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'''Stella Ingrid Goldschlag''', also known as '''Stella Kübler-Isaacksohn''' and '''Stella Kübler''' (10 July 1922 &ndash; 26 October 1994)<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Publications International, Ltd. |publication-place=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States |editor1-first=Paul |editor1-last=Weber |url=http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/421.html |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117184516/http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/421.html |title=Blonde Poison |page=421 |work=The Holocaust Chronicle |series=1943: Death and Resistance |first1=Marilyn J. |last1=Harran |first2=Dieter |last2=Kuntz |first3=Russel |last3=Lemmons |first4=Robert A. |last4=Michael |first5=Keith |last5=Pickus |first6=John |last6=Roth |editor2-first=Abraham J. |editor2-last=Edelheit }}</ref> was a [[German Jews|German Jewish]] woman who [[Collaborationism|collaborated]] with the [[Gestapo]] during [[World War II]], operating around Berlin exposing and denouncing Berlin's underground [[Jew|Jews]].<ref name=dirks />
'''Stella Ingrid Goldschlag''', also known as '''Stella Kübler-Isaacksohn''' and '''Stella Kübler''' (10 July 1922 &ndash; 26 October 1994)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/staticpages/421.html|title=The Holocaust Chronicle article on Stella Kübler|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nicht Alle Waren Moerder |url=http://www.swr.de/nicht-alle-waren-moerder/barrierefreie-version/familie-teuber/hintergrund/skrupellose-fahnderin.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626125712/http://www.swr.de/nicht-alle-waren-moerder/barrierefreie-version/familie-teuber/hintergrund/skrupellose-fahnderin.html |archivedate=June 26, 2016}}</ref>

was a [[German Jews|German Jewish]] woman who [[Collaborationism|collaborated]] with the [[Gestapo]] during [[World War II]], exposing and denouncing Berlin's underground [[Jew]]s.
The number of people she betrayed or delivered to the Nazis is hard to caluclate but is estimated to be anywhere from 600 to 3000.<ref>{{cite news |title=The poisonous blonde of Berlin: The controversial Stella Goldschlag story |first=Orit |last=Arfa |date=24 September 2017 |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-poisonous-blonde-of-berlin-the-controversial-stella-goldschlag-story-505838 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419133458/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-poisonous-blonde-of-berlin-the-controversial-stella-goldschlag-story-505838 |publication-place=[[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]] |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post Group]] |issn=0021-597X |editor-first=Yaakov |editor-last=Katz |editor-link=Yaakov Katz }}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==


She was born Stella Goldschlag and raised in [[Berlin]] as the only child in a middle-class, [[Jewish assimilation|assimilated Jewish]] family.<ref name=
She was born Stella Goldschlag and raised in [[Berlin]] as the only child in a middle-class, [[Jewish assimilation|assimilated Jewish]] family.<ref name=
"tovar">Diana Tovar, [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/jewishlife/JewishStellaDiana.htm Summary of Peter Wyden's ''Stella''] University of California, Santa Barbara (Fall 2005). Retrieved July 29, 2011</ref> After the 1933 [[Machtergreifung|seizure of power by the Nazis]], she, like other Jewish children, was forbidden to go to a state school by [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nazi racial policies]], so she attended the [[Goldschmidt School]], set up by the local Jewish community. At school, she was known for her beauty and vivacity.<ref name="tovar" />
"tovar">{{cite conference |url=https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/classes/33d/projects/jewishlife/JewishStellaDiana.htm |title=Stella: The Story of Stella Goldschlag |first=Diana |last=Tovar |date=6 December 2005 |conference=Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Holocaust |publisher=[[University of California, Santa Barbara]] |location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], [[California]], United States |editor-first=Harold |editor-last=Marcuse |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124180252/http://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/classes/33d/projects/jewishlife/JewishStellaDiana.htm }}</ref><ref name=dirks>{{cite book |chapter=Chapter Fifteen. Snatchers: The Berlin Gestapo’s Jewish Informants |title=Jews in Nazi Berlin: From Kristallnacht to Liberation |first=Christian |last=Dirks |doi=10.7208/9780226521596-017 |pages=248-274 |editor1-first=Beate |editor1-last=Meyer |editor2-first=Hermann |editor2-last=Simon |editor3-first=Chana |editor3-last=Schütz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhYb73CHmt8C&printsec=frontcover |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9780226521572 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |publication-place=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States |year=2009 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhYb73CHmt8C&pg=PA248 }}</ref> After the 1933 [[Machtergreifung|seizure of power by the Nazis]], she, like other Jewish children, was forbidden to go to a state school by [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nazi racial policies]], so she attended the [[Goldschmidt School]], set up by the local Jewish community. At school, she was known for her beauty and vivacity.<ref name="tovar" /><ref name=dirks />


The family fell on hard times when the 1933 [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]] was used to purge Jews from positions of influence and her father, {{ill|Gerhard Goldschlag|de}}, lost his job with the [[newsreel]] company [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]]. Her parents attempted to leave Germany after ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938 to escape the Nazi regime, but were unable to gain visas for other countries. Goldschlag completed her education in 1938, training as a fashion designer at the School of Applied Art in Nürnbergerstraße.<ref>''The Forger'', Cioma Schonhaus, Granta Books, 2004, pp140-141</ref>
The family fell on hard times when the 1933 [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]] was used to purge Jews from positions of influence and her father, {{ill|Gerhard Goldschlag|de}}, lost his job with the [[newsreel]] company [[Gaumont Film Company|Gaumont]]. Her parents attempted to leave Germany after ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938 to escape the Nazi regime, but were unable to gain visas for other countries. Goldschlag completed her education in 1938, training as a fashion designer at the School of Applied Art in Nürnbergerstraße.{{sfn|Schönhaus|2008|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xX3IGW146w8C&pg=PA140 Fortune oblige]|p=140-141}}


