Ward Churchill

File:WardChurchill2.jpg

Ward Churchill

Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947) is an American writer, activist, and academic. He is a tenured professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The author of over a dozen books and many essays, Churchill has written extensively on the use of police power to repress political minorities.

Churchill received national attention in January 2005 when talk show host Bill O'Reilly excoriated him several times [1] for a controversial essay he wrote immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which he described the attacks as "chickens coming home to roost," and the people in the World Trade Center as "a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire" and as "little Eichmanns." [2]

The subsequent media interest led to an examination of Churchill's academic qualifications; allegations that he had violated scholarly and journalistic standards in his writing; and claims that he has mischaracterized his ethnic background.

Background

Early life and education

Churchill was born and grew up in a blue-collar family in Elmwood, Illinois. His parents, Maralyn and Jack Churchill, divorced while Ward was still a toddler. In March 1950, his mother married Henry Carlton Debo, an employee of Caterpillar in downstate Peoria, as a result of which Churchill has two half-brothers, Tom and Danny, and a half-sister, Terry. When he enrolled in Elmwood High School, Churchill went by the name Ward Debo, taking his stepfather's surname, but when he graduated in 1965, he was listed in his yearbook, the Ulmus, as Ward L. Churchill.

He was drafted by the U.S. Army and saw active service in the Vietnam War from 1966 to 1968. His military records, obtained by the press through the Freedom of Information Act, show he was trained as a projectionist and light truck driver. He later received his B.A. and M.A. in Communication from Sangamon State University, now the University of Illinois at Springfield.

In 1990, he joined the University of Colorado at Boulder as an assistant professor and was granted tenure the following year.

Writing

As a scholar, Churchill has written on Native American history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he considers the genocide inflicted on the indigenous peoples of North America by European settlers — repression that he argues continues to this day.

In Fantasies of the Master Race (1992), Churchill examines the portrayal of Native Americans and the use of Native American symbols in popular American culture. He focuses on such phenomena as Tony Hillerman's mystery novels, the film Dances with Wolves, and the New Age movement, finding what he sees as examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation. Churchill calls author Carlos Castaneda, who claims to reveal the teachings of a Yaqui Indian shaman, the "greatest hoax since Piltdown Man."

Churchill's Indians 'R' Us (1993), a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race, further explores Native American issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie Black Robe, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings, Leonard Peltier, sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken about what he characterizes as New Age exploitations of shamanism and Native American sacred traditions, and what he scorns as the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors.

Struggle For The Land (reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill asserts that the U.S. government systematically exploited native land and permitted the killing or displacement of the Native Americans who once inhabited it. He details Indian efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to defend the land from defoliation, strip mining, and other destructive practices.

Churchill's A Little Matter of Genocide (1998) is a historical survey of ethnic cleansing from 1492 to the present. He compares the treatment of North American Indians to other genocides in history, such as those in Cambodia and Armenia, and those of the Gypsies, Poles, and Jews by the Nazis.

In Perversions of Justice (2002), Churchill argues that the U.S. legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the U.S., but later adapted for application abroad. He concludes that this demonstrates the development of America's "imperial logic," which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.

Churchill has also written several books on U.S. state oppression. In Agents of Repression (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, the authors describe what they term "the secret war" against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and '70s by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program. The COINTELPRO Papers (reissued 2002), also with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's activities against various leftist groups, from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to the Central America solidarity movement in the 1980s.

Activism

Churchill has been active as the co-director of the Denver-based American Indian Movement of Colorado, a breakaway chapter of the American Indian Movement, since at least 1984. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders — including Russell Means, Glen Morris, Bob Robideau, and David Hill — broke with the national AIM leadership, including Dennis Banks, Clyde Bellecourt and Vernon Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The schism continues, with the AIM claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government being used against Indians.

Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian-American community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and other protesters have been arrested several times in relation to acts of civil disobedience, such as blocking the parade.

Local American Indian support and advocacy organizations in the Denver metro area believe that the activities of the Colorado AIM chapter damage the work of the Colorado Indian Commission and Denver Indian Center. These organizations are allegedly relunctant to speak out against Churchill. [3]

In April 1983, Churchill traveled to Tripoli and Benghazi as a representative of the AIM and the International Indian Treaty Council to meet Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi of Libya while a U.S. travel ban to that country was in place. The visit was intended to seek support from Gadaffi regarding the U.S. government's alleged violation of Indian treaties. [4]

9/11 essay controversy

The essay

File:On the Justice of Roosting Chickens.jpg

Churchill wrote an essay called "Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens" about the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which he argued that American foreign policies provoked the attacks, describing the World Trade Center victims as "a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire," and as "little Eichmanns." [5]

Churchill argued that the impact on the population of Iraq of decade-long economic sanctions, together with the Middle East policies of President Lyndon Johnson, and the history of Crusades against the Islamic world, had contributed to a climate in which 9/11 was what he called a "natural and inevitable response." [6]

The "roosting chickens" phrase comes from Malcolm X's comment about the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy that Kennedy "never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon."

