Samsat: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Settlement in Eastern Turkey}} |
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{{Merge from|Samosata|discuss=Talk:Samsat#Proposed merge of Samosata into Samsat|date=March 2020}} |
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{{Infobox |
{{Infobox Turkey place |
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| type = municipality |
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| name = Samsat |
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| other_name = |
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| image_skyline =File:Samsat Turkey.jpg |
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| image_shield = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|37|34|46|N|38|28|53|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}} |
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| image_caption = |
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| province = Adıyaman |
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| district = Samsat |
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| leader_party = [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] |
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| leader_name = Halil Fırat |
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| area_footnotes = |
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| elevation_m = 610 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/> |
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| population_total = 3790 |
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| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |
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| population_as_of = 2022 |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Turkey}} |
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| website = {{URL|https://www.samsat.bel.tr/}} |
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| established_date = 12th c. BC |
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| subdivision_type2 = Municipality |
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| subdivision_name2 = |
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| government_type = |
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| leader_title = Mayor |
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| leader_name = Halil Fırat |
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| leader_title1 = [[Kaymakam]] |
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| leader_name1 = Halid Yıldız |
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| coordinates = {{coord|37|34|46.4|N|38|28|52.7|E|region:IQ-NI|display=inline,title}} |
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| website = {{URL| http://www.samsat.gov.tr|http://www.samsat.gov.tr }} |
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| leader_party = [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] |
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'''Samsat''' ({{lang-ku|script=Latn|Samîsad}},<ref>{{cite book |author1=Avcıkıran |first=Adem |url= |title=Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî |date=2009 |page=56 |language=tr, ku |access-date=}}</ref> [[Ottoman Turkish]] صمصاد ''Semisat''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sezen |first=Tahir |url=https://www.academia.edu/9619569/osmanli_yer_adlari |title=Osmanlı yer adları: alfabetik sırayla |date=2006 |publisher=T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü |isbn=978-975-19-3945-6 |series=Yayın |location=Ankara |pages= |at=s.v. Samsat, p. 430 |oclc=133108331}}</ref>), formerly '''Samosata''' ({{lang-grc|Σαμόσατα}}) is a small town in the [[Adıyaman Province]] of [[Turkey]], situated on the upper [[Euphrates]] river. It is the seat of [[Samsat District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</ref> The town is populated by [[Kurds]] of the Bezikan tribe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Aşiretler raporu |publisher=Kaynak Yayınları |year=2014 |edition=3rd |pages=14 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orhan |first=Mehmet |date=2020 |title=Research Methodology in Kurdish Studies. Interactions between Fieldwork, Epistemology and Theory. |journal=[[Anthropology of the Middle East]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=8 and 17 |doi=10.3167/ame.2020.150102|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Halil Fırat from the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP) was elected mayor in the [[2019 Turkish local elections|local elections]] in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/secim/31-mart-2019-yerel-secim-sonuclari/adiyaman/samsat/ilcesi-yerel-secim-sonuclari|title=Adıyaman Samsat Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri|website=www.sabah.com.tr|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> The current [[Kaymakam]] is Halid Yıldız.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samsat.gov.tr/|title=T.C. Samsat Kaymakamlığı|website=www.samsat.gov.tr|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> |
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The current |
Samsat was the ancient capital of [[Kingdom of Commagene]]. The current site of Samsat is comparatively new, however, being rebuilt in 1989 when the old town of Samosata was flooded during the construction of the [[Atatürk Dam]].<ref>[http://gezilecekyerler.com/samsat/ Samsat, Gezilecek Yerler].</ref> As of 2018, reconstruction process had not yet been fully completed.<ref>[https://www.ensonhaber.com/samsatta-kalici-konutlarin-temelleri-atiliyor.html Samsat’ta kalıcı konutların temelleri atılıyor].</ref> An ancient [[tell (archaeology)|tell]] nearby dating back to [[Paleolithic]] times has survived to the current day. |
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Its population was 3,790 in 2022, up from 3,520 in 2017.<ref name=tuik>{{cite web|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |title=Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute|TÜIK]] |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> |
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Despite the flooding of the Old town the even more ancient Tell known as Samsat Castle has survived to the current day. |
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==History== |
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In 2016 the town had a population of 3789,<ref>[https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/ "2016 genel nüfus sayımı verileri" (html) (Doğrudan bir kaynak olmayıp ilgili veriye ulaşmak için sorgulama yapılmalıdır). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2017].</ref> down from 4720 in 2008 and a peak of 6.917 in 2000. Almost all of the population is Kurds. |
