Ingenuity (helicopter): Difference between revisions

*Ingenuity*
Ingenuity
Part of Mars 2020
	Ingenuity helicopter deployed on the Martian surface by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover
Type	UAV helicopter
Other name(s)	Mars 2020 helicopter; Ginny;
Manufacturer	Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA)
Specifications
Dimensions	Fuselage (body): 13.6 cm × 19.5 cm × 16.3 cm (5.4 in × 7.7 in × 6.4 in); Landing legs: 0.384 m (1 ft 3.1 in);
Power	350 watts
Instruments
	Inertial sensors; Laser altimeter; Two navcams;

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Ingenuity is a small robotic helicopter located on Mars since February 18, 2021 that is intended to be the first aircraft on Mars as well as make the powered and controlled atmospheric flight on any planet beyond Earth.^[3] Part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission, the small coaxial, drone rotorcraft will serve as a technology demonstrator for the potential use of flying probes on other worlds, with the potential to scout locations of interest and support the future planning of driving routes for Mars rovers.^[4]^[5]^[1]

Ingenuity, now on the Martian surface, was attached to the underside of the Perseverance rover. Its deployment was originally planned for April 8, 2021,^[6]^[7]^[8] about 60 days after Perseverance's landing at the Octavia E. Butler Landing site in Jezero crater, take off is planned for no sooner than April 11, 2021.^[9] The rover is expected to drive approximately 100 m (330 ft) away from the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly.^[10]^[11] Ingenuity is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign scheduled early in the rover's mission. Primarily technology demonstrations,^[1]^[12] each flight is planned to fly at altitudes ranging from 3–5 m (10–16 ft) above the ground.^[1] for up to 90 seconds each. Ingenuity, which can travel up to 50 m (160 ft) downrange and then back to the starting area,^[1] will use autonomous control during its short flights, which will be telerobotically planned and scripted by operators at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It will communicate directly with the Perseverance rover after each landing.

If Ingenuity works as expected, NASA could build on its design to extend the aerial component of future Mars missions.^[13] The project is led by MiMi Aung at the JPL.^[14] Other contributors include AeroVironment, Inc., the NASA Ames Research Center, and the NASA Langley Research Center.^[15]

Ingenuity carries a piece of fabric from the wing of the 1903 Wright Flyer, the Wright Brothers' airplane, humanity's first controlled powered flight on Earth.

Name

The vehicle was named Ingenuity by Vaneeza Ruppani, a girl in the 11th grade at Tuscaloosa County High School in Northport, Alabama, who submitted an essay into NASA's "Name the Rover" contest.^[16]^[17] Known in planning stages as the Mars Helicopter Scout,^[18] or simply the Mars Helicopter^[19] the nickname Ginny later entered use in parallel to the parent rover Perseverance being affectionately referred to as Percy.^[20]

Design

Flight characteristics of *Ingenuity*
Rotor speed	2400 rpm^[1]^[19]
Blade tip speed	<0.7 Mach^[18]
Operational time	1 to 5 flights within 30 sols^[1]^[2]
Flight time	Up to 90 seconds per flight^[1]
Maximum range, flight	50 m (160 ft)^[1]
Maximum range, radio	1,000 m (3,300 ft)^[13]
Maximum planned altitude	5 m (16 ft)^[1]
Maximum speed	Horizontal: 10 m/s (33 ft/s)^[15] Vertical: 3 m/s (9.8 ft/s)^[15]
Battery capacity	35–40 Wh (130–140 kJ)^[3]

Because the atmosphere of Mars is only about 1⁄100 as dense as that of Earth at surface level,^[21] it is much harder for an aircraft to generate lift, a difficulty only partially offset by Mars' lower gravity (about a third of Earth's).^[4] Liftoff from Mars' surface has been described as equivalent to flying at 100,000 ft (30,000 m) above Earth, an altitude that has never been reached by existing helicopters.^[4]

