), though ownership changed hands during the [[Second Desmond Rebellion]] of the 1580s to the [[MacCarthy Mór]]. He then leased the castle and the lands to [[Sir Valentine Browne]], ancestor of the [[Earls of Kenmare]]. The castle was amongst the last to surrender to [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[Roundheads]] during the [[Irish Confederate Wars]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.killarneyonamap.ie/ross-castle-killarney |title="Ross Castle" - Gulliver Infores |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118174528/http://www.killarneyonamap.ie/ross-castle-killarney |archive-date=18 November 2015 }}</ref> and was only taken when artillery was brought by boat via the River Laune. [[Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty|Lord Muskerry (MacCarthy)]] held the castle against [[Edmund Ludlow]] who marched to Ross with 4,000 foot-soldiers and 200 horse; however, it was by water that he attacked the stronghold. The Irish had a prophecy that Ross could never be taken until a warship could swim on the lake, an unbelievable prospect.
<blockquote>
::Ross may all assault disdain
::Till on Lough Lein strange ship shall sail.
</blockquote>


[[File:Ross Castle, II, Killarney. County Kerry, Ireland-LCCN2002717424.jpg|thumb|Ross Castle in the last decade of the 19th century]]
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==Defensive Features==
[[Image:Ross-castle-drawing.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Ross Castle inner structure]]


⚫
At the end of the wars, the Brownes were able to show that their heir was too young to have taken part in the rebellion and they retained the lands. By about 1688, they had erected a mansion house near the castle, but their adherence to King [[James II of England]] after the [[Glorious Revolution]] caused them to be exiled. The castle became a military barracks, which remained so until early in the 19th century. The Brownes did not return to live at Ross but built [[Kenmare House]] near Killarney.
===Basic Structure===
⚫
The castle is typical of strongholds of Irish chieftains built during the Middle Ages. The [[tower house]] had square bartizans on diagonally opposite corners and a thick end wall. The tower was originally surrounded by a square [[bawn]] defended by round corner towers on each end.<ref>"[http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/HistoricSites/South/RossCastleKerry/ Historic Sites:Ross Castle]". Heritage Ireland. Retrieved on 12 May 2007.</ref>


⚫
There is a legend that O'Donoghue leapt or was sucked out of the window of the grand chamber at the top of the castle and disappeared into the waters of the lake along with his horse, his table and his library. It is said that O'Donoghue now lives in a great palace at the bottom of the lake where he keeps a close eye on everything that he sees.
The structure is stacked and mortored stone with thick walls and providing five inner stories plus the roof.


===Front Entrance===
===Governors===
Governors of the garrison at Ross Castle included:
⚫
The front entrance was a small anteroom secured by an iron grill or '[[yett]]' at the outer wall. The yett could be closed from inside via a chain that could then be secured even if the front door was closed. This room provided small side access holes and a "murdering hole" above which allowed the defenders to attack anybody in the room.
*–1652: [[Piaras Feiritéar|Pierce Ferriter]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland|first=stephen|last=Manganiello|page=200}}</ref>
*Sir John Peyton, Bt (died 1675)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/genealogicalhera00burkuoft/genealogicalhera00burkuoft_djvu.txt|title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland|publisher= Internet Archive|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>
*{{circa|1679|1701}}: Colonel Sir John Edgeworth<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=thatcher-th&id=I720|title=Individual Page}}</ref>
*{{circa|1705|1714}}: Colonel Richard Hedges<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sources.nli.ie/Record/MS_UR_037975|title=Copies of letters of Capt. R. Hedges, Governor of Ross Castle, Killarney to the government at Dublin, on the state of Kerry, rapparees, etc., 1704-14. Copies of letters of Richard White of Bantry relative to events when Hoche's ships came to Bantry Bay, Dec., 1796}}</ref>
*1715: John Sterling<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=5374|page=2|date=18–22 October 1715}}</ref>
*1721: [[William FitzMaurice, 2nd Earl of Kerry]] (died 1747)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Peerage of England|first=Arthur|last=Collins|page=484}}</ref>
*1753–1762: Lieut-General [[John Folliot (British Army officer, died 1762)|John Folliot]]<ref name=n&q>W. R. Williams, "An English Army List of 1740" in ''[[Notes and Queries]]'', 12 ser., vol. III, [https://archive.org/stream/s12notesqueries03londuoft#page/190/mode/2up pp. 190-191]. 10 March 1917.</ref>
*1762: [[Sir Francis Lumm, 1st Baronet]]<ref>[[Robert Beatson]], ''A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain & Ireland'', vol. III (1806) [https://archive.org/details/politicalindexto02beat/page/349 p. 349].</ref> (died 1797) (High Sheriff of King's County, 1755)
*–1801: Lieut-General Charles Eustace<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History, Politics|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|page=108}}</ref> (1736-1801) (MP for [[Fethard (County Wexford) (Parliament of Ireland constituency)|Fethard, Wexford]])
*1801–1835: Lieut-General [[Sir Henry Johnson, 1st Baronet|Sir Henry Johnson]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=15377|page=691|date=20–23 June 1801}}</ref>