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===Antiquity=== |
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The city of Samosata was founded sometime before 245 BC on the previous [[Syro-Hittite states|Neo-Hittite]] site of [[Kummuh]] by the [[Orontid dynasty|Orontid]] king of [[Kingdom of Sophene|Sophene]], [[Sames I]].{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=109}} He may have founded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and [[Hellenistic]] dynasties, such as [[Kingdom of Cappadocia|Cappadocia]], [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthia]] and [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]].{{sfn|Michels|2021|pp=478–479}} The city was built in a "sub-[[Achaemenid]]" Persian [[architectural form]], similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Canepa|2021|p=84}}; see also {{harvnb|Canepa|2018|p=110}}</ref> Naming cities such as Samosata ([[Middle Persian]] ''*Sāmašād''; [[Old Persian]] ''*Sāmašiyāti-'') the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later [[Artaxiad]]) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=82}} Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.{{sfn|Canepa|2018|p=110}} |
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[[File:Samosata- Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Hadrian]] from Samosata]] |
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Like other early-Orontid royal residences, Samosata experienced a sudden shift in its architectural style under the Orontids of [[Kingdom of Commagene|Commagene]] due to their close involvement in the [[Greco-Roman world]].{{sfn|Canepa|2021|p=84}} During this period, Samosata was most likely populated by a variety of peoples, descended from [[Syrians]]/[[Arameans]]/[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Neo-Hittites]], [[Armenians]], and [[Persians]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=74}} Samosata was amongst the places where its ruler [[Antiochus I Theos of Commagene|Antiochus I Theos]] ({{reign|70|31|era=BC}}) founded sanctuaries that contained inscriptions about his cult as well as reliefs of his ''[[dexiosis]]'' with [[Apollo]]-[[Mithra]]s.{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=77}} In 73 AD, Samosata as well as the rest of Commagene was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire]]. It may have been during this event that the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] letter of [[Mara bar Serapion]] was composed. The letter makes mention of an [[Aramaic]]-speaking elite in Samosata that studied [[Greek literature]] and [[Stoicism|Stoic philosophy]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=87}} Under the Roman emperor [[Hadrian]] ({{reign|117|138}}), Samosata was given metropolis status along with [[Damascus]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]].{{sfn|Andrade|2013|p=177}} |
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[[Roman legion]]s were later placed in Samosata to discourage the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651) from attacking it. In 260, it was the first city that was sacked by the Sasanian emperor [[Shapur I]] ({{reign|240|270}}) following his capture of the Roman emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] ({{reign|253|260}}). Shapur I is known to have had coins minted in the same fashion as the Roman ''[[antoninianus]]'', which he may have taken from the material used in the mint of Samosata.{{sfn|Gyselen|2010|p=76}} |
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==Archeology== |
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Samsat Höyük is a [[tell (archaeology)|tell]] located just north of the Samsat district of Adıyaman. |
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Archaeological research on the hill of Şehremuz in Samsat has uncovered relics from the 7000 BC Paleolithic era; the 5000 BC Neolithic, 3000 BC [[Chalcolithic]] and 3000 to 1200 BC Bronze Ages. The ancient city of [[Ḫaḫḫum]] ([[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''Ḫaḫḫa'') was located nearby; it is recorded [[imports to Ur|as a source of gold for ancient Sumeria]]. |
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It was at Samosata that [[Julian the Apostate|Julian II]] had ships made in his expedition against [[Shapur II]], and it was a natural crossing-place in the struggle between [[Heraclius]] and [[Khosrau I of Persia|Chosroes]] in the 7th century. |
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The first excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1967 under the direction of T. Goell. In fact, the settlement was known and famous before these excavations. Then, in 1977, under the Lower Euphrates Project, which was aimed at identifying and saving the archaeological settlements that will remain within the water collection area of Karakaya and Atatürk Dams. Surface surveys were conducted under the direction of Mehmet Özdoğan. In these studies, it was concluded that the settlement was permanently inhabited from the Halaf Period to the Ottoman Period. The following year, the excavations started in 1978, except for 1980, until 1987, Ankara University, Faculty of Language and History-Geography Professor. Dr. It was conducted by the team led by Nimet Özgüç. These excavations were carried out on a very wide area, including the lower city and surrounding walls. |
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Samosata was the birthplace of several renowned people from antiquity such as [[Lucian]] (''c.'' 120-192) and [[Paul of Samosata]] (fl. 260). |
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Coins belonging to the 12th - 13th centuries AD were identified during the excavations in the layers dating to the late phases of the Middle Ages. Of these Seljuk sultans I. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1192-1195), Ala al-Din Keykubbad, (1219-1236), II. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1236-1246), IV. Rükn el-Din The coins of Kılıç Arslan (1257-1264), as well as the coins of Saladin (1170-1193) printed in Harran, were uncovered.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 1985 Yılında Yapılmış Olan Samsat Kazılarının Sonuçları' – 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1986) Sh.: 297 </ref> |
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===Medieval history=== |