Ingenuity is designed to be a technology demonstrator by JPL to assess whether this technology can fly safely, and provide better mapping and guidance that would give future mission controllers more information to help with travel routes planning and hazard avoidance, as well as identifying points of interest for the rover.^[22]^[23]^[24] The helicopter is designed to provide overhead images with approximately ten times the resolution of orbital images, and will provide images of features that may be occluded from the cameras of the Perseverance rover.^[25] It is expected that such scouting may enable future rovers to safely drive up to three times as far per sol.^[26]

The helicopter uses contra-rotating coaxial rotors about 1.2 m (4 ft) in diameter. Its payload is a high resolution downward-looking camera for navigation, landing, and science surveying of the terrain, and a communication system to relay data to the Perseverance rover.^[27] Although it is an aircraft, it was constructed to spacecraft specifications in order to endure the g-force and vibration during launch.^[28] It also includes radiation-resistant systems capable of operating in the frigid environment of Mars. The inconsistent Mars magnetic field precludes the use of a compass for navigation, so it uses a solar tracker camera integrated to JPL's visual inertial navigation system. Some additional inputs include gyros, visual odometry, tilt sensors, altimeter, and hazard detectors.^[29] It was designed to use solar panels to recharge its batteries, which are six Sony Li-ion cells with 35–40 Wh (130–140 kJ) of battery energy capacity^[3] (nameplate capacity of 2 Ah).^[13]

The helicopter uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 processor with a Linux operating system.^[30] Among other functions, this processor controls the visual navigation algorithm via a velocity estimate derived from features tracked with a camera.^[13] The Qualcomm processor is connected to two flight-control microcontroller units (MCUs) to perform the necessary flight-control functions.^[13] It also carries an IMU and a Garmin LIDAR Lite v3 laser altimeter.^[30] Communications with the rover are through a radio link using low-power Zigbee communication protocols, implemented via 900 MHz SiFlex 02 chipsets mounted in both the rover and helicopter.^[13] The communication system is designed to relay data at 250 kbit/s over distances of up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).^[13]

Development

NASA's JPL and AeroVironment published the conceptual design in 2014 for a scout helicopter to accompany a rover.^[15]^[31]^[32] By mid 2016, US$15 million was being requested to keep development of the helicopter on track.^[33] By December 2017, engineering models of the vehicle had been tested in a simulated Martian atmosphere^[13]^[34] and models were undergoing testing in the Arctic, but its inclusion in the mission had not yet been approved nor funded.^[35] The United States federal budget, announced in March 2018, provided US$23 million for the helicopter for one year^[36]^[37] and it was announced on 11 May 2018 that the helicopter could be developed and tested in time to be included in the Mars 2020 mission.^[38] The helicopter underwent extensive flight-dynamics and environment testing,^[13]^[39] and was then mounted on the underside of the Perseverance rover in August 2019.^[40] Its mass is just under 1.8 kg (4.0 lb)^[39] and JPL has specified that it is planned to have a design life of five flights on Mars.^[41]^[38] NASA has invested about US$80 million to build Ingenuity and about US$5 million to operate the helicopter.^[42]

Preliminary tests on Earth

In 2019, preliminary designs of Ingenuity were tested on Earth in simulated Mars atmospheric and gravity conditions. For flight testing, a large vacuum chamber was used to simulate the very low atmospheric pressure of Mars – filled with carbon dioxide to approximately 0.60% (about 1⁄160) of standard atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth – which is roughly equivalent to a helicopter flying at 34,000 m (112,000 ft) altitude in the atmosphere of Earth. In order to simulate the much reduced gravity field of Mars (38% of Earth's), 62% of Earth's gravity was offset by a line pulling upwards during flight tests.^[3]

Future Mars rover design iteration

The Ingenuity technology demonstrator could form the foundation on which more capable aircraft might be developed for aerial exploration of Mars and other planetary targets with an atmosphere.^[22]^[13]^[43] The next generation of rotorcraft could be in the range between 5 and 15 kg (11 and 33 lb) with science payloads between 0.5 and 1.5 kg (1.1 and 3.3 lb). These potential aircraft could have direct communication to an orbiter and may or may not continue to work with a landed asset.^[11] Future helicopters could be used to explore special regions with exposed water ice or brines, where Earth microbial life could potentially survive. Mars helicopters may also be considered for fast retrieval of small sample caches back to a Mars ascent vehicle for return to Earth such as the one to be launched in 2026.^[42]^[13]