==Going underground and collaboration==
==Going underground and collaboration==


In 1941, Goldschlag married a Jewish musician, Manfred Kübler. They had met when both were working as Jewish forced-labourers in a war plant in Berlin.<ref name="tovar" /> In about 1942, when the large deportation programme of Berlin Jews into extermination camps began, she disappeared underground, using forged papers to [[Passing (racial identity)|pass]] as a non-Jew — owing to her blonde-haired, blue-eyed '[[Aryan race|Aryan]]' appearance.<ref name="tovar" />
In 1941, Goldschlag married a Jewish musician, Manfred Kübler. They had met when both were working as Jewish forced-labourers in a war plant in Berlin.<ref name="tovar" /> In about 1942, when the large deportation programme of Berlin Jews into extermination camps began, she disappeared underground, using forged papers to [[Passing (racial identity)|pass]] as a non-Jew — owing to her blonde-haired, blue-eyed '[[Aryan race|Aryan]]' appearance.<ref name="tovar" /><ref name=dirks />

In the spring of 1943, Goldschlag and her parents were arrested by the Nazis and taken to Bessemerstrasse women's prison where she was interrogated and tortured; on July 10, 1943 (coincidentally her 21st birthday) she managed to escape briefly during a visit to the dentist but was quickly rearrested as she sought refuge in parents' home which was already being watched by the Gestapo and she was brutally tortured once more after being recaptured.<ref name=dirks />

On August 24, 1943 the Bessemerstrasse prison was bombed during and air raid which damaged her cell and allowed her to escape yet again but this time she went to where her parents were being detained at the detention and assembly camp of Grosse Hamburger Strasse (the site of a Jewish cemetery that was desecrated and destroyed by the Nazis<ref>{{cite journal |title=Doing write by history |first=Paul |last=Verhaeghen |pages=4-7 |journal=[[Jewish Quarterly]] |volume=55 |issue=4 |publisher=Jewish Literary Trust/[[Taylor & Francis]] |issn=0449-010X |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0449010X.2008.10707019 |doi=10.1080/0449010X.2008.10707019 |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] |editor-first=Morry |editor-last=Schwartz |editor-link=Morry Schwartz |date=1 October 2008 }}</ref>), intending on sharing their fate but she was taken back to Bessemerstrasse.<ref name=dirks />

In order to avoid deportation of herself and her parents,<ref name=dirks /> she agreed to become a "catcher" ({{lang-de|Greiferin}}) for the Gestapo, hunting down Jews hiding as non-Jews (referred to as "submerged", {{lang-de|Untergetauchter}}).<ref name="tovar" /><ref>{{cite journal |jstor=41575747 |pages=7-26 |publication-place=[[Newark, Delaware|Newark]], [[Delaware]], United States |publisher=[[American Philosophical Association]] |journal=Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association |volume=85 |issue=2 |date=1 November 2011 |first=Claudia |last=Card |title=Surviving Long-Term Mass Atrocities: U-Boats, Catchers, and Ravens |issn=0065972X |oclc=1480553 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41575747 |via=[[JSTOR]] }}</ref> Goldschlag at first gave up names of Jewish fugitives only under torture, which happened for the first time after her failed escape attempt when she was captured with a list of names that included that of a Jewish man named Mikki Hellmann who had provided her with a forged passport and whom Goldschlag lured into a trap after which he was captured.<ref name=dirks /> However, she would later start to collaborate with the Gestapo more willingly.<ref name=dirks />


After collaborating with Hellmann's arrest, Gestapo investigators found out that Goldschlag had also been in contact with a prominent passport forger named [[Cioma Schönhaus|Samson Schönhaus]] who operated under the alias Günter Rogoff and who was involved with an extense [[Polish resistance|Jewish-Catholic Polish resistance network]] and had provided at least 40 Jewish prisoners in the camp Goldschlag was kept with forged food ration cards, passports and various other identity documents.<ref name=dirks /> Thus, Gestapo officers were desperately looking for Schönhaus and, discovering Goldschlag's connection to him, and it was at this point that they offered her a more permanent arrangement collaborating with them and delivering Jewish fugitives to them:<ref name=dirks /> Schönhaus was never caught and survived the war,<ref name=forger /> but Goldschlag's arrangement with the Nazis continued.<ref name=dirks /> She was promised that her and her parents would not be deported plus a reward of 300 [[Reichsmark]] for each Jew that she betrayed while she operated mostly around Berlin.<ref name=mccormack>{{cite book |first=David |last=McCormack |isbn=9780244092092 |title=Year Zero: Berlin 1945 |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr5jDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wr5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |page=27 |chapter=Chapter Five: Blonde Poison — Stella Goldschlag |date=27 February 2019 |publisher=PublishNation }}</ref><ref name=dirks />
In the spring of 1943, Goldschlag and her parents were arrested by the Nazis. She was subjected to torture. In order to avoid deportation of herself and her parents, she agreed to become a "catcher" ({{lang-de|Greiferin}}) for the Gestapo, hunting down Jews hiding as non-Jews (referred to as "submerged", {{lang-de|Untergetauchter}}).<ref name="tovar" /> She was promised a salary of 300 [[Reichsmark]] for each Jew that she betrayed.