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The collection of glassware with cups, glasses and bowls is very rich. Other finds include oil lamps, ivory comb, fragrance bottle,<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p298 </ref>, terracotta lamps, bone spoons, leaf-shaped marble sconces and coins.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p 227</ref> |
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[[File:The imperial army besieges Samosata.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Depiction of the Byzantine attack on Samosata in 859, from the ''[[Madrid Skylitzes]]'']] |
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The Arabs conquered Commagene from the Byzantines in 640. [[Safwan bin Muattal]], a [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabi]] and commander during the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], was buried in Samosata. |
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In the tenth century, the town, which was the second biggest in the region after [[Melitene]], was recaptured by the Byzantines.{{sfn|Beihammer|2017|p=54}} In June 966, Samosata was the venue of an exchange of prisoners between the Byzantine Emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] and his Muslim foe [[Sayf al-Dawla]].{{sfn|Fattori|2013|p=117}} |
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The walls of the Seljuk Period, built on a solid Byzantine fortress, were preserved intact. The inscription on the limestone of this fortification was studied by a master calligrapher. The landfill belonged to Diyarbekr Şah Karaaslan.<ref> Nimet Özgüç, Samsat Kazıları 1982' – 5. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1983) p111. </ref> |
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After the collapse of Byzantine authority in the region, the town fell into the domain of the Armenian [[Philaretos Brachamios]].{{sfn|Beihammer|2017|p=285}} At some point after that it fell into the hands of a certain Baluk, on of Amīr Ghāzī, who is mentioned among the army of [[Ridwan of Aleppo]] which besieged Edessa in 1095.{{sfn|Beihammer|2017|p=256}} While he managed to fend off an [[Expedition to Samosata|expedition in 1098]] under [[Baldwin of Boulogne]] send by the ruler of Edessa, [[Thoros of Edessa|Thoros]], he later had to sell the town to Baldwin for 10,000 gold coins upon which it belonged to the [[county of Edessa]].{{sfn|Beihammer|2017|p=285}} |
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The center of the palace, which is thought to be the central courtyard, is 14,65 X 20,55 meters and it has a mosaic corner.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, Samsat 1984 Yılı Kazıları, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) p224.</ref> |
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Warfare in the [[13th century]] devastated Samosata. [[Suleiman II of Rûm|Rukn ad-Din Sulayman Shah II]] of the Anatolian [[Seljuks]] captured Samosata in 1203. The [[Anushtegin dynasty|Anushtegins]] conquered and looted the town in 1237. The Mongol Emperor [[Hulagu Khan|Hülagü Khan]] conquered Samosata in 1240 and the [[Beylik of Dulkadir]] conquered the town as well. |
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The skeletons of five people thrown into a 1.8 meter diameter well of the Islamic Period were found. At the bottom of the skeleton at the bottom of the skeleton, there are five gold coins and silver coins from the Abbasid Period. One of the gold coins belongs to Harunürreşid (766 - 709) and the other to Mutevekkil (822 - 861).<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) Sh.: 226</ref> |
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Samosata was temporarily absorbed into the [[Ottoman Empire]] by [[Bayazid I]] in 1392, and in 1401 it was destroyed by [[Timur]]. In 1516, the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim I]] recaptured it for the Ottomans who renamed it Samsat. It lost its old importance in the Ottoman administration and became the centre of a [[sanjak]]. |
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Today the settlement is 700 meters inside the Euphrates but before inundation it was 37-40 meters above the plain level and has an area of 500 x 350 meters. The most steep slope is the eastern slope and the lowest slope is the southwest facing slope. The mound consists of a terrace and a sub-city.<ref>[http://www.tayproject.org/TAYmaster.fm$Retrieve?YerlesmeNo=2281&html=masterDetail.html&layout=web TAY – Yerleşme Ayrıntıları].</ref> Samsat Höyük as an archaeological site is considered to have been destroyed due to the importance it carries in the dam lake. |
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===Modern times=== |
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The old town of Samosta below the tell was not excavated <ref>[http://www.gezi-yorum.net/adiyaman-samsat/ Adıyaman, Samsat].</ref> |
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During Turkey's [[One-party period of the Republic of Turkey|republican period]], the population of the town decreased. In 1960, Samsat was made a district center and connected to the province of [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]]. |
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The city of Samsat was evacuated from the old settlement on 5 March 1988 due to the construction of the [[Atatürk Dam]]. A new location for the settlement was announced through Law No. 3433 on 21 April 1988. The historical Samsat was submerged in 1989 as the dam created the [[Atatürk Reservoir]]. The new town was built beside the new waterline by the Turkish government to house the displaced residents. |
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==History== |
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The name Semiata or Samsat is known from [[Sumer]]ian records. The town was a center of the Hittite kingdom in the [[Iron Age]]. The region was conquered by Sargon in 708 BC and became a province of [[Assyria]]. In 605 BCE, the [[Babylon]]ians took over. Then, respectively, the [[Medes]], the [[Persian Empire|Persian]]s (533 BC). Alexander the great extended the kingdom of Macedonia in 333 BC from which the town was ceded to the domination of the [[Seleucid]]s. |
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The new town of Samsat was destroyed by an earthquake on 2 March 2017. The city was largely rebuilt afterwards.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-43875409 | title=Adıyaman'daki depremde 13 kişi yaralandı, yıkılan binalar var | newspaper=BBC News Türkçe }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=Samsat ilçesi yeniden inşa ediliyor |url=https://www.sondakika.com/ekonomi/haber-samsat-ilcesi-yeniden-insa-ediliyor-14808218/}}</ref> |