Mission profile

Ingenuity was deployed on April 3rd, 2021^[44], after landing with the rover Perseverance in the crater Jezero at Octavia E. Butler Landing on 18 February 2021 and removal of debris shield on 21 March 2021.^[9] After deployment, the rover is expected to drive approximately 100 m (330 ft) away from the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly in April 2021.^[45]^[11] The Ingenuity helicopter is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign in April 2021, early in the rover's mission.^[1]^[12] Each flight is planned to be at altitudes ranging from 3–5 m (10–16 ft) above the ground.^[1] In up to 90 seconds per flight, it could travel as far as 50 m (160 ft) downrange and then back to the starting area.^[1] It will use autonomous control during its short flights, although flights will be telerobotically planned and scripted by operators at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It will communicate with the Perseverance rover directly after each landing.

Commemorative artifacts

Tribute to Wright Brothers

A small piece of the wing covering from the Wright brothers' 1903 Wright Flyer, the first powered aircraft on Earth, is attached to a cable underneath Ingenuity's solar panel.^[46] In 1969 Apollo 11's Neil Armstrong carried a similar Wright Flyer artifact to the Moon in the Lunar Module Eagle.

Gallery

Flight tests on Mars

Mars Ingenuity helicopter tests

Flight zone and rover locations

Flight zone map

Rover view of flight zone

Flight zone activities

Ingenuity helicopter deployment from under Perseverance rover

Ingenuity in shield under rover

Debris shield removed

Rover moves away

Deployment begins

Fully vertical

Legs deployed

Successful deployment on Mars

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Cite error: The named reference landing press kit was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b "Mars Helicopter". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d First Flight on Another Planet!. Veritasium. 10 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020 – via YouTube.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chang, Kenneth (23 June 2020). "Mars Is About to Have Its "Wright Brothers Moment" – As part of its next Mars mission, NASA is sending an experimental helicopter to fly through the red planet's thin atmosphere". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Leone, Dan (19 November 2015). "Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
^ "Mars Rover Perseverance Set To Launch Drone". Today (American TV program). YouTube. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^ hang, Kenneth (23 March 2021). "Get Ready for the First Flight of NASA's Mars Helicopter - The experimental vehicle named Ingenuity traveled to the red planet with the Perseverance rover, which is also preparing for its main science mission". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^ Johnson, Alana; Hautaluoma, Grey; Agle, DC (23 March 2021). "NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight". NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Agle, D.C.; Hautaluoma, Gray; Johnson, Alana (23 June 2020). "How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface". NASA. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet" Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Shubham Sharma, International Business Times, 14 May 2018
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight" (PDF). NASA. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020, Jeff Fout, SpaceNews 4 May 2018
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) SciTech Forum Conference 8–12 January 2018 Kissimmee, Florida doi:10.2514/6.2018-0023 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ MiMi Aung – Autonomous Systems Deputy Division Manager Archived 5 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine NASA/JPL This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses Archived 1 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan; NASA 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Hautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana; Agle, D.C. (29 April 2020). "Alabama High School Student Names NASA's Mars Helicopter". NASA. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Agle, D.C.; Cook, Jia-Rui; Johnson, Alana (29 April 2020). "Q&A with the Student Who Named Ingenuity, NASA's Mars Helicopter". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b Mars Helicopter Scout. video presentation at Caltech This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b "Mars Helicopter Fact Sheet" (PDF). NASA. February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Astronomy Picture of the Day". NASA. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ September 2017, Tim Sharp 12. "Mars' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate & Weather". Space.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, JoAnna; Agle, D.C.; Northon, Karen (11 May 2018). "Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Chang, Kenneth. "A Helicopter on Mars? NASA Wants to Try". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
^ Gush, Loren (11 May 2018). "NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird's-eye view of the planet – The Mars Helicopter is happening". The Verge. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