⚫
==Defensive features==
⚫
The front door, on the inside of the anteroom, was constructed of two layers of thick Irish Oak, one layer 90 degrees to the other with the boards riveted together. If the door was a single layer with the wood fibers going in a single direction, it would have been possible to split the door. The second cross layer prevented that. The door opened inward and was backed by two heavy beams fitted into the stone structure.
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2022}}
⚫
[[Image:Ross-castle-drawing.jpg|thumb|upright|Illustration of Ross Castle inner structure]]


===Windows===
===Basic structure===
⚫
The castle is typical of strongholds of Irish chieftains built during the Middle Ages. The [[tower house]] had square [[bartizan]]s on diagonally opposite corners and a thick end wall. The tower was originally surrounded by a square [[bawn]] defended by round corner towers on each end.<ref name="heritage"/>
⚫
Windows at the lower levels were vertical thin slits preventing entrance into the structure but allowing persons inside to aim and fire arrows or guns at attackers. The windows on the top levels were larger to allow in light. It was felt that attackers would not be able to scale to those heights so larger windows were safe.


===Spiral Staircase===
===Front entrance===
⚫
The front entrance was a small anteroom secured by an iron grill or '[[yett]]' at the outer wall. The yett could be closed from the inside via a chain that could then be secured even if the front door was closed. This room provided small side access holes and a "[[murder-hole]]" above which allowed the defenders to attack anybody in the room.
The spiral staircase, located in the front left corner, was built in a clockwise direction. Attackers, ascending up would have their sword in their right hand and would be impeded by the center structure of the staircase. Defenders, facing down, would have their swords swinging at the outer part of the staircase giving them an advantage to kill them awsonelyl.


⚫
The front door, on the inside of the anteroom, was constructed of two layers of thick Irish oak, one layer 90 degrees to the other with the boards riveted together. If the door was a single layer with the wood fibres going in a single direction, it would have been possible to split the door. The second cross-layer prevented that. The door opened inward and was backed by two heavy beams fitted into the stone structure.
In addition, the stairs were of uneven height to throw off an attacker's charge by interfering with his gait.

===Windows===
⚫
Windows at the lower levels were vertical thin slits preventing entrance into the structure but allowing persons inside to aim and fire arrows or guns at attackers. The windows on the top levels were larger to allow in light. It was felt that attackers would not be able to scale to those heights so larger windows were safe.


===Machicolation===
===Machicolation===
[[Machicolations]] were stone structures at the top of the castle protruding out from the wall with a hole in the floor. There are two on Ross Castle, one over the front door and another on the back wall. The one at the front would allow defenders to drop stones or boiling oil on attackers at the front door, the only entrance to the castle.
[[Machicolations]] were stone structures at the top of the castle protruding out from the wall with a hole in the floor. There are two on Ross Castle, one over the front door and another on the back wall. The one at the front would allow defenders to drop stones or boiling oil on attackers at the front door, the only entrance to the castle.

⚫
[[Image:Rosscastle3.jpg|thumb|right|Ross Castle from the lake]]


===Parapet===
===Parapet===
The parapet at roof level is 'crenellated' providing ups, '[[merlons]]', and downs, '[[crenals]]', to allow defenders to hide behind the merlons while firing arrows or guns through the crenals.
The parapet at roof level is '[[battlements|crenellated]]' providing ups, 'merlons' and downs, 'crenels', to allow defenders to hide behind the merlons while firing arrows or guns through the crenels.


===Inner Rooms===
===Inner rooms===
The first floor was used for storage.
The first floor was used for storage.


The second floor was a living space for the house attendants and guards. Straw was spread on the floor to sleep on. There was typically no furniture.
The second floor was a living space for the house attendants and guards. Straw was spread on the floor to sleep on. There was typically no furniture.