Goldschlag proceeded to comb Berlin for such Jews and, as she was familiar with a large number of Jewish people from her years at [[Goldschmidt School|her segregated Jewish school]], she was very successful at locating her former schoolmates and handing their information over to the Gestapo, while posing as a ''submerged'' herself. Some of Goldschlag's efforts to apprehend Jews in hiding included promising them food and accommodation, meanwhile turning them over to the Nazi authorities; she would also follow clues provided to her by the Gestapo.<ref>Carsten Dams and Michael Stolle, ''The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 71.</ref> The data concerning the number of her victims varies, depending on different sources of information, from between 600 and 3,000 Jews. Goldschlag's charisma and striking good looks were a great advantage in her pursuit of underground Jews. The Nazis called her "blonde poison".<ref name="tovar" />
Goldschlag proceeded to comb Berlin for such Jews and, as she was familiar with a large number of Jewish people from her years at [[Goldschmidt School|her segregated Jewish school]], she was very successful at locating her former schoolmates and handing their information over to the Gestapo, while posing as a ''submerged'' herself. Some of Goldschlag's efforts to apprehend Jews in hiding included promising them food and accommodation, meanwhile turning them over to the Nazi authorities; she would also follow clues provided to her by the Gestapo.{{sfn|Dams|Stolle|2014|loc=[https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=wGy0ngEACAAJ&pg=PA71 4. The Modus Operandi]|p=71}} The data concerning the number of her victims varies, depending on different sources of information, from between 600 and 3,000 Jews. Goldschlag's charisma and striking good looks were a great advantage in her pursuit of underground Jews. The Nazis called her "blonde poison"<ref name="tovar" /> while Jews in hiding knew her as the "Blonde Lorelei".<ref>{{cite book |chapter=8. Life Underground |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcQ9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210 |page=210 |title=Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany |first=Marion A. |last=Kaplan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |publication-place=[[Oxford]], [[England]], United Kingdom |orig-year=1998 |year=1999 |edition=2nd |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcQ9DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover }}</ref>


The Nazis would break their promise of sparing the lives of Goldschlag's parents. They were deported to the [[Theresienstadt]] concentration camp; from there they were later transported to Auschwitz and murdered. Goldschlag's husband, Manfred, was deported in 1943 to [[Auschwitz]], along with his family. Goldschlag still continued her work for the Gestapo until March 1945. During that time, she met and married her second husband, Rolf Isaaksohn, on 29 October 1944. Isaksohn was a fellow Jewish collaborator with the Nazis known also as a ''Greifer'' ("catcher").<ref name="tovar" />
The Nazis would break their promise of sparing the lives of Goldschlag's parents. They were deported to the [[Theresienstadt]] concentration camp; from there they were later transported to Auschwitz and murdered. Goldschlag's husband, Manfred, was deported in 1943 to [[Auschwitz]], along with his family. Goldschlag still continued her work for the Gestapo until March 1945. During that time, she met and married her second husband, Rolf Isaaksohn, on 29 October 1944. Isaksohn was a fellow Jewish collaborator with the Nazis known also as a ''Greifer'' ("catcher").<ref name="tovar" />
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==The end of the war and after==
==The end of the war and after==


At the end of World War II, Goldschlag went into hiding. She was found and arrested by the Soviets in October 1945 and sentenced to ten years of hard labor.<ref name="Wyden" /> Following the completion of her sentence, she moved to [[West Berlin]]. There she was again tried and convicted, and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. She did not have to serve the second sentence because of the time already served in the Soviet prison.
At the end of World War II, Goldschlag went into hiding. She was found and arrested by the Soviets in October 1945 and sentenced to ten years of hard labor.<ref name="Wyden" /> Following the completion of her sentence, she moved to [[West Berlin]]. There she was again tried and convicted, and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. She did not have to serve the second sentence because of the time already served in the Soviet prison.<ref>{{cite newspaper |page=26 (Section 7) |date=24 January 1993 |title=More effective than the Gestapo |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States |editor-first=Arthur Ochs |editor-last=Sulzberger Sr. |editor-link=Punch Sulzberger |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |issn=0362-4331 |oclc=1645522 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/books/l-more-effective-than-the-gestapo-436793.html |first=Ernest Gunter |last=Fontheim |location=[[Ann Arbor]], [[Michigan]], United States }}</ref>


After the war, Goldschlag, according to author Irving Abrahamson, "convert[ed] to Christianity and bec[ame] an open [[Antisemitism|anti-Semite]]".<ref name=Abrahamson>{{cite news|last=Abrahamson|first=Irving|title=She Saved Herself In The Holocaust By Betraying Others|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-01-03/entertainment/9303150591_1_stella-goldschlag-peter-wyden-berlin|accessdate=2 January 2014|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=3 January 1993}}</ref>
After the war, Goldschlag, according to author Irving Abrahamson, "convert[ed] to Christianity and bec[ame] an open [[Antisemitism|anti-Semite]]".<ref name=Abrahamson>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-01-03-9303150591-story.html |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |publication-place=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States |title=She saved herself in the Holocaust by betraying others |first=Irving |last=Abrahamson |date=3 January 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121123432/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-01-03-9303150591-story.html |archive-date=21 January 2021 |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing]] |issn=1085-6706 |oclc=7960243 |editor-first=Jack |editor-last=Fuller |editor-link=Jack Fuller }}</ref>


Goldschlag supposedly committed [[suicide]] in 1994 by drowning in Freiburg.<ref>Dominik Bloedner: ''[https://www.badische-zeitung.de/die-greiferin--178700667.html Die Greiferin]'', newspaper article in: Badische-Zeitung.de, No. 249/43, 74th year, October 26 2019, Magazin, page III).</ref>
Goldschlag supposedly committed [[suicide]] in 1994 by drowning in Freiburg;<ref>{{cite journal |title=Stella Goldschlag, die jüdische Greiferin der Gestapo |language=German |first=Dominik |last=Bloedner |date=27 October 2019 |url=https://www.badische-zeitung.de/die-greiferin--178700667.html |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |oclc=11975787 |location=[[Freiburg im Breisgau]], Germany |trans-title=Stella Goldschlag, the Gestapo's Jewish grabber |volume=74 |issue=249/43 |page=3 |publisher=Badischer Verlag GmbH & Co. KG |editor-first=Wolfgang |editor1-last=Poppen |editor2-first=Hans-Otto |editor2-last=Holz }}</ref>{{sfn|Moorhouse|2011|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RAx63fZPDnwC&pg=PA304 14. Against All Odds]|p=304}} although other sources mention that she leapt out of a window or that she drown but that this was accidental.<ref name=nuevatribuna />