^ Greicius, Tony (19 February 2021). "NASA's Mars Helicopter Reports In". NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Review on space robotics: Toward top-level science through space exploration Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Y. Gao, S. Chien – Science Robotics, 2017
^ Volpe, Richard. "2014 Robotics Activities at JPL" (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ https://jpl.nasa.gov. "6 Things to Know About NASA's Mars Helicopter on Its Way to Mars". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 10 March 2021. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
^ Heading Estimation via Sun Sensing for Autonomous Navigation Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Parth Shah, 2017
^ ^a ^b "How NASA Designed a Helicopter That Could Fly Autonomously on Mars". IEEE Spectrum. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
^ J. Balaram and P. T. Tokumaru, "Rotorcrafts for Mars Exploration", in 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop, 2014, Bibcode 2014LPICo1795.8087B https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014LPICo1795.8087B/abstract Archived 17 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ Benjamin T. Pipenberg, Matthew Keennon, Jeremy Tyler, Bart Hibbs, Sara Langberg, J. (Bob) Balaram, Håvard F. Grip and Jack Pempejian, "Design and Fabrication of the Mars Helicopter Rotor, Airframe, and Landing Gear Systems Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; 7–11 January 2019, San Diego, California
^ Berger, Eric (24 May 2016). "Four wild technologies lawmakers want NASA to pursue". ARS Technica. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ Clarke, Stephen (14 May 2018). "Helicopter to accompany NASA's next Mars rover to Red Planet". Spaceflight Now.
^ Dubois, Chantelle (29 November 2017). "Drones on Mars? NASA Projects May Soon Use Drones for Space Exploration". All About Circuits. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ NASA Mars exploration efforts turn to operating existing missions and planning sample return, Jeff Foust, SpaceNews, 23 February 2018
^ NASA to decide soon whether flying drone will launch with Mars 2020 rover Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Stephen Clark Spaceflight Now 15 March 2018
^ ^a ^b Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission Archived 11 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Karen Northon, NASA, 11 May 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ ^a ^b Agle, AG; Johnson, Alana (28 March 2019). "NASA's Mars Helicopter Completes Flight Tests". NASA. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ NASA's Mars Helicopter Attached to Mars 2020 Rover Archived 4 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine NASA–JPL 28 August 2019 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Yes, NASA Is Actually Sending a Helicopter to Mars: Here's What It Will Do. Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Sarah Lewin, SPACE.com 12 May 2018
^ ^a ^b "Mars 2020 Perseverance Launch Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. 24 June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight" (PDF). NASA. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "NASA's Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own". Nasa Mars Website.
^ "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet" Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Shubham Sharma, International Business Times, 14 May 2018
^ Potter, Sean (23 March 2021). "NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight". NASA.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links

NASA Mars Helicopter webpage
Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator. (PDF) – The key design features of the prototype drone.

[landing_press_kit-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Cite error: The named reference landing press kit was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[official_website-2] "Mars Helicopter". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[veritasium20190810-3] First Flight on Another Planet!. Veritasium. 10 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020 – via YouTube.

[NYT-20200623-4] Chang, Kenneth (23 June 2020). "Mars Is About to Have Its "Wright Brothers Moment" – As part of its next Mars mission, NASA is sending an experimental helicopter to fly through the red planet's thin atmosphere". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.

[Leone_heli-5] Leone, Dan (19 November 2015). "Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2015.

[Today-6] "Mars Rover Perseverance Set To Launch Drone". Today (American TV program). YouTube. 24 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

[NYT-20210323-7] , Kenneth (23 March 2021). "Get Ready for the First Flight of NASA's Mars Helicopter - The experimental vehicle named Ingenuity traveled to the red planet with the Perseverance rover, which is also preparing for its main science mission". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

[NASA-20210323-8] Johnson, Alana; Hautaluoma, Grey; Agle, DC (23 March 2021). "NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight". NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

[NASA-20200623-9] Agle, D.C.; Hautaluoma, Gray; Johnson, Alana (23 June 2020). "How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface". NASA. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[10] "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet" Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Shubham Sharma, International Business Times, 14 May 2018