The third floor was for food preparation and living and eating space for the house attendants and guards.
The third floor was for food preparation and living and eating space for the house attendants and guards.


The fourth floor was the sleeping and living space for the chieftain and his family. The fourth floor had an arched stone roof supporting a stone floor of the fifth story as compared to the wood beam floors of the lower stories.
The fourth floor was the sleeping and living space for the chieftain and his family. The fourth floor had an arched stone roof supporting a stone floor of the fifth story as compared to the wood beam floors of the lower stories.


The fifth floor was the great room where the chieftain ate and entertained. This room was also the last sanctuary as it had a stone floor as a fire break from fire in the lower floors.
The fifth floor was the great room where the chieftain ate and entertained. This room was also the last sanctuary as it had a stone floor as a fire break from fire in the lower floors.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:DV405 no.269 Ross Castle.png|Sketch of Ross Castle, 1830
File:Ross Castle, I, Killarney. County Kerry, Ireland.jpg|Photo of Ross Castle, circa 1900
File:Hallowed walls and halls (30487451091).jpg|Ross Castle circa 1910
File:Ross Castle keep.jpg|Ross Castle keep
File:Ross Castle gate.jpg|The main gate
File:County Kerry - Ross Castle - 20200914175843.jpeg|Sunset at Ross Castle
</gallery>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 53: Line 97:


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{commons category|Ross Castle}}
* [http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/South-West/RossCastle/ Ross Castle] - Visiting information at Heritage Ireland
* [https://heritageireland.ie/visit/places-to-visit/ross-castle/ Ross Castle] – Visitor information at Heritage Ireland


{{Historic Irish houses}}
{{Historic Irish houses}}


[[Category:Buildings and structures in Killarney]]
⚫
{{coord|52.041|N|9.531|W|display=title|source:dewiki}}

[[Category:Castles in County Kerry]]
[[Category:Castles in County Kerry]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Killarney]]
[[Category:MacCarthy dynasty]]
[[Category:Museums in County Kerry]]
[[Category:Museums in County Kerry]]
[[Category:National Monuments in County Kerry]]
[[Category:National monuments in County Kerry]]

Latest revision as of 22:56, 3 January 2024

Ross Castle
Native name
Irish: Caisleán an Rois
Coordinates52°02′28″N 9°31′52″W / 52.041°N 9.531°W / 52.041; -9.531
AreaKillarney, County Kerry, Ireland
Built15th century
Built forO'Donoghue family
Architectural style(s)Tower house and keep
Governing bodyOffice of Public Works
Ross Castle is located in Ireland
Ross Castle
Ross Castle in Ireland

Ross Castle (Irish: Caisleán an Rois) is a 15th-century tower house and keep on the edge of Lough Leane, in Killarney National Park, County Kerry, Ireland.[1] It is the ancestral home of the Chiefs of the Clan O'Donoghue,[2] later associated with the Brownes of Killarney.[3]

The castle is operated by the Office of Public Works,[2] and is open to the public seasonally with guided tours.[4]

History

[edit]

Ross Castle was built in the late 15th century by local ruling clan the O'Donoghues Mór (Ross), though ownership changed hands during the Second Desmond Rebellion of the 1580s to the MacCarthy Mór. He then leased the castle and the lands to Sir Valentine Browne, ancestor of the Earls of Kenmare. The castle was amongst the last to surrender to Oliver Cromwell's Roundheads during the Irish Confederate Wars,[5] and was only taken when artillery was brought by boat via the River Laune. Lord Muskerry (MacCarthy) held the castle against Edmund Ludlow who marched to Ross with 4,000 foot-soldiers and 200 horse; however, it was by water that he attacked the stronghold. The Irish had a prophecy that Ross could never be taken until a warship could swim on the lake, an unbelievable prospect.

Ross may all assault disdain
Till on Lough Lein strange ship shall sail.
Ross Castle in the last decade of the 19th century

At the end of the wars, the Brownes were able to show that their heir was too young to have taken part in the rebellion and they retained the lands. By about 1688, they had erected a mansion house near the castle, but their adherence to King James II of England after the Glorious Revolution caused them to be exiled. The castle became a military barracks, which remained so until early in the 19th century. The Brownes did not return to live at Ross but built Kenmare House near Killarney.

There is a legend that O'Donoghue leapt or was sucked out of the window of the grand chamber at the top of the castle and disappeared into the waters of the lake along with his horse, his table and his library. It is said that O'Donoghue now lives in a great palace at the bottom of the lake where he keeps a close eye on everything that he sees.