==Personal life==
==Personal life==


Goldschlag was married five times: following the deportation of her first husband, Manfred Kübler, she married fellow Jewish collaborator and ''Greifer'' Rolf Isaaksohn on 29 October 1944, who was shot dead attempting to escape to Denmark as the Soviets advanced.<ref>{{Cite web|last=dreamer|first=Mythili the|date=2020-08-11|title=The Jewish Sex Spy Who Betrayed Her Own People|url=https://medium.com/lessons-from-history/the-jewish-sex-spy-who-betrayed-her-own-people-50634d4d9d52|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> After the war, she was married to three non-Jews, starting with Friedheim Schellenberg. Her last husband died in 1984.
Goldschlag was married five times: following the deportation of her first husband, Manfred Kübler, she married fellow Jewish collaborator and ''Greifer'' Rolf Isaaksohn on 29 October 1944, who was shot dead attempting to escape to Denmark as the Soviets advanced.<ref>{{Cite web|last=dreamer|first=Mythili the|date=2020-08-11|title=The Jewish Sex Spy Who Betrayed Her Own People|url=https://medium.com/lessons-from-history/the-jewish-sex-spy-who-betrayed-her-own-people-50634d4d9d52|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> After the war, she was married to three non-Jews, starting with Friedheim Schellenberg, followed by a cab driver twenty years her junior and finally a Berlin orchestra director who died in 1984.<ref name=nuevatribuna>{{cite news |title=Stella Ingrid Goldschlag, la judía que traicionó a su pueblo |first=Edmundo |last=Fayanás Escuer |date=19 September 2020 |language=Spanish |url=https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/stella-ingrid-goldschlag-judia-traiciono-pueblo/20200919113026179298.html |publication-place=[[Madrid]], [[Spain]] |editor1-first=Isabel |editor1-last=García |editor2-first=Pablo |editor2-last=Vargas |publisher=Página 7 comunicación S.L. |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923074437/https://www.nuevatribuna.es/articulo/cultura---ocio/stella-ingrid-goldschlag-judia-traiciono-pueblo/20200919113026179298.html |work=Nueva Tribuna (Nuevatribuna.es) }}</ref>


Goldschlag's only child, Yvonne Meissl, was taken from her and became a nurse in Israel.<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Wyden|year=1992|title=Stella: One Woman's True Tale of Evil, Betrayal, and Survival in Hitler's Germany}}</ref>
Goldschlag's only child, Yvonne Meissl, was taken from her and became a nurse in Israel.<ref name=wyden92>{{cite book |title=Stella: One Woman's True Tale of Evil, Betrayal, and Survival in Hitler's Germany |first=Peter |last=Wyden |year=1992 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States |isbn=9780671673611 }}</ref>


==In biographies and fiction==
==In biographies and fiction==


[[Peter H. Wyden|Peter Wyden]], a Berlin schoolmate whose family had been able to obtain US visas in 1937 and who later learned about Goldschlag's role as a "catcher" while he was working for the US Army, tracked down and interviewed Goldschlag in 1988, and wrote ''Stella'', a 1992 biography of her.<ref name="Wyden">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|last6=|last7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|date=1992-12-21|title=SAGA PETER WYDEN AND STELLA GOLDSCHLAG...|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-21-vw-1821-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-10|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Peter H. Wyden|Peter Wyden]], a Berlin schoolmate whose family had been able to obtain US visas in 1937 and who later learned about Goldschlag's role as a "catcher" while he was working for the US Army, tracked down and interviewed Goldschlag in 1988,<ref name="Wyden">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-21-vw-1821-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publication-place=[[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States |title=Saga Peter Wyden and Stella Goldschlag... |date=21 December 1992 |first=Kathleen |last=Hendrix |publisher=Los Angeles Times Communications LLC |issn=0458-3035 |oclc=3638237 }}</ref> and wrote ''Stella'', a 1992 biography of her.<ref name=wyden92 />


Goldschlag is mentioned in ''The Forger'', [[Cioma Schonhaus]]'s 2004 account of living as an underground Jew in Berlin,<ref>''The Forger'', Cioma Schonhaus (Granta Books, 2004)</ref> and in ''Berlin at War'' by [[Roger Moorhouse]] (2010).
Goldschlag is mentioned in ''The Forger'', [[Cioma Schonhaus]]'s 2004 account of living as an underground Jew in Berlin,<ref name=forger>{{cite book |title=The Forger: An Extraordinary Story of Survival in Wartime Berlin |translator=Alan Bance |editor-first=Marion |editor-last=Ness |via=[[Google Books]] |first=Cioma |last=Schönhaus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX3IGW146w8C&printsec=frontcover |isbn=9780306817656 |year=2008 |orig-year=2004 }}</ref> and in ''Berlin at War'' by [[Roger Moorhouse]] (2010).<ref>{{cite book |title=Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital, 1939-45 |first=Roger |last=Moorhouse |author-link=Roger Moorhouse |orig-year=2010 |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAx63fZPDnwC&printsec=frontcover |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9781446499214 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Random House]] |publication-place=London, England, United Kingdom }}</ref>