[Universe2018-11] "Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight" (PDF). NASA. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[spacenews_20180504-12] Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020, Jeff Fout, SpaceNews 4 May 2018

[Balaram_2018-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) SciTech Forum Conference 8–12 January 2018 Kissimmee, Florida doi:10.2514/6.2018-0023 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[14] MiMi Aung – Autonomous Systems Deputy Division Manager Archived 5 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine NASA/JPL This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[Witold_2018-15] Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses Archived 1 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan; NASA 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[NASA-20200429a-16] Hautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana; Agle, D.C. (29 April 2020). "Alabama High School Student Names NASA's Mars Helicopter". NASA. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[NASA-20200429b-17] Agle, D.C.; Cook, Jia-Rui; Johnson, Alana (29 April 2020). "Q&A with the Student Who Named Ingenuity, NASA's Mars Helicopter". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[distance-18] Mars Helicopter Scout. video presentation at Caltech This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[fact_sheet-19] "Mars Helicopter Fact Sheet" (PDF). NASA. February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[apod-20] "Astronomy Picture of the Day". NASA. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[21] September 2017, Tim Sharp 12. "Mars' Atmosphere: Composition, Climate & Weather". Space.com. Retrieved 10 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[NASA-20180511b-22] Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, JoAnna; Agle, D.C.; Northon, Karen (11 May 2018). "Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[NYT-20180511-23] Chang, Kenneth. "A Helicopter on Mars? NASA Wants to Try". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.

[VRG-20180511-24] Gush, Loren (11 May 2018). "NASA is sending a helicopter to Mars to get a bird's-eye view of the planet – The Mars Helicopter is happening". The Verge. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2018.

[25] Greicius, Tony (19 February 2021). "NASA's Mars Helicopter Reports In". NASA. Retrieved 23 February 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[26] Review on space robotics: Toward top-level science through space exploration Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Y. Gao, S. Chien – Science Robotics, 2017

[27] Volpe, Richard. "2014 Robotics Activities at JPL" (PDF). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2015. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[28] ttps://jpl.nasa.gov. "6 Things to Know About NASA's Mars Helicopter on Its Way to Mars". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 10 March 2021. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)

[29] Heading Estimation via Sun Sensing for Autonomous Navigation Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Parth Shah, 2017

[ieee-linux-30] "How NASA Designed a Helicopter That Could Fly Autonomously on Mars". IEEE Spectrum. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.

[31] J. Balaram and P. T. Tokumaru, "Rotorcrafts for Mars Exploration", in 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop, 2014, Bibcode 2014LPICo1795.8087B https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014LPICo1795.8087B/abstract Archived 17 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine

[32] Benjamin T. Pipenberg, Matthew Keennon, Jeremy Tyler, Bart Hibbs, Sara Langberg, J. (Bob) Balaram, Håvard F. Grip and Jack Pempejian, "Design and Fabrication of the Mars Helicopter Rotor, Airframe, and Landing Gear Systems Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; 7–11 January 2019, San Diego, California

[33] Berger, Eric (24 May 2016). "Four wild technologies lawmakers want NASA to pursue". ARS Technica. Retrieved 24 May 2016.

[Aung_May2018-34] Clarke, Stephen (14 May 2018). "Helicopter to accompany NASA's next Mars rover to Red Planet". Spaceflight Now.

[35] Dubois, Chantelle (29 November 2017). "Drones on Mars? NASA Projects May Soon Use Drones for Space Exploration". All About Circuits. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

[36] NASA Mars exploration efforts turn to operating existing missions and planning sample return, Jeff Foust, SpaceNews, 23 February 2018

[37] NASA to decide soon whether flying drone will launch with Mars 2020 rover Archived 21 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Stephen Clark Spaceflight Now 15 March 2018

[HMS_approved-38] Mars Helicopter to Fly on NASA's Next Red Planet Rover Mission Archived 11 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Karen Northon, NASA, 11 May 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[NASA-20190328-39] Agle, AG; Johnson, Alana (28 March 2019). "NASA's Mars Helicopter Completes Flight Tests". NASA. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[Integrated-40] NASA's Mars Helicopter Attached to Mars 2020 Rover Archived 4 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine NASA–JPL 28 August 2019 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[SC2018-41] Yes, NASA Is Actually Sending a Helicopter to Mars: Here's What It Will Do. Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Sarah Lewin, SPACE.com 12 May 2018

[PK2020-42] "Mars 2020 Perseverance Launch Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. 24 June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[UB_2018-43] "Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight" (PDF). NASA. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[NASA-20210404-44] "NASA's Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own". Nasa Mars Website.