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After which Samsat was made the walled capital of the [[Commagene]] kingdom a [[Hellenistic]] realm founded in 69 BC, the civilisation that built the statues on top of nearby [[Mount Nemrut]]. During the 150 years of this short lived kingdom, [[List of rulers of Commagene|several known king]]s held the throne. Under Antichus I (69 - 34 BC) the town was a center of caravan routes and [[Emporium (antiquity)|a trading center]]. King [[Antiochus III of Commagene|Antichos III]] was the last effective ruler,<ref>Chahin, Mark (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia. Routledge. pp. 190–191. {{ISBN|0-7007-1452-9}}. </ref> and his death cause a political crisis of succession into which Rome intervened in 72 AD.<ref>Tacitus, The Annals 2.42.</ref> During the [[classical era]] the town was known as [[Samosata]] and in [[Roman Empire|Roman times]] was the home to the satirist Lucian, and became a science center. |
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===In Christianity=== |
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{{rough translation}} |
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In the Christian [[martyrology]], seven [[Christianity|Christian]] [[martyr]]s were crucified in 297 in Samosata for refusing to perform a pagan rite in celebration of the victory of [[Maximian]] over the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]]: Abibus, Hipparchus, James, Lollian, Paragnus, Philotheus, and Romanus. [[Paul_of_Samosata|Paul]] the [[Monarchianism|Dynamic Monarchian]] [[Patriarch_of_Antioch|Bishop of Antioch]] was born in Samosata in 200; [[Daniel the Stylite|Saint Daniel the Stylite]] was born in a village near Samosata; [[Rabulas of Samosata|Saint Rabbulas]], venerated on 19 February, who lived in the 6th century at [[Constantinople]], was also a native of Samosata. A ''[[Notitia Episcopatuum]]'' of [[Antioch]] in the 6th century mentions Samosata as an autocephalous metropolis (''Échos d'Orient'', X, 144); at the synod that reinstated [[Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople]] (the Photian Council) of 879, the See of Samosata had already been united to that of [[Amida (Mesopotamia)|Amida]], present-day Diyarbakır.<ref>[[Giovanni Domenico Mansi|Mansi]], ''Conciliorum collectio'', XVII-XVIII, 445.</ref> By 586, the titular of Amida bore only this title,<ref>[[Le Quien]], ''Oriens christianus'', II, 994.</ref> meaning the union took place between the 7th and the 9th centuries. Earlier [[bishop]]s included Peperius, who attended the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]] (325); [[Eusebius of Samosata|Saint Eusebius of Samosata]], a great opponent of the [[Arianism|Arians]], killed by an Arian woman (c. 380), honoured on 22 June; Andrew, a vigorous opponent of [[Cyril of Alexandria]] and of the [[First Council of Ephesus|Council of Ephesus]].<ref>Le Quien, ''Oriens christianus'', II, 933-6.</ref> |
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The Arabs to the city from the Byzantines. [[Safwan bin Muattal]] died and is buried in Samsat. The [[13th century]] was very hard for the town. [[Süleyman II|Rüknettin Süleyman II]] of the Anatolian [[Seljuks]] took the town in 1203, and Samsat was looted in 1237 by the [[Harzemşah Sultanate|Harzemşah]] and was invaded by the Mongol Emperor [[Hulagu Khan|Hülagü Khan]] in 1240 and later by the [[Dulkadiroğulları]]. |
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Chabot gives a list of twenty-eight [[Syriac Orthodox|Syrian Miaphysite]] bishops.<ref>''Revue de l'Orient chrétien'', VI, 203.</ref> The Syrian bishopric probably lapsed in the 12th century.<ref>[[Jean Maurice Fiey|Fiey, J. M.]] (1993), ''Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux'', Beirut, p. 263, {{ISBN|3-515-05718-8}}</ref> Samosata is included in the [[Catholic Church]]'s list of [[titular see]]s, but no further [[titular bishop]]s have been appointed for that eastern see since the [[Second Vatican Council]]. |
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It was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire by [[Beyazıt I|Yıldırım Beyazıt]] in 1392 and in 1401 it is destroyed by [[Timur]]. In 1516, Yavuz Sultan Selim retook it for the Ottomans. It lost its old importance in the Ottoman administration and became the center of the sanjak. |
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==Archaeology== |
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During the republican period, it became smaller and became a center of the parish. In 1960, Samsat was transformed into a district center and connected to the province of Adıyaman. |
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Samsat Höyük is a [[tell (archaeology)|tell]] located just north of the Samsat district of Adıyaman. |
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Archaeological research on the hill of Şehremuz in Samsat has uncovered relics from the 7000 BC Paleolithic era; the 5000 BC Neolithic, 3000 BC [[Chalcolithic]] and 3000 to 1200 BC Bronze Ages. The ancient city of [[Ḫaḫḫum]] ([[Hittite language|Hittite]]: ''Ḫaḫḫa'') was located nearby; it is recorded [[imports to Ur|as a source of gold for ancient Sumeria]]. |
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The first excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1967 under the direction of the American archeologist [[Theresa Goell]].<ref>''Samosata Archaeological Excavations, Turkey, 1967'', In: National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1967 Projects. 1974, pp. 83–109</ref> In fact, the settlement was known and famous before these excavations. Then, in 1977, under the Lower Euphrates Project, plans were put together aimed at identifying and saving the archaeological settlements that were to be inundated by the reservoir of Karakaya and Atatürk Dams. Surface surveys were conducted under the direction of Mehmet Özdoğan. In these studies, it was concluded that the settlement was permanently inhabited from the Halaf Period to the Ottoman Period. The following year, the excavations started in 1978, except for 1980, until 1987, under Ankara University, Faculty of Language and History-Geography It was conducted by the team led by Nimet Özgüç. These excavations were carried out on a very wide area, including the lower city and surrounding walls. |
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The city of Samsat was evacuated from the old settlement on 05.03.1988 due to the Atatürk Dam being left under the lake waters and the center was changed and moved to its present location with the law numbered 3433 dated 21.04.1988. The old town of Samsat and all its history were flooded behind the [[Atatürk Dam]] in 1989. The new town was built beside the new waterline by the Turkish government to house the displaced residents. |