===Fiction===
===Fiction===
In 2019, the German journalist [[Takis Würger]] published a novel based on Goldschlag's life, ''{{ill|Stella (novel)|de|Stella (Roman)|lt=Stella}}'', which was published by [[Carl Hanser Verlag]]. It received largely negative reviews. Critics described the work as "Holocaust kitsch", but it sold well.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambeck |first1=Petra |title=Novel based on Jew 'catcher' Stella Kubler stirs controversy |url=https://www.dw.com/en/novel-based-on-jew-catcher-stella-k%C3%BCbler-stirs-controversy/a-47092960 |accessdate=13 August 2019 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
In 2019, the German journalist [[Takis Würger]] published a novel based on Goldschlag's life, ''{{ill|Stella (novel)|de|Stella (Roman)|lt=Stella}}'', which was published by [[Carl Hanser Verlag]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfL7DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |via=[[Google Books]] |first=Takis |last=Würger |title=Stella |year=2021 |orig-year=2019 |translator=Liesl Schillinger |publisher=[[Grove Atlantic|Grove Press UK]]/[[Carl Hanser Verlag|Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co.]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom |isbn=9781611854497 }}</ref> It received largely negative reviews.<ref>{{cite journal |title=»Verrat an Geschichte und Erinnerung«? Zur literaturtheoretischen und literaturdidaktischen Einordnung der Kontroverse um Takis Würgers Stella |first1=Björn |last1=Bergmann |first2=Sascha |last2=Feuchert |volume=68 |issue=3 |doi=10.14220/mdge.2021.68.3.241 |journal=Mitteilungen des Deutschen Germanistenverbandes |issn=0418-9426 |date=1 August 2021 |language=German |trans-title="Betrayal of history and memory"? On the literary-theoretical and literary-didactic classification of the controversy surrounding Takis Würger's Stella |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage/Brill Deutschland GmbH |url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/abs/10.14220/mdge.2021.68.3.24 }}</ref> Critics described the work as "Holocaust kitsch", but it sold well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/novel-based-on-jew-catcher-stella-k%C3%BCbler-stirs-controversy/a-47092960 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |publication-place=[[Bonn]], [[Germany]] |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Limbourg |editor-link=Peter Limbourg |title=Novel based on Jew 'catcher' Stella Kübler stirs controversy |first=Petra |last=Lambeck |date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002807/https://www.dw.com/en/novel-based-on-jew-catcher-stella-k%C3%BCbler-stirs-controversy/a-47092960 }}</ref>


Goldschlag is a minor character in the 2017 German docudrama, [[The Invisibles (film)|''Die Unsichtbaren – Wir wollen leben'']] (English title ''The Invisibles'').
Goldschlag is a minor character in the 2017 German docudrama, [[The Invisibles (film)|''Die Unsichtbaren – Wir wollen leben'']] (English title ''The Invisibles'').<ref>{{cite av media |title=Die Unsichtbaren – Wir wollen leben |trans-title=[[The Invisibles (film)|The Invisibles]] |language=German |location=Germany |type=Motion picture |publisher=Tobias Film |editor1-first=Jörg |editor1-last=Hauschild |editor2-first=Julia |editor2-last=Oehring
|people=Claus Räfle (director), Claus Räfle and Alejandra Lopez (writers), Claus Räfle and Frank Evers (producers); starring: [[Maximilian Mauff|Max Mauff]], [[Alice Dwyer]], [[Ruby O. Fee]], [[Aaron Altaras]], [[Andreas Schmidt (actor)|Andreas M. Schmidt]] |year=2017 }}</ref>


Goldschlag appears in [[Chris Petit]]'s 2016 novel ''The Butchers of Berlin''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Chris|last=Petit|year=2016|title=The Butchers of Berlin}}</ref> Here, her actions as a "catcher" are in the background of the main story.
Goldschlag appears in [[Chris Petit]]'s 2016 novel ''The Butchers of Berlin''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Butchers of Berlin |first=Chris |last=Petit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrhVCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9781471143427 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States }}</ref> Here, her actions as a "catcher" are in the background of the main story.


In the 2001 novel ''[[Joseph Kanon|The Good German]]'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The Good German |first=Joseph |last=Kanon |author-link=Joseph Kanon |isbn=9780751534849 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Time Warner]] |year=2003 |orig-year=2001 |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States }}</ref> the character Renate Naumann (named Lena Brandt in the [[The Good German|2006 film adaptation]]) is loosely based on Goldschlag.<ref>{{cite journal |title=“Blonde poison”: the Holocaust and the case of Stella Goldschlag in Joseph Kanon's The Good German |first=Anthony |last=Lake |journal=[[Holocaust Studies]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/17504902.2015.1117839 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2015.1117839 |page=84-99 |issn=1750-4902 |editor1-first=Hannah |editor1-last=Holtschneider |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Jordan |editor3-first=Tom |editor3-last=Lawson |editor4-first=Joanne |editor4-last=Pettitt |publication-place=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]], [[England]], United Kingdom |date=1 January 2016 |s2cid=147248046 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Filimon |first=Eliza Claudia |title=Cinderella’s ashes-new women, old fairytales |journal=Romanian Journal of English Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=1584-3734 |pages=131-137 |editor1-first=Luminiţa |editor1-last=Frenţiu |editor2-first=Eliza Claudia |editor2-last=Filimon |editor3-first=Irina Diana |editor3-last=Mădroane |editor4-first=Andreea |editor4-last=Şerban |publication-place=[[Timişoara]], [[Romania]] |publisher=[[West University of Timișoara]]/Romanian Society for English and American Studies/[[De Gruyter]] |url=https://litere.uvt.ro/publicatii/RJES/pdf/RJES2012_full_text.pdf#page=130 |format=PDF }}</ref> The book was adapted [[The Good German|as the 2006 film titled The Good German]] directed by [[Steven Soderbergh]] and starring [[George Clooney]], [[Cate Blanchett]] and [[Tobey Maguire]].<ref>{{cite av media |title=[[The Good German]] |year=2006 |editor-first=Mary Ann |editor-last=Bernard |type=Motion picture |location=United States |publisher=[[Virtual Studios]]/[[Section Eight Productions]]/[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] |people=[[Steven Soderbergh]] (director), Ben Cosgrove and [[Gregory Jacobs]] (producers), [[Paul Attanasio]] (writer); starring: [[George Clooney]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Tobey Maguire]] |language=English }}</ref>
In the 2001 novel ''[[Joseph Kanon|The Good German]]'', the character Renate Naumann (named Lena Brandt in the [[The Good German|2006 film adaptation]]) is loosely based on Goldschlag.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286511330_Blonde_poison_the_Holocaust_and_the_case_of_Stella_Goldschlag_in_Joseph_Kanon's_The_Good_German</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2015.1117839|doi = 10.1080/17504902.2015.1117839|title = "Blonde poison": The Holocaust and the case of Stella Goldschlag in Joseph Kanon's ''The'' Good German|year = 2016|last1 = Lake|first1 = Anthony|journal = Holocaust Studies|volume = 22|pages = 84–99|s2cid = 147248046}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |title=The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich |first1=Carsten |last1=Dams |first2=Michael |last2=Stolle |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |publication-place=[[Oxford]], England, United Kingdom |translator=Charlotte Ryland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGy0ngEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover |via=[[Google Books]] |lccn=2013950536 |isbn=9780199669219 |year=2014 }}
* Dams, Carsten, and Michael Stolle. ''The Gestapo: Power and Terror in the Third Reich''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
* {{cite book |title=The Last Jews in Berlin |first=Leonard |last=Gross |via=[[Google Books]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsqVBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |year=2015 |orig-year=1982 |edition=3rd |publisher=Open Road Media |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States |isbn=9781497689381 }}
* Gross, Leonard. ''The Last Jews in Berlin''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982. {{ISBN|0-671-24727-1}}.
* Wyden, Peter. ''Stella: One Woman's True Tale of Evil, Betrayal, and Survival in Hitler's Germany''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Anchor Books, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0385471794}}
* {{cite book |title=Stella: One Woman's True Tale of Evil, Betrayal, and Survival in Hitler's Germany |first=Peter |last=Wyden |year=1992 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States |isbn=9780671673611 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Butchers of Berlin |first=Chris |last=Petit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrhVCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover |via=[[Google Books]] |isbn=9781471143427 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |publication-place=[[New York City]], New York, United States }}
* Petit, Chris. ''The Butchers of Berlin''. London: Simon & Schuster, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1471143403}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 22:11, 1 February 2022