[45] "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet" Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Shubham Sharma, International Business Times, 14 May 2018

[46] Potter, Sean (23 March 2021). "NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight". NASA.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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 | status            = {{unbulleted list
                         |Operational (Deployed from ''Perseverance'')
-                        |Deployed on 3 April 2021<ref name="Today"/><ref name="NYT-20210323"/><ref name="NASA-20210323"/>}}
+                        |Deployed on 3 April 2021<ref name="Today"/><ref name="NYT-20210323"/><ref name="NASA-20210323"/><ref name="NASA-20210404" />}}
 | instruments       = {{Hlist|[[Inertial measurement unit|Inertial sensors]]|[[Lidar|Laser altimeter]]|Two [[navcam]]s}}
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 '''''Ingenuity''''' is a small robotic [[helicopter]] located on [[Mars]] since February 18, 2021 that is intended to be the first aircraft on Mars as well as make the powered and controlled atmospheric flight on any planet beyond Earth.<ref name="veritasium20190810" /> Part of [[NASA]]'s [[Mars 2020]] mission, the small [[coaxial rotors|coaxial]], [[Drone (aircraft)|drone]] [[rotorcraft]] will serve as a [[technology demonstration|technology demonstrator]] for the potential use of flying probes on other worlds, with the potential to scout locations of interest and support the future planning of driving routes for [[Mars rover]]s.<ref name="NYT-20200623">{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=23 June 2020|title=Mars Is About to Have Its "Wright Brothers Moment" – As part of its next Mars mission, NASA is sending an experimental helicopter to fly through the red planet's thin atmosphere.|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623070602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/science/mars-helicopter-nasa.html|archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Leone heli">{{cite news|last=Leone|first=Dan|url=http://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/|title=Elachi Touts Helicopter Scout for Mars Sample-Caching Rover |publisher=SpaceNews|date=19 November 2015|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221200007/https://spacenews.com/elachi-touts-helicopter-scout-for-mars-sample-caching-rover/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="landing press kit"/>
-''Ingenuity'', now on the Martian surface, was attached to the underside of the ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover. Its deployment was originally planned for April 8, 2021,<ref name="Today">{{cite news | title = Mars Rover Perseverance Set To Launch Drone | newspaper = [[Today (American TV program)]] | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 24 March 2021  | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ceFiynmNB0&ab_channel=TODAY | accessdate = 2021-03-27 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210323">{{cite news |last=hang |first=Kenneth |title=Get Ready for the First Flight of NASA’s Mars Helicopter - The experimental vehicle named Ingenuity traveled to the red planet with the Perseverance rover, which is also preparing for its main science mission. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/science/nasa-mars-helicopter.html |date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=23 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20210323">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Alana |last2=Hautaluoma |first2=Grey |last3=Agle |first3=DC |title=NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-prepares-for-first-flight |date=23 March 2021 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=23 March 2021 }}</ref> about 60 days after ''Perseverance''{{'}}s landing at the [[Octavia E. Butler Landing]] site in [[Jezero (crater)|Jezero]] crater, but take off is now delayed to no sooner than April 11, 2021.<ref name="NASA-20200623">{{cite news|last1=Agle|first1=D.C.|last2=Hautaluoma|first2=Gray|last3=Johnson|first3=Alana|title=How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|date=23 June 2020|publisher=NASA|access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219062523/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The rover is expected to drive approximately {{cvt|100|m}} away from the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011219/http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575|date=10 July 2018}}, Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times'', 14 May 2018</ref><ref name="Universe2018">{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170951/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=20 July 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Ingenuity'' is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign scheduled early in the rover's mission. Primarily technology demonstrations,<ref name='landing press kit'/><ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http://spacenews.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020/ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020], Jeff Fout, ''SpaceNews'' 4 May 2018</ref> each flight is planned to fly at altitudes ranging from {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} above the ground.<ref name='landing press kit'/> for up to 90 seconds each. ''Ingenuity'', which can travel up to {{cvt|50|m}} [[downrange]] and then back to the starting area,<ref name='landing press kit'/> will use [[autonomous robot|autonomous control]] during its short flights, which will be [[telerobotic]]ally planned and scripted by operators at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). It will communicate directly with the ''Perseverance'' rover after each landing.