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Coins belonging to the 12th - 13th centuries AD were identified during the excavations in the layers dating to the late phases of the Middle Ages. Of these Seljuk sultans I. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1192–1195), Ala al-Din Keykubbad, (1219-1236), II. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1236-1246), IV. Rükn el-Din The coins of Kılıç Arslan (1257–1264), as well as the coins of Saladin (1170-1193) printed in Harran, were uncovered.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 1985 Yılında Yapılmış Olan Samsat Kazılarının Sonuçları' – 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1986) Sh.: 297</ref> |
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==Name== |
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The meaning of this name is not known. It is said that Samsat was called ''ler Semizata'' at the time of Sumerians.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} The Egyptians are again said to have called it ''”Şamşuata'' or ''Şemşiata am''.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} |
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The collection of glassware with cups, glasses and bowls is very rich. Other finds include oil lamps, ivory comb, fragrance bottle,<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p298</ref> terracotta lamps, bone spoons, leaf-shaped marble sconces and coins.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p 227</ref> |
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The name in Syrian and Hebrew is called Simsat, and this name is called “Sun bu ims Solar Land” because in the early part of the Middle Ages, at the beginning of the [[4th century]], the Armenians were the sun worshipers before they accepted [[Christianity]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Armenians who had preserved these old religions lived intensively in the town until the [[14th century]]. Therefore, it should be known as the "land of the sun worshipers" and not "the Sunland".{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} |
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The walls of the Seljuk Period, built on a solid Byzantine fortress, were preserved intact. The inscription on the limestone of this fortification was studied by a master calligrapher. The landfill belonged to Diyarbekr Şah Karaaslan.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, Samsat Kazıları 1982' – 5. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1983) p111.</ref> |
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Another account is that the city was named after King Samos, the grandfather of [[Antiochus Epiphanes|Antiochos Epiphanes I]], who was one of the Commagene kings. However, The name is mentioned as Samosate, Samosatum and Semisat, in the Classical Age sources,<ref>Prof. Dr. Gönül Öney, 1978 – 79 ve 1981 Yılı Samsat Kazılarında Bulunan İslam Devri Buluntularıyla İlgili İlk Haber Sh.: 71 </ref> |
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The centre of the palace, which is thought to be the central courtyard, is 14,65 X 20,55 meters and it has a mosaic corner.<ref>Nimet Özgüç, Samsat 1984 Yılı Kazıları, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) p224.</ref> |
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The Islamic conquest brought the Arabisation of this name as ''Sümeysat İslam'' and the Ottomans called it Samsat. |
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The skeletons of five people thrown into a 1.8 meter diameter well of the Islamic Period were found. At the bottom with the skeletons, five gold coins and silver coins from the Abbasid Period were found. One of the gold coins belongs to [[Harun al-Rashid]] (766 - 709) and the others to Mutawakkil (822 - 861).<ref>Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) Sh.: 226</ref> |
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==Geography== |
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[[File:Ataturk dam 2-GAP.jpg|thumb|right|Samsat district [[peninsula]] in the distance.]] |
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The new Samsat district is a [[peninsula]] surrounded on the three sides by the Atatürk Dam Lake. The distance from the sea to the city center is 47km. The district is a plain that descends to the south. |
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Today the settlement is under the Euphrates, but before inundation it was 37–40 meters above the plain level and had an area of 500 x 350 meters. The steepest slope is the eastern slope and the lowest slope is the southwest-facing slope. The mound consists of a terrace and a ruined town covered with sediment.<ref>[http://www.tayproject.org/TAYmaster.fm$Retrieve?YerlesmeNo=2281&html=masterDetail.html&layout=web TAY – Yerleşme Ayrıntıları].</ref> Samsat Höyük as an archaeological site is considered to be no longer accessible while it is covered by the waters of the reservoir. The old town of Samosata below the tell was not excavated.<ref>[http://www.gezi-yorum.net/adiyaman-samsat/Adıyaman, Samsat].</ref> |
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In the hot summers and dry winters, while the Mediterranean climate is warm and rainy, it is similar to the South East Anatolian climate due to the low relative humidity. However, due to the Atatürk Dam Lake in recent years, the humidity has increased relatively. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Adıyaman}} |