Governors

[edit]

Governors of the garrison at Ross Castle included:

Defensive features

[edit]
Illustration of Ross Castle inner structure

Basic structure

[edit]

The castle is typical of strongholds of Irish chieftains built during the Middle Ages. The tower house had square bartizans on diagonally opposite corners and a thick end wall. The tower was originally surrounded by a square bawn defended by round corner towers on each end.[4]

Front entrance

[edit]

The front entrance was a small anteroom secured by an iron grill or 'yett' at the outer wall. The yett could be closed from the inside via a chain that could then be secured even if the front door was closed. This room provided small side access holes and a "murder-hole" above which allowed the defenders to attack anybody in the room.

The front door, on the inside of the anteroom, was constructed of two layers of thick Irish oak, one layer 90 degrees to the other with the boards riveted together. If the door was a single layer with the wood fibres going in a single direction, it would have been possible to split the door. The second cross-layer prevented that. The door opened inward and was backed by two heavy beams fitted into the stone structure.

Windows

[edit]

Windows at the lower levels were vertical thin slits preventing entrance into the structure but allowing persons inside to aim and fire arrows or guns at attackers. The windows on the top levels were larger to allow in light. It was felt that attackers would not be able to scale to those heights so larger windows were safe.

Machicolation

[edit]

Machicolations were stone structures at the top of the castle protruding out from the wall with a hole in the floor. There are two on Ross Castle, one over the front door and another on the back wall. The one at the front would allow defenders to drop stones or boiling oil on attackers at the front door, the only entrance to the castle.

Ross Castle from the lake

Parapet

[edit]

The parapet at roof level is 'crenellated' providing ups, 'merlons' and downs, 'crenels', to allow defenders to hide behind the merlons while firing arrows or guns through the crenels.

Inner rooms

[edit]

The first floor was used for storage.

The second floor was a living space for the house attendants and guards. Straw was spread on the floor to sleep on. There was typically no furniture.

The third floor was for food preparation and living and eating space for the house attendants and guards.

The fourth floor was the sleeping and living space for the chieftain and his family. The fourth floor had an arched stone roof supporting a stone floor of the fifth story as compared to the wood beam floors of the lower stories.

The fifth floor was the great room where the chieftain ate and entertained. This room was also the last sanctuary as it had a stone floor as a fire break from fire in the lower floors.

[edit]
  • Sketch of Ross Castle, 1830
    Sketch of Ross Castle, 1830
  • Photo of Ross Castle, circa 1900
    Photo of Ross Castle, circa 1900
  • Ross Castle circa 1910
    Ross Castle circa 1910
  • Ross Castle keep
    Ross Castle keep
  • The main gate
    The main gate
  • Sunset at Ross Castle
    Sunset at Ross Castle

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Ross Castle page (Killarney National Park Website)". National Parks & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Killarney's Ross Castle reopens for the tourist season". Independent News & Media. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  3. ^ Castleden, Rodin. The Castles of Britain and Ireland. Quercus, 2013
  4. ^ a b "Heritage Ireland - South-West - Ross Castle". OPW (National Monuments and National Historic Properties). Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  5. ^ ""Ross Castle" - Gulliver Infores". Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  6. ^ Manganiello, stephen. The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland. p. 200.
  7. ^ "A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Ireland". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  8. ^ "Individual Page".
  9. ^ "Copies of letters of Capt. R. Hedges, Governor of Ross Castle, Killarney to the government at Dublin, on the state of Kerry, rapparees, etc., 1704-14. Copies of letters of Richard White of Bantry relative to events when Hoche's ships came to Bantry Bay, Dec., 1796".
  10. ^ "No. 5374". The London Gazette. 18–22 October 1715. p. 2.
  11. ^ Collins, Arthur. The Peerage of England. p. 484.
  12. ^ W. R. Williams, "An English Army List of 1740" in Notes and Queries, 12 ser., vol. III, pp. 190-191. 10 March 1917.
  13. ^ Robert Beatson, A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain & Ireland, vol. III (1806) p. 349.
  14. ^ Kippis, Andrew. The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History, Politics. p. 108.
  15. ^ "No. 15377". The London Gazette. 20–23 June 1801. p. 691.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ross Castle.
  • Ross Castle – Visitor information at Heritage Ireland
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Castle&oldid=1193458581"