Stella Kübler
Born
Stella Goldschlag

(1922-07-10)10 July 1922
Died26 October 1994(1994-10-26) (aged 72)
NationalityGerman
Known forCollaboration

Stella Ingrid Goldschlag, also known as Stella Kübler-Isaacksohn and Stella Kübler (10 July 1922 – 26 October 1994)[1] was a German Jewish woman who collaborated with the Gestapo during World War II, operating around Berlin exposing and denouncing Berlin's underground Jews.[2]

The number of people she betrayed or delivered to the Nazis is hard to caluclate but is estimated to be anywhere from 600 to 3000.[3]

Early life

She was born Stella Goldschlag and raised in Berlin as the only child in a middle-class, assimilated Jewish family.[4][2] After the 1933 seizure of power by the Nazis, she, like other Jewish children, was forbidden to go to a state school by Nazi racial policies, so she attended the Goldschmidt School, set up by the local Jewish community. At school, she was known for her beauty and vivacity.[4][2]

The family fell on hard times when the 1933 Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was used to purge Jews from positions of influence and her father, Gerhard Goldschlag [de], lost his job with the newsreel company Gaumont. Her parents attempted to leave Germany after Kristallnacht in 1938 to escape the Nazi regime, but were unable to gain visas for other countries. Goldschlag completed her education in 1938, training as a fashion designer at the School of Applied Art in Nürnbergerstraße.[5]

Going underground and collaboration

In 1941, Goldschlag married a Jewish musician, Manfred Kübler. They had met when both were working as Jewish forced-labourers in a war plant in Berlin.[4] In about 1942, when the large deportation programme of Berlin Jews into extermination camps began, she disappeared underground, using forged papers to pass as a non-Jew — owing to her blonde-haired, blue-eyed 'Aryan' appearance.[4][2]

In the spring of 1943, Goldschlag and her parents were arrested by the Nazis and taken to Bessemerstrasse women's prison where she was interrogated and tortured; on July 10, 1943 (coincidentally her 21st birthday) she managed to escape briefly during a visit to the dentist but was quickly rearrested as she sought refuge in parents' home which was already being watched by the Gestapo and she was brutally tortured once more after being recaptured.[2]

On August 24, 1943 the Bessemerstrasse prison was bombed during and air raid which damaged her cell and allowed her to escape yet again but this time she went to where her parents were being detained at the detention and assembly camp of Grosse Hamburger Strasse (the site of a Jewish cemetery that was desecrated and destroyed by the Nazis[6]), intending on sharing their fate but she was taken back to Bessemerstrasse.[2]

In order to avoid deportation of herself and her parents,[2] she agreed to become a "catcher" (German: Greiferin) for the Gestapo, hunting down Jews hiding as non-Jews (referred to as "submerged", German: Untergetauchter).[4][7] Goldschlag at first gave up names of Jewish fugitives only under torture, which happened for the first time after her failed escape attempt when she was captured with a list of names that included that of a Jewish man named Mikki Hellmann who had provided her with a forged passport and whom Goldschlag lured into a trap after which he was captured.[2] However, she would later start to collaborate with the Gestapo more willingly.[2]

After collaborating with Hellmann's arrest, Gestapo investigators found out that Goldschlag had also been in contact with a prominent passport forger named Samson Schönhaus who operated under the alias Günter Rogoff and who was involved with an extense Jewish-Catholic Polish resistance network and had provided at least 40 Jewish prisoners in the camp Goldschlag was kept with forged food ration cards, passports and various other identity documents.[2] Thus, Gestapo officers were desperately looking for Schönhaus and, discovering Goldschlag's connection to him, and it was at this point that they offered her a more permanent arrangement collaborating with them and delivering Jewish fugitives to them:[2] Schönhaus was never caught and survived the war,[8] but Goldschlag's arrangement with the Nazis continued.[2] She was promised that her and her parents would not be deported plus a reward of 300 Reichsmark for each Jew that she betrayed while she operated mostly around Berlin.[9][2]