+''Ingenuity'', now on the Martian surface, was attached to the underside of the ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' rover. Its deployment was originally planned for April 8, 2021,<ref name="Today">{{cite news | title = Mars Rover Perseverance Set To Launch Drone | newspaper = [[Today (American TV program)]] | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 24 March 2021  | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ceFiynmNB0&ab_channel=TODAY | accessdate = 2021-03-27 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20210323">{{cite news |last=hang |first=Kenneth |title=Get Ready for the First Flight of NASA’s Mars Helicopter - The experimental vehicle named Ingenuity traveled to the red planet with the Perseverance rover, which is also preparing for its main science mission. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/23/science/nasa-mars-helicopter.html |date=23 March 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=23 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20210323">{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Alana |last2=Hautaluoma |first2=Grey |last3=Agle |first3=DC |title=NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-prepares-for-first-flight |date=23 March 2021 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=23 March 2021 }}</ref> about 60 days after ''Perseverance''{{'}}s landing at the [[Octavia E. Butler Landing]] site in [[Jezero (crater)|Jezero]] crater, take off is planned for no sooner than April 11, 2021.<ref name="NASA-20200623">{{cite news|last1=Agle|first1=D.C.|last2=Hautaluoma|first2=Gray|last3=Johnson|first3=Alana|title=How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|date=23 June 2020|publisher=NASA|access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219062523/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The rover is expected to drive approximately {{cvt|100|m}} away from the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011219/http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575|date=10 July 2018}}, Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times'', 14 May 2018</ref><ref name="Universe2018">{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170951/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=20 July 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Ingenuity'' is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign scheduled early in the rover's mission. Primarily technology demonstrations,<ref name='landing press kit'/><ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http://spacenews.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020/ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020], Jeff Fout, ''SpaceNews'' 4 May 2018</ref> each flight is planned to fly at altitudes ranging from {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} above the ground.<ref name='landing press kit'/> for up to 90 seconds each. ''Ingenuity'', which can travel up to {{cvt|50|m}} [[downrange]] and then back to the starting area,<ref name='landing press kit'/> will use [[autonomous robot|autonomous control]] during its short flights, which will be [[telerobotic]]ally planned and scripted by operators at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). It will communicate directly with the ''Perseverance'' rover after each landing.
 If ''Ingenuity'' works as expected, NASA could build on its design to extend the aerial component of future [[List of missions to Mars|Mars missions]].<ref name="Balaram 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401121747/https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Balaram_AIAA2018_0023.pdf|date=1 April 2019}} J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu; American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) SciTech Forum Conference 8–12 January 2018 Kissimmee, Florida {{doi|10.2514/6.2018-0023}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The project is led by [[MiMi Aung]] at the JPL.<ref>[http://kiss.caltech.edu/lectures/Aung_Lecture_2015.html MiMi Aung – Autonomous Systems Deputy Division Manager] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605180541/http://kiss.caltech.edu/lectures/Aung_Lecture_2015.html|date=5 June 2018}} NASA/JPL {{PD-notice}}</ref> Other contributors include [[AeroVironment|AeroVironment, Inc.]], the NASA [[Ames Research Center]], and the NASA [[Langley Research Center]].<ref name="Witold 2018">[https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf Generation of Mars Helicopter Rotor Model for Comprehensive Analyses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170950/https://rotorcraft.arc.nasa.gov/Publications/files/Koning_2018_TechMx.pdf|date=1 January 2020}}, Witold J. F. Koning, Wayne Johnson, Brian G. Allan; NASA 2018 {{PD-notice}}</ref>