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* {{citation|last=Andrade|first=Nathanael J.|date=2013|title=Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IaBQAAQBAJ&q=Lucian+On+the+Syrian+Goddess&pg=PA288|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01205-9}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Beihammer |first1=Alexander Daniel |title=Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130 |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-22959-4}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter=Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I: Dynastic Identity, Topographies of Power and Persian Spectacular Religion |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=71–103 |isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/52655937 |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{cite book|last= Canepa|first= Matthew|author-link= Matthew P. Canepa|title= The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE|year= 2018|location= Oakland|publisher= [[University of California Press]]|isbn= 9780520379206}} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Sasanian Era |year=2008 |publisher= I.B. Tauris |last1=Curtis|first1= Vesta Sarkhosh|last2=Stewart|first2=Sarah|isbn=978-1845116903 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYsAAwAAQBAJ}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Fattori |first=Niccolò |url=https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615976/index.pdf |title=The Policies of Nikephoros II Phokas in the context of the Byzantine economic recovery |publisher=Middle East Technical University |date=June 2013 }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Gyselen |first=Rika |title=Commutatio Et Contentio |publisher=Wellem Verlag |year=2010 |isbn=978-1463239886 |editor-last1=Börm |editor-first1=Henning |editor-last2=Wiesehöfer |editor-first2=Josef |pages=71–120 |chapter=Romans and Sasanians in the Third Century. Propaganda warfare and ambiguous imagery}} |
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* {{EI2|last=Haase|first=C.P.|volume=9|title=Sumaysāṭ|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sumaysat-SIM_7189}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Michels |first=Christoph |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter='Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=475–496|isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/53107747 |url-access=registration}} |
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{{Samsat District}} |
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[[Category:Towns in Turkey]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Samsat| ]] |
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[[Category:District municipalities in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Adıyaman Province]] |
[[Category:Populated places in Adıyaman Province]] |
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[[Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] |
[[Category:Populated places on the Euphrates River]] |
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[[Category:Samsat |
[[Category:Samsat District]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Adıyaman Province]] |
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[[Category:Kurdish settlements]] |
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{{Adıyaman-geo-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:29, 30 July 2024
Samsat | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Samsat Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 37°34′46″N 38°28′53″E / 37.57944°N 38.48139°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Adıyaman |
| District | Samsat |
| Established | 12th c. BC |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Halil Fırat (AKP) |
| Elevation | 610 m (2,000 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | 3,790 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Website | www |
Samsat (Kurdish: Samîsad,[2] Ottoman Turkish صمصاد Semisat[3]), formerly Samosata (Ancient Greek: Σαμόσατα) is a small town in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river. It is the seat of Samsat District.[4] The town is populated by Kurds of the Bezikan tribe.[5][6]
Halil Fırat from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected mayor in the local elections in March 2019.[7] The current Kaymakam is Halid Yıldız.[8]
Samsat was the ancient capital of Kingdom of Commagene. The current site of Samsat is comparatively new, however, being rebuilt in 1989 when the old town of Samosata was flooded during the construction of the Atatürk Dam.[9] As of 2018, reconstruction process had not yet been fully completed.[10] An ancient tell nearby dating back to Paleolithic times has survived to the current day.
Its population was 3,790 in 2022, up from 3,520 in 2017.[1]
History
[edit]Antiquity
[edit]The city of Samosata was founded sometime before 245 BC on the previous Neo-Hittite site of Kummuh by the Orontid king of Sophene, Sames I.[11] He may have founded the city in order to assert his claim over the area, a common practice amongst Iranian and Hellenistic dynasties, such as Cappadocia, Pontus, Parthia and Armenia.[12] The city was built in a "sub-Achaemenid" Persian architectural form, similar to the rest of Orontid buildings in Greater Armenia.[13] Naming cities such as Samosata (Middle Persian *Sāmašād; Old Persian *Sāmašiyāti-) the "joy of" or "happiness of" was an Orontid (and later Artaxiad) practice that recalled the Achaemenid royal discourse.[14] Samosata served as one of the most important royal residences of the Orontid kings of Sophene.[15]
Like other early-Orontid royal residences, Samosata experienced a sudden shift in its architectural style under the Orontids of Commagene due to their close involvement in the Greco-Roman world.[16] During this period, Samosata was most likely populated by a variety of peoples, descended from Syrians/Arameans/Assyrians, Neo-Hittites, Armenians, and Persians.[17] Samosata was amongst the places where its ruler Antiochus I Theos (r. 70–31 BC) founded sanctuaries that contained inscriptions about his cult as well as reliefs of his dexiosis with Apollo-Mithras.[18] In 73 AD, Samosata as well as the rest of Commagene was incorporated into the Roman Empire. It may have been during this event that the Syriac letter of Mara bar Serapion was composed. The letter makes mention of an Aramaic-speaking elite in Samosata that studied Greek literature and Stoic philosophy.[19] Under the Roman emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138), Samosata was given metropolis status along with Damascus and Tyre.[20]
Roman legions were later placed in Samosata to discourage the Sasanian Empire (224–651) from attacking it. In 260, it was the first city that was sacked by the Sasanian emperor Shapur I (r. 240–270) following his capture of the Roman emperor Valerian (r. 253–260). Shapur I is known to have had coins minted in the same fashion as the Roman antoninianus, which he may have taken from the material used in the mint of Samosata.[21]
It was at Samosata that Julian II had ships made in his expedition against Shapur II, and it was a natural crossing-place in the struggle between Heraclius and Chosroes in the 7th century.
Samosata was the birthplace of several renowned people from antiquity such as Lucian (c. 120-192) and Paul of Samosata (fl. 260).
Medieval history
[edit]
The Arabs conquered Commagene from the Byzantines in 640. Safwan bin Muattal, a sahabi and commander during the Muslim conquests, was buried in Samosata.