Goldschlag proceeded to comb Berlin for such Jews and, as she was familiar with a large number of Jewish people from her years at her segregated Jewish school, she was very successful at locating her former schoolmates and handing their information over to the Gestapo, while posing as a submerged herself. Some of Goldschlag's efforts to apprehend Jews in hiding included promising them food and accommodation, meanwhile turning them over to the Nazi authorities; she would also follow clues provided to her by the Gestapo.[10] The data concerning the number of her victims varies, depending on different sources of information, from between 600 and 3,000 Jews. Goldschlag's charisma and striking good looks were a great advantage in her pursuit of underground Jews. The Nazis called her "blonde poison"[4] while Jews in hiding knew her as the "Blonde Lorelei".[11]

The Nazis would break their promise of sparing the lives of Goldschlag's parents. They were deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp; from there they were later transported to Auschwitz and murdered. Goldschlag's husband, Manfred, was deported in 1943 to Auschwitz, along with his family. Goldschlag still continued her work for the Gestapo until March 1945. During that time, she met and married her second husband, Rolf Isaaksohn, on 29 October 1944. Isaksohn was a fellow Jewish collaborator with the Nazis known also as a Greifer ("catcher").[4]

The end of the war and after

At the end of World War II, Goldschlag went into hiding. She was found and arrested by the Soviets in October 1945 and sentenced to ten years of hard labor.[12] Following the completion of her sentence, she moved to West Berlin. There she was again tried and convicted, and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. She did not have to serve the second sentence because of the time already served in the Soviet prison.[13]

After the war, Goldschlag, according to author Irving Abrahamson, "convert[ed] to Christianity and bec[ame] an open anti-Semite".[14]

Goldschlag supposedly committed suicide in 1994 by drowning in Freiburg;[15][16] although other sources mention that she leapt out of a window or that she drown but that this was accidental.[17]

Personal life

Goldschlag was married five times: following the deportation of her first husband, Manfred Kübler, she married fellow Jewish collaborator and Greifer Rolf Isaaksohn on 29 October 1944, who was shot dead attempting to escape to Denmark as the Soviets advanced.[18] After the war, she was married to three non-Jews, starting with Friedheim Schellenberg, followed by a cab driver twenty years her junior and finally a Berlin orchestra director who died in 1984.[17]

Goldschlag's only child, Yvonne Meissl, was taken from her and became a nurse in Israel.[19]

In biographies and fiction

Peter Wyden, a Berlin schoolmate whose family had been able to obtain US visas in 1937 and who later learned about Goldschlag's role as a "catcher" while he was working for the US Army, tracked down and interviewed Goldschlag in 1988,[12] and wrote Stella, a 1992 biography of her.[19]

Goldschlag is mentioned in The Forger, Cioma Schonhaus's 2004 account of living as an underground Jew in Berlin,[8] and in Berlin at War by Roger Moorhouse (2010).[20]

Fiction

In 2019, the German journalist Takis Würger published a novel based on Goldschlag's life, Stella [de], which was published by Carl Hanser Verlag.[21] It received largely negative reviews.[22] Critics described the work as "Holocaust kitsch", but it sold well.[23]

Goldschlag is a minor character in the 2017 German docudrama, Die Unsichtbaren – Wir wollen leben (English title The Invisibles).[24]

Goldschlag appears in Chris Petit's 2016 novel The Butchers of Berlin.[25] Here, her actions as a "catcher" are in the background of the main story.

In the 2001 novel The Good German,[26] the character Renate Naumann (named Lena Brandt in the 2006 film adaptation) is loosely based on Goldschlag.[27][28] The book was adapted as the 2006 film titled The Good German directed by Steven Soderbergh and starring George Clooney, Cate Blanchett and Tobey Maguire.[29]