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 {{clear}}
 ==Mission profile==
-''Ingenuity'' was deployed on April 3rd, 2021, after landing with the rover ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' in the crater [[Jezero (crater)|Jezero]] at [[Octavia E. Butler Landing]] on 18 February 2021 and removal of debris shield on 21 March 2021.<ref name="NASA-20200623">{{cite news|last1=Agle|first1=D.C.|last2=Hautaluoma|first2=Gray|last3=Johnson|first3=Alana|title=How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|date=23 June 2020|publisher=NASA|access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219062523/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>  After deployment, the rover is expected to drive approximately {{cvt|100|m}} away from the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly in April 2021.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011219/http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575|date=10 July 2018}}, Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times'', 14 May 2018</ref><ref name="Universe2018">{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170951/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=20 July 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The ''Ingenuity'' helicopter is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign in April 2021, early in the rover's mission.<ref name='landing press kit'/><ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http://spacenews.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020/ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020], Jeff Fout, ''SpaceNews'' 4 May 2018</ref> Each flight is planned to be at altitudes ranging from {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} above the ground.<ref name='landing press kit'/> In up to 90 seconds per flight, it could travel as far as {{cvt|50|m}} [[downrange]] and then back to the starting area.<ref name='landing press kit'/> It will use [[autonomous robot|autonomous control]] during its short flights, although flights will be [[telerobotic]]ally planned and scripted by operators at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). It will communicate with the ''Perseverance'' rover directly after each landing.
+''Ingenuity'' was deployed on April 3rd, 2021<ref name="NASA-20210404">{{cite web |title=NASA's Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own |url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8906/nasas-mars-helicopter-survives-first-cold-martian-night-on-its-own/ |website=Nasa Mars Website}}</ref>, after landing with the rover ''[[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]]'' in the crater [[Jezero (crater)|Jezero]] at [[Octavia E. Butler Landing]] on 18 February 2021 and removal of debris shield on 21 March 2021.<ref name="NASA-20200623">{{cite news|last1=Agle|first1=D.C.|last2=Hautaluoma|first2=Gray|last3=Johnson|first3=Alana|title=How NASA's Mars Helicopter Will Reach the Red Planet's Surface|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|date=23 June 2020|publisher=NASA|access-date=23 February 2021 |archive-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219062523/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/how-nasas-mars-helicopter-will-reach-the-red-planets-surface|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>  After deployment, the rover is expected to drive approximately {{cvt|100|m}} away from the drone to allow it a safe "buffer zone" in which it will attempt to fly in April 2021.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575 "NASA's Mars Helicopter: Small, Autonomous Rotorcraft To Fly On Red Planet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011219/http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-helicopter-small-autonomous-rotorcraft-fly-red-planet-2680575|date=10 July 2018}}, Shubham Sharma, ''International Business Times'', 14 May 2018</ref><ref name="Universe2018">{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Mars Helicopter a new challenge for flight |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101170951/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/universe/archive/universe1807.pdf|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=20 July 2018|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The ''Ingenuity'' helicopter is expected to fly up to five times during its 30-day test campaign in April 2021, early in the rover's mission.<ref name='landing press kit'/><ref name="spacenews 20180504">[http://spacenews.com/decision-expected-soon-on-adding-helicopter-to-mars-2020/ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020], Jeff Fout, ''SpaceNews'' 4 May 2018</ref> Each flight is planned to be at altitudes ranging from {{cvt|3|-|5|m|0}} above the ground.<ref name='landing press kit'/> In up to 90 seconds per flight, it could travel as far as {{cvt|50|m}} [[downrange]] and then back to the starting area.<ref name='landing press kit'/> It will use [[autonomous robot|autonomous control]] during its short flights, although flights will be [[telerobotic]]ally planned and scripted by operators at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). It will communicate with the ''Perseverance'' rover directly after each landing.
 == Commemorative artifacts ==