In the tenth century, the town, which was the second biggest in the region after Melitene, was recaptured by the Byzantines.[22] In June 966, Samosata was the venue of an exchange of prisoners between the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas and his Muslim foe Sayf al-Dawla.[23]
After the collapse of Byzantine authority in the region, the town fell into the domain of the Armenian Philaretos Brachamios.[24] At some point after that it fell into the hands of a certain Baluk, on of Amīr Ghāzī, who is mentioned among the army of Ridwan of Aleppo which besieged Edessa in 1095.[25] While he managed to fend off an expedition in 1098 under Baldwin of Boulogne send by the ruler of Edessa, Thoros, he later had to sell the town to Baldwin for 10,000 gold coins upon which it belonged to the county of Edessa.[24]
Warfare in the 13th century devastated Samosata. Rukn ad-Din Sulayman Shah II of the Anatolian Seljuks captured Samosata in 1203. The Anushtegins conquered and looted the town in 1237. The Mongol Emperor Hülagü Khan conquered Samosata in 1240 and the Beylik of Dulkadir conquered the town as well.
Samosata was temporarily absorbed into the Ottoman Empire by Bayazid I in 1392, and in 1401 it was destroyed by Timur. In 1516, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I recaptured it for the Ottomans who renamed it Samsat. It lost its old importance in the Ottoman administration and became the centre of a sanjak.
Modern times
[edit]During Turkey's republican period, the population of the town decreased. In 1960, Samsat was made a district center and connected to the province of Adıyaman.
The city of Samsat was evacuated from the old settlement on 5 March 1988 due to the construction of the Atatürk Dam. A new location for the settlement was announced through Law No. 3433 on 21 April 1988. The historical Samsat was submerged in 1989 as the dam created the Atatürk Reservoir. The new town was built beside the new waterline by the Turkish government to house the displaced residents.
The new town of Samsat was destroyed by an earthquake on 2 March 2017. The city was largely rebuilt afterwards.[26][27]
In Christianity
[edit]In the Christian martyrology, seven Christian martyrs were crucified in 297 in Samosata for refusing to perform a pagan rite in celebration of the victory of Maximian over the Sassanids: Abibus, Hipparchus, James, Lollian, Paragnus, Philotheus, and Romanus. Paul the Dynamic Monarchian Bishop of Antioch was born in Samosata in 200; Saint Daniel the Stylite was born in a village near Samosata; Saint Rabbulas, venerated on 19 February, who lived in the 6th century at Constantinople, was also a native of Samosata. A Notitia Episcopatuum of Antioch in the 6th century mentions Samosata as an autocephalous metropolis (Échos d'Orient, X, 144); at the synod that reinstated Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople (the Photian Council) of 879, the See of Samosata had already been united to that of Amida, present-day Diyarbakır.[28] By 586, the titular of Amida bore only this title,[29] meaning the union took place between the 7th and the 9th centuries. Earlier bishops included Peperius, who attended the Council of Nicaea (325); Saint Eusebius of Samosata, a great opponent of the Arians, killed by an Arian woman (c. 380), honoured on 22 June; Andrew, a vigorous opponent of Cyril of Alexandria and of the Council of Ephesus.[30]
Chabot gives a list of twenty-eight Syrian Miaphysite bishops.[31] The Syrian bishopric probably lapsed in the 12th century.[32] Samosata is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees, but no further titular bishops have been appointed for that eastern see since the Second Vatican Council.
Archaeology
[edit]Samsat Höyük is a tell located just north of the Samsat district of Adıyaman. Archaeological research on the hill of Şehremuz in Samsat has uncovered relics from the 7000 BC Paleolithic era; the 5000 BC Neolithic, 3000 BC Chalcolithic and 3000 to 1200 BC Bronze Ages. The ancient city of Ḫaḫḫum (Hittite: Ḫaḫḫa) was located nearby; it is recorded as a source of gold for ancient Sumeria.
The first excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1967 under the direction of the American archeologist Theresa Goell.[33] In fact, the settlement was known and famous before these excavations. Then, in 1977, under the Lower Euphrates Project, plans were put together aimed at identifying and saving the archaeological settlements that were to be inundated by the reservoir of Karakaya and Atatürk Dams. Surface surveys were conducted under the direction of Mehmet Özdoğan. In these studies, it was concluded that the settlement was permanently inhabited from the Halaf Period to the Ottoman Period. The following year, the excavations started in 1978, except for 1980, until 1987, under Ankara University, Faculty of Language and History-Geography It was conducted by the team led by Nimet Özgüç. These excavations were carried out on a very wide area, including the lower city and surrounding walls.