References

  1. ^ Harran, Marilyn J.; Kuntz, Dieter; Lemmons, Russel; Michael, Robert A.; Pickus, Keith; Roth, John. Weber, Paul; Edelheit, Abraham J. (eds.). "Blonde Poison". The Holocaust Chronicle. 1943: Death and Resistance. Chicago, Illinois, United States: Publications International, Ltd. p. 421. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dirks, Christian (2009). "Chapter Fifteen. Snatchers: The Berlin Gestapo's Jewish Informants". In Meyer, Beate; Simon, Hermann; Schütz, Chana (eds.). Jews in Nazi Berlin: From Kristallnacht to Liberation. Chicago, Illinois, United States: University of Chicago Press. pp. 248–274. doi:10.7208/9780226521596-017. ISBN 9780226521572 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Arfa, Orit (24 September 2017). Katz, Yaakov (ed.). "The poisonous blonde of Berlin: The controversial Stella Goldschlag story". The Jerusalem Post. Jerusalem, Israel: The Jerusalem Post Group. ISSN 0021-597X. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Tovar, Diana (6 December 2005). Marcuse, Harold (ed.). Stella: The Story of Stella Goldschlag. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Holocaust. Santa Barbara, California, United States: University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. {{cite conference}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 24 November 2020 suggested (help)
  5. ^ Schönhaus 2008, p. 140-141, Fortune oblige.
  6. ^ Verhaeghen, Paul (1 October 2008). Schwartz, Morry (ed.). "Doing write by history". Jewish Quarterly. 55 (4). Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Jewish Literary Trust/Taylor & Francis: 4–7. doi:10.1080/0449010X.2008.10707019. ISSN 0449-010X.
  7. ^ Card, Claudia (1 November 2011). "Surviving Long-Term Mass Atrocities: U-Boats, Catchers, and Ravens". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. 85 (2). Newark, Delaware, United States: American Philosophical Association: 7–26. ISSN 0065-972X. JSTOR 41575747. OCLC 1480553 – via JSTOR.
  8. ^ a b Schönhaus, Cioma (2008) [2004]. Ness, Marion (ed.). The Forger: An Extraordinary Story of Survival in Wartime Berlin. Translated by Alan Bance. ISBN 9780306817656 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ McCormack, David (27 February 2019). "Chapter Five: Blonde Poison — Stella Goldschlag". Year Zero: Berlin 1945. PublishNation. p. 27. ISBN 9780244092092 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ Dams & Stolle 2014, p. 71, 4. The Modus Operandi.
  11. ^ Kaplan, Marion A. (1999) [1998]. "8. Life Underground". Between Dignity and Despair: Jewish Life in Nazi Germany (2nd ed.). Oxford, England, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 210 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b Hendrix, Kathleen (21 December 1992). "Saga Peter Wyden and Stella Goldschlag..." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California, United States: Los Angeles Times Communications LLC. ISSN 0458-3035. OCLC 3638237.
  13. ^ Fontheim, Ernest Gunter (24 January 1993). Written at Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Sulzberger Sr., Arthur Ochs (ed.). "More effective than the Gestapo". The New York Times. New York City, New York, United States: The New York Times Company. p. 26 (Section 7). ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522.
  14. ^ Abrahamson, Irving (3 January 1993). Fuller, Jack (ed.). "She saved herself in the Holocaust by betraying others". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois, United States: Tribune Publishing. ISSN 1085-6706. OCLC 7960243. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021.
  15. ^ Bloedner, Dominik (27 October 2019). Poppen, Wolfgang; Holz, Hans-Otto (eds.). "Stella Goldschlag, die jüdische Greiferin der Gestapo" [Stella Goldschlag, the Gestapo's Jewish grabber]. Badische Zeitung (in German). 74 (249/43). Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany: Badischer Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: 3. OCLC 11975787.
  16. ^ Moorhouse 2011, p. 304, 14. Against All Odds.
  17. ^ a b Fayanás Escuer, Edmundo (19 September 2020). García, Isabel; Vargas, Pablo (eds.). "Stella Ingrid Goldschlag, la judía que traicionó a su pueblo". Nueva Tribuna (Nuevatribuna.es) (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Página 7 comunicación S.L. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021.
  18. ^ dreamer, Mythili the (2020-08-11). "The Jewish Sex Spy Who Betrayed Her Own People". Medium. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  19. ^ a b Wyden, Peter (1992). Stella: One Woman's True Tale of Evil, Betrayal, and Survival in Hitler's Germany. New York City, New York, United States: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671673611.
  20. ^ Moorhouse, Roger (2011) [2010]. Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital, 1939-45 (2nd ed.). London, England, United Kingdom: Random House. ISBN 9781446499214 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Würger, Takis (2021) [2019]. Stella. Translated by Liesl Schillinger. London, England, United Kingdom: Grove Press UK/Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. ISBN 9781611854497 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Bergmann, Björn; Feuchert, Sascha (1 August 2021). "»Verrat an Geschichte und Erinnerung«? Zur literaturtheoretischen und literaturdidaktischen Einordnung der Kontroverse um Takis Würgers Stella" ["Betrayal of history and memory"? On the literary-theoretical and literary-didactic classification of the controversy surrounding Takis Würger's Stella]. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Germanistenverbandes (in German). 68 (3). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Verlage/Brill Deutschland GmbH. doi:10.14220/mdge.2021.68.3.241. ISSN 0418-9426.
  23. ^ Lambeck, Petra (16 January 2019). Limbourg, Peter (ed.). "Novel based on Jew 'catcher' Stella Kübler stirs controversy". Deutsche Welle. Bonn, Germany. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021.
  24. ^ Claus Räfle (director), Claus Räfle and Alejandra Lopez (writers), Claus Räfle and Frank Evers (producers); starring: Max Mauff, Alice Dwyer, Ruby O. Fee, Aaron Altaras, Andreas M. Schmidt (2017). Hauschild, Jörg; Oehring, Julia (eds.). Die Unsichtbaren – Wir wollen leben [The Invisibles] (Motion picture) (in German). Germany: Tobias Film.
  25. ^ Petit, Chris. The Butchers of Berlin. New York City, New York, United States: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781471143427 – via Google Books.
  26. ^ Kanon, Joseph (2003) [2001]. The Good German (3rd ed.). New York City, New York, United States: Time Warner. ISBN 9780751534849.
  27. ^ Lake, Anthony (1 January 2016). Holtschneider, Hannah; Jordan, James; Lawson, Tom; Pettitt, Joanne (eds.). ""Blonde poison": the Holocaust and the case of Stella Goldschlag in Joseph Kanon's The Good German". Holocaust Studies. 22 (1). Abingdon-on-Thames, England, United Kingdom: Routledge: 84-99. doi:10.1080/17504902.2015.1117839. ISSN 1750-4902. S2CID 147248046.
  28. ^ Filimon, Eliza Claudia. Frenţiu, Luminiţa; Filimon, Eliza Claudia; Mădroane, Irina Diana; Şerban, Andreea (eds.). "Cinderella's ashes-new women, old fairytales" (PDF). Romanian Journal of English Studies. 9 (1). Timişoara, Romania: West University of Timișoara/Romanian Society for English and American Studies/De Gruyter: 131–137. ISSN 1584-3734.
  29. ^ Steven Soderbergh (director), Ben Cosgrove and Gregory Jacobs (producers), Paul Attanasio (writer); starring: George Clooney, Cate Blanchett, Tobey Maguire (2006). Bernard, Mary Ann (ed.). The Good German (Motion picture). United States: Virtual Studios/Section Eight Productions/Warner Bros. Pictures.
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