Churchill explained what he meant in a February 2005 interview with Democracy Now:

If you want to avoid September 11s, if you want security in some actual form, then it's almost a biblical framing, you have to do unto others as you would have them do unto you. As long as you're doing what the U.S. is doing in the world, you can anticipate a natural and inevitable response of the sort that occurred on 9/11. If you don't get the message out of 9/11, you're going to have to change, first of all, your perception of the value of those others who are consigned to domains, semantic domains like collateral damage, then you've really got no complaint when the rules you've imposed come back on you. [7]

In the essay, Churchill compared the World Trade Center victims to the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, who systematically applied the logistics of commerce to the killing of millions of people during the Holocaust. [8] He wrote:

As for those in the World Trade Center, well, really, let's get a grip here, shall we? True enough, they were civilians of a sort. But innocent? Gimme a break. They formed a technocratic corps at the very heart of America's global financial empire, the "mighty engine of profit" to which the military dimension of U.S. policy has always been enslaved and they did so both willingly and knowingly. [9]

He wrote that the victims were:

... too busy braying, incessantly and self-importantly, into their cell phones, arranging power lunches and stock transactions, each of which translated, conveniently out of sight, mind and smelling distance, into the starved and rotting flesh of infants. If there was a better, more effective, or in fact any other way of visiting some penalty befitting their participation upon the little Eichmanns inhabiting the sterile sanctuary of the twin towers, I'd really be interested in hearing about it. [10]

Churchill compared the American people to the "good Germans" of Nazi Germany, claiming that the vast majority of Americans had ignored the civilian suffering caused by the sanctions on Iraq during the 1990s. He characterized these sanctions as a policy of genocide, and repeatedly referred to their effect upon the children of Iraq.

The essay was later expanded into a book, On the Justice of Roosting Chickens, which won Honorable Mention for the Gustavus Myer Human Rights Award in 2004.

The controversy

National attention was drawn to the essay in January 2005, when Churchill was invited to speak at Hamilton College as a member of a panel during a debate entitled "Limits of Dissent".

The text of the essay was quoted on the January 28, 2005 edition of the Fox News Channel program The O'Reilly Factor. Bill O'Reilly initiated a campaign against Churchill, imploring his viewers to e-mail the college to cancel Churchill's invitation. A flood of 6,000 e-mails resulted. In the ensuing uproar, the lecture was changed to a larger venue, but was ultimately cancelled by the college's president, Joan Stewart, because of what were called "credible threats of violence". Churchill has written that he received threats against his life as a consequence of the news coverage. [11]

In response to what he called "grossly inaccurate media coverage concerning [his] analysis of the September 11, 2001 attacks," Churchill clarified his views:

I am not a "defender" of the September 11 attacks, but simply pointing out that if U.S. foreign policy results in massive death and destruction abroad, we cannot feign innocence when some of that destruction is returned. I have never said that people "should" engage in armed attacks on the United States, but that such attacks are a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful U.S. policy. As Martin Luther King, quoting Robert F. Kennedy, said, "Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable."

He continued:

It is not disputed that the Pentagon was a military target, or that a CIA office was situated in the World Trade Center. Following the logic by which U.S. Defense Department spokespersons have consistently sought to justify target selection in places like Baghdad, this placement of an element of the American "command and control infrastructure" in an ostensibly civilian facility converted the Trade Center itself into a "legitimate" target. Again following U.S. military doctrine, as announced in briefing after briefing, those who did not work for the CIA but were nonetheless killed in the attack amounted to no more than "collateral damage". If the U.S. public is prepared to accept these "standards" when they are routinely applied to other people, they should not be surprised when the same standards are applied to them. [12]

On January 31, 2005, Churchill resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at the University of Colorado, but remains a tenured professor.

Colorado Republican governor Bill Owens and other Democrat and Republican state lawmakers publicly called for Churchill's dismissal. The Colorado House of Representatives, with unanimous support from Republicans and Democrats, adopted a resolution condemning Churchill's statements.