Coins belonging to the 12th - 13th centuries AD were identified during the excavations in the layers dating to the late phases of the Middle Ages. Of these Seljuk sultans I. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1192–1195), Ala al-Din Keykubbad, (1219-1236), II. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1236-1246), IV. Rükn el-Din The coins of Kılıç Arslan (1257–1264), as well as the coins of Saladin (1170-1193) printed in Harran, were uncovered.[34]
The collection of glassware with cups, glasses and bowls is very rich. Other finds include oil lamps, ivory comb, fragrance bottle,[35] terracotta lamps, bone spoons, leaf-shaped marble sconces and coins.[36]
The walls of the Seljuk Period, built on a solid Byzantine fortress, were preserved intact. The inscription on the limestone of this fortification was studied by a master calligrapher. The landfill belonged to Diyarbekr Şah Karaaslan.[37]
The centre of the palace, which is thought to be the central courtyard, is 14,65 X 20,55 meters and it has a mosaic corner.[38]
The skeletons of five people thrown into a 1.8 meter diameter well of the Islamic Period were found. At the bottom with the skeletons, five gold coins and silver coins from the Abbasid Period were found. One of the gold coins belongs to Harun al-Rashid (766 - 709) and the others to Mutawakkil (822 - 861).[39]
Today the settlement is under the Euphrates, but before inundation it was 37–40 meters above the plain level and had an area of 500 x 350 meters. The steepest slope is the eastern slope and the lowest slope is the southwest-facing slope. The mound consists of a terrace and a ruined town covered with sediment.[40] Samsat Höyük as an archaeological site is considered to be no longer accessible while it is covered by the waters of the reservoir. The old town of Samosata below the tell was not excavated.[41]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜIK. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.
- ^ Sezen, Tahir (2006). Osmanlı yer adları: alfabetik sırayla. Yayın. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü. s.v. Samsat, p. 430. ISBN 978-975-19-3945-6. OCLC 133108331.
- ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ Aşiretler raporu (in Turkish) (3rd ed.). Kaynak Yayınları. 2014. p. 14.
- ^ Orhan, Mehmet (2020). "Research Methodology in Kurdish Studies. Interactions between Fieldwork, Epistemology and Theory". Anthropology of the Middle East. 15 (1): 8 and 17. doi:10.3167/ame.2020.150102.
- ^ "Adıyaman Samsat Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ^ "T.C. Samsat Kaymakamlığı". www.samsat.gov.tr. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
- ^ Samsat, Gezilecek Yerler.
- ^ Samsat’ta kalıcı konutların temelleri atılıyor.
- ^ Canepa 2018, p. 109.
- ^ Michels 2021, pp. 478–479.
- ^ Canepa 2021, p. 84; see also Canepa 2018, p. 110
- ^ Canepa 2021, p. 82.
- ^ Canepa 2018, p. 110.
- ^ Canepa 2021, p. 84.
- ^ Andrade 2013, p. 74.
- ^ Andrade 2013, p. 77.
- ^ Andrade 2013, p. 87.
- ^ Andrade 2013, p. 177.
- ^ Gyselen 2010, p. 76.
- ^ Beihammer 2017, p. 54.
- ^ Fattori 2013, p. 117.
- ^ a b Beihammer 2017, p. 285.
- ^ Beihammer 2017, p. 256.
- ^ "Adıyaman'daki depremde 13 kişi yaralandı, yıkılan binalar var". BBC News Türkçe.
- ^ "Samsat ilçesi yeniden inşa ediliyor". 20 March 2022.
- ^ Mansi, Conciliorum collectio, XVII-XVIII, 445.
- ^ Le Quien, Oriens christianus, II, 994.
- ^ Le Quien, Oriens christianus, II, 933-6.
- ^ Revue de l'Orient chrétien, VI, 203.
- ^ Fiey, J. M. (1993), Pour un Oriens Christianus novus; répertoire des diocèses Syriaques orientaux et occidentaux, Beirut, p. 263, ISBN 3-515-05718-8
- ^ Samosata Archaeological Excavations, Turkey, 1967, In: National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1967 Projects. 1974, pp. 83–109
- ^ Nimet Özgüç, 1985 Yılında Yapılmış Olan Samsat Kazılarının Sonuçları' – 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1986) Sh.: 297
- ^ Nimet Özgüç, 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p298
- ^ Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p 227
- ^ Nimet Özgüç, Samsat Kazıları 1982' – 5. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1983) p111.
- ^ Nimet Özgüç, Samsat 1984 Yılı Kazıları, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) p224.
- ^ Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) Sh.: 226
- ^ TAY – Yerleşme Ayrıntıları.
- ^ Samsat.
Sources
[edit]- Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013), Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-01205-9
- Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040-1130. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-22959-4.
- Canepa, Matthew (2021). "Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I: Dynastic Identity, Topographies of Power and Persian Spectacular Religion". Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 71–103. ISBN 978-3515129251.
- Canepa, Matthew (2018). The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity Through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520379206.
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2008). The Sasanian Era. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845116903.
- Fattori, Niccolò (June 2013). "The Policies of Nikephoros II Phokas in the context of the Byzantine economic recovery" (PDF). Middle East Technical University.
- Gyselen, Rika (2010). "Romans and Sasanians in the Third Century. Propaganda warfare and ambiguous imagery". In Börm, Henning; Wiesehöfer, Josef (eds.). Commutatio Et Contentio. Wellem Verlag. pp. 71–120. ISBN 978-1463239886.
- Haase, C.P. (1997). "Sumaysāṭ". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
- Michels, Christoph (2021). "'Achaemenid' and 'Hellenistic' Strands of Representation in the Minor Kingdoms of Asia Minor". Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 475–496. ISBN 978-3515129251.
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