The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado, meeting in executive session on February 3 2005, adopted a resolution apologizing to the American people for Churchill's statements, and ratifying interim chancellor Phil DiStefano's review of Churchill's actions. DiStefano was directed to investigate whether Churchill had overstepped his bounds as a faculty member, whether his actions were cause for dismissal, and whether his writing is protected by the First Amendment. The university's Standing Committee on Research Misconduct agreed that his words were protected by the First Amendment, but agreed to investigate subsequent claims made against Churchill of plagiarism, fabrication and ethnic fraud (see Ward Churchill#Other controversies). [13]

In response to the cancellation of Churchill's speech at Hamilton, Hawaiian Studies professor Haunani-Kay Trask invited him to speak at the University of Hawaii on February 22, 2005, where Churchill responded to his critics and argued for academic freedom and free speech.

A fellow professor at the University of Colorado, Emma Perez, alleges that the attacks on Churchill are an organized "test case" by neo-conservatives to stifle liberal criticism of the War on Terror, and to undermine the funding of ethnic studies departments nationwide. [14]. However, some academics from the fields of sociology and anthropology, while supporting Churchill's politics in general, are concerned about the quality of scholarship shown in his work and the casual way in which ethnic studies departments handle issues of academic integrity.

Other allegations

As a result of the controversy over the essay, additional allegations became the subject of debate in the media and on Internet weblogs. These included disputes over his claim of partial Native American heritage, and allegations of academic fraud and plagiarism. University of Colorado administrators ordered an investigation, which is currently underway, into the allegations of plagiarism. He has also been accused of intimidating his colleagues, and has allegedly made remarks advocating that soliders kill their commanding officers.

Ethnicity

Many leaders in the Native American community dispute Churchill's claim of partial Indian heritage. The University of Colorado is currently investigating whether he misrepresented his ethnicity in order to "make his scholarship more widely accepted." [15]

University law professor Paul Campos has stated:

Indeed Churchill lacks what are normally considered the minimum requirements for a tenure-track job at a research university: he never earned a doctorate, and his only degrees are a bachelor's and a master's from a then-obscure Illinois college. To the extent that Churchill was hired because he claimed to be a Native American, he would seem to be guilty of academic fraud. [16]

Churchill has said that he is less than one-quarter Indian [17], that he was an associate member of the Keetoowah tribe, and that as such has had his genealogy vetted by the band's enrollment office. In an article in Socialism and Democracy magazine, he stated, "I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father's side, Cherokee on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians." [18][19]

The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians issued a statement on May 19, 2005, saying that Churchill was an associate member, which is an honorary membership:

Ward Churchill received an "Associate Membership" from the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (UKB) council in May, 1994. He was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a "Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood" (CDIB) which is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Interior/Bureau of Indian Affairs. Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry, and his willingness to assist the UKB in promoting the tribe and its causes, he was awarded an 'Associate Membership' as an honor. However, Mr. Churchill may possess eligibility status for Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, since he claims 1/16 Cherokee ... Federal law requires recipients of any benefits available to Native Americans to have a CDIB, which Mr. Churchill indicated he did not possess. [20]

Ernestine Berry, who was on the tribe's enrollment committee and served on the tribal council for four years, stated: "He was trying to get recognized as an Indian. He could not prove he was an Indian (Cherokee) at all." [21] Suzan Shown Harjo, a Hodulgee Muscogee Creek/Cheyenne Indian and well-known Indian activist who has known Churchill for fifteen years, said she has discussed with Churchill his claims of being a Creek Indian. She has indicated that Churchill could not name his family members that are enrolled in the Creek Tribe. [22] [23] Creek-Cherokee historian Robert W. Trepp did not find Churchill's family members on the Muscogee (Creek) Nation rolls. [24]

The Denver Post reported that a review of Churchill's matrilineal genealogy on Ancestry.com shows no evidence of Native American ancestry going back to his great-great-grandparents. Based on Census and Social Security Administration records all matrilineal ancestors of Ward Churchill are listed either as "White" or as "race unknown." [25]

Dennis Banks, an Anishinabe Indian and a co-founder of AIM, and the national leadership of AIM, have issued press releases on a number of occasions over the years stating that Churchill does not represent the American Indian Movement and is not an Indian. [26]

In an interview in The Rocky Mountain News, Churchill stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if (the critics) are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull". [27]

The Rocky Mountain News engaged in a review of all of Churchill's relatives and family records and reached the conclusion that Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry are not supported. Kevin flynn, the RMN reporter wrote that "an extensive genealogical search by the Rocky Mountain News identified 142 direct forebears of Churchill and turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor among them." [28]

It is not unusual for Americans who have some Native American blood, but whose families live within the mainstream community, and who know their heritage only from family tradition, to encounter difficulty proving their ethnicity to the satisfaction of administrators of affirmative action programs. [29] [30] [31]

There has been speculation that if Churchill was hired by the University of Colorado partly because of ethnic background, he might be fired should it be proved he lied about his ancestry, and that an assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute misrepresentation and grounds for termination. [32]

Allegations of fabrication and plagiarism

In the article "The Genocide That Wasn't: Ward Churchill's Research Fraud", sociology professor Thomas Brown accuses Churchill of academic based on an article Churchill wrote about an incident in which the U.S. Army is alleged to have deliberately infected Mandan Indians with smallpox in 1837. [33] Brown's article argues that the sources Churchill cites do not support what Churchill writes about the genocide.

In two articles published in the 1990s, University of New Mexico law professor John LaVelle alleged that Churchill fraudulently made false claims about the General Allotment Act. LaVelle also accuses Churchill of plagiarism.

Recently, allegations reappeared that Churchill had plagiarized the work of Fay G. Cohen of Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia. An internal Dalhousie University report concludes that "[t]he article ... is, in the opinion of our legal counsel, plagiarism," Dalhousie spokesman Charles Crosby said, summarizing the report's findings in an interview with the Rocky Mountain News. [34]

There are allegations that "Winter Attack", a 1981 serigraph signed by Ward Churchill, may be a copyright infringement of a 1972 drawing by Thomas E. Mails. [35], [36]. Churchill has responded that "[t]he whole issue is utterly contrived." He said he spoke to Mails about adapting the imagery before using it, an adaptation which he said "[t]here was nothing unusual about." [37]

Three other authors have come forward to accuse Churchill of publishing their work without their permission. [38] Robert T. Coulter, a lawyer and member of the Potawatomi Nation, has accused Churchill of taking a class that Coulter taught on the status of American Indian nations and having those notes published without written permission in a book of essays that Churchill had published. In addition, Churchill allegedly added endnotes to the article that were not in the original article. Coulter has not only criticized Churchill's use of the article without permission, but also the addition of the endnotes. He said: "I would never have permitted that — especially Ward Churchill. He's not a lawyer. He doesn't have the skill or expertise to add [endnotes] to a paper on my own subject." [39]

Treason allegation

In an April 2004 interview with Satya magazine, Churchill said:

If I defined the state as being the problem, just what happens to the state? I've never fashioned myself to be a revolutionary, but it's part and parcel of what I'm talking about. You can create through consciousness a situation of flux, perhaps, in which something better can replace it. In instability there's potential. That's about as far as I go with revolutionary consciousness. I'm actually a de-evolutionary. I don't want other people in charge of the apparatus of the state as the outcome of a socially transformative process that replicates oppression. I want the state gone: transform the situation to U.S. out of North America. U.S. off the planet. Out of existence altogether. [40]

Colorado governor Bill Owens called this comment "treasonous," arguing that "Churchill has clearly called for violence against the state, and no country is required to subsidize its own destruction. That's what we're doing with Ward Churchill." On February 6, 2005, the Denver Post reported that this comment would be included by the university in its review of Churchill's tenure. [41]

On June 23, 2005, Churchill told an audience in Portland, Oregon:

For those of you who do, as a matter of principle, oppose war in any form, the idea of supporting a conscientious objector who's already been inducted in his combat service in Iraq might have a certain appeal. But let me ask you this: Would you render the same level of support to someone who hadn't conscientiously objected, but rather instead rolled a grenade under their line officer in order to neutralize the combat capacity of their unit? ... Conscientious objection removes a given piece of cannon fodder from the fray. Fragging an officer has a much more impactful effect. [42]

Works

Books

• Marxism and Native Americans, edited by Churchill (South End Press, 1984, paperback: ISBN 089608177X, hardcover: ISBN 0896081788)
• Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena (Indigena Press, 1984)
• Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement, co-authored with Jim Vander Wall (South End Press, 1988, paperback: ISBN 0896082938, hardcover: ISBN 0896082946)
• The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent, co-authored with Jim Vander Wall (South End Press, 1991, ISBN 0896083594)
• Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America (Common Courage Press, 1992, ISBN 1567510000, hardcover: 1993, ISBN 1567510019). Released in a revised and expanded edition as Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide, and Colonization (City Lights Publishers, 2002, hardcover: ISBN 0872864154, paperback: ISBN 0872864146)
• Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians (Common Courage Press, 1992, ISBN 0872863484)
• Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America, co-edited by Jim Vander Wall (Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4, Maisonneuve Press, 1992, ISBN 0944624170). Re-released as Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in the United States (AK Press, 2004, ISBN 1904859127).
• Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America (Common Courage Press, 1993, paperback: ISBN 1567510205, hardcover: ISBN 1567510213)
• Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation (Aigis Press, 1995, ISBN 1883930030)
• From A Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995 (South End Press, 1996, ISBN 0896085538)
• Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians (South End Press, 1997, paperback: ISBN 0896085678, hardcover: ISBN 0896085686, out of print). Re-released, co-edited by Sharon Venne (South End Press, 2005, hardcover: ISBN 0896087387).
• Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America, with Mike Ryan, an introduction by Ed Mead (Arbeiter Ring, 1998, ISBN 1894037073)
• A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present (City Lights Books, 1998, hardcover: ISBN 0872863433, paperback: ISBN 0872863239).
• Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression (Common Courage Press, 2000, out of print, hardcover: ISBN 1567510590, paperback: ISBN 1567510582)
• Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader, (Routledge, 2002, paperback: ISBN 0415931568, library binding: ISBN 041593155X)
• Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law (City Lights Publishers, 2002, paperback: ISBN 0872864111, hardcover: ISBN 0872864162)
• On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality (AK Press, 2003, ISBN 1902593790)
• Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools (City Lights Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0872864340).
• Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America (AK Press, 2004, ISBN 1904859046)
• Confronting The Crime Of Silence: Evidence Of U.S. War Crimes In Indochina, co-edited by Natsu Saito (AK Press, 2005, ISBN 1904859216)
• To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party (Routledge, 2005, paperback: ISBN 041592958X, hardcover: ISBN 0415929571).

Audio and video

• Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment, audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg, September 2000 (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 1902593472)
• Life In Occupied America (AK Press, 2003, ISBN 1902593723)
• In A Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 1902593502)
• US Off The Planet!: An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning, VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002)
• Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left, 2003 audio CD recorded at a AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio)
• Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio
• Ward Churchill talking at the University of Colorado, 2/9/2005, search the C-Span website
• Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom - Free Speech Radio News February 09, 2005
• Ward Churchill Under Fire - Free Speech Radio News, February 03, 2005
• The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks The Pacifica Network Show, Democracy Now! from February 18, 2005 features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill

External links

• Ward Churchill's Faculty page at University of Colorado
• Ward Churchill ZNet Homepage
• The Seven Faces of Ward Churchill by Victor Davis Hanson writing for National Review.
• "The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes" (by John P. LaVelle) (PDF file)

Articles related to 9/11 essay controversy

• Churchill's answer to criticism of his 9/11 remarks
• "CU prof's essay sparks dispute: Ward Churchill says 9/11 victims were not innocent people" (Rocky Mountain News)
• "Take a Good Look at Kirkland Project"
• "College Cancels Speech by Professor Who Disparaged 9/11 Attack Victims" (New York Times, February 2 2005)
• "Professor resigns chair after 9/11 essay prompts protests" (CNN, January 31, 2005)
• Ward Churchill Press Statement (Denver Post, February 01, 2005)
• ABC News/Associated Press Colo. Regents Weigh Prof's 9/11 Comments January 30, 2005
• Corrected remarks from University of Hawaii speech
• Hamilton College Statement
• "CU leader chills speech" (by Jon Caldara, OpEd, February 27, 2005
• "Professor Ward Churchill, The First Amendment and Free Speech on Campus" (Capitalism Magazine)
• Complete Text "Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens" plus other links
• Professor Stoolpigeon,
• "No License to Lie" (a legal case for firing Churchill)
• Text of Colorado State House resolution Ward Churchill (Associated Press/Denver Post, February 02, 2005)

Disputes over Churchill's ethnicity

• Indian Country Today Editorial, February 3, 2005
• Keetoowah band's statement that Churchill is not a member of their tribe
• Dennis Banks, the founder of the American Indian Movement, claims that Ward Churchill is not truly Indian
• Suzan Shown Harjo on "Why Native identity matters: A cautionary tale"
• Indian Country Today editorial on Churchill's claimed identity, February 10, 2005
• Rocky Mountain News article on Churchill's hhite heritage, February 5, 2005
• Jodi Rave article in Rapid City Journal, "Free Speech for Fake Indian"
• Paul Campos, Rocky Mountain News: "Truth Tricky for Churchill"
• UKB: Churchill was Honorary Member
• Denver Post: "Research by Post Finds no Indian Background to Churchill"

Cartoons by Marty Two Bulls

• Marty Two Bulls: Churchill's Indian Kit
• Marty Two Bulls: Leave us Indians Out of It
• Is anyone here less than 1/16 Cherokee and Creek?
• Churchill & Vietnam
• Churchill Portrait

References

• Cesarani, David. Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal, (BBC.co.uk, February 1 2002) Retrieved May 31 2005