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Coordinates: 8°23′46″N 47°41′29″E / 8.39611°N 47.69139°E / 8.39611; 47.69139
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{{Short description|Region of Somaliland}}
≈{{Short description|Region of Somaliland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sool
| name = Sool
| official_name =
| official_name =
| native_name = {{native name|so|italics=no|Sool}} <br /> {{native name|ar|italics=no|صول}}
| native_name = {{native name|so|italics=no|Sool}} <br /> {{native name|ar|italics=no|صول}}
| other_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| nickname =
| motto =
| motto =
| settlement_type = [[Regions of Somalia|Region of Somalia]]
| settlement_type = [[Regions of Somaliland|Region of Somaliland]]
| image_skyline = The National Archives UK - CO 1069-8-36.jpg
| image_skyline = The National Archives UK - CO 1069-8-36.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize =
| image_caption = [[Dervish State|Dervish]] fort in [[Taleh]].
| image_caption = [[Dervish State|Dervish]] fort in [[Taleh]].
| image_flag =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_shield =
| image_map = Sool in Somalia.svg
| image_map = Sool in Somaliland.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location in Somalia
| map_caption = Location in Somaliland
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}}/{{flag|Somalia}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| seat_type = [[Administrative centre]]
| seat_type = [[Administrative centre]]
| seat = [[Las Anod]]
| seat = [[Las Anod]]
| government_type =
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Governor of Sool|Governor]]
| leader_title = [[Governor of Sool|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference.|url=https://somalilandstandard.com/yagoori-peace-conference-for-the-fraternal-communities-concludes-successfully/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool.|url=https://wargeyskadawan.com/2022/02/24/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sool-oo-kormeeray-taliska-booliska/}}</ref>
| leader_name = [[Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference.|url=https://somalilandstandard.com/yagoori-peace-conference-for-the-fraternal-communities-concludes-successfully/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool.|url=https://wargeyskadawan.com/2022/02/24/gudoomiyaha-gobolka-sool-oo-kormeeray-taliska-booliska/}}</ref>
| established_title =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_date =
| area_magnitude =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 39240
| area_total_km2 = 39240
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_note =
| population_note =
| population_total = 767428 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf|title=Population Estimation Survey 2013|publisher=Federal Republic of Somalia|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
| population_total = 767428 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf|title=Population Estimation Survey 2013|publisher=Federal Republic of Somalia|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| utc_offset = +3
| coordinates =
| coordinates =
| latm =
| latm =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_ft =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.327<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#500|low}} · 4th
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.327<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#500|low}} · 4th
| website =
| website =
}}
}}


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In 2003, Puntland sent troops to [[Las Anod]] under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright.<ref name=hoehne2015/>{{Rp|63}} Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near [[Tukaraq]].<ref name=hoehne2015/>{{Rp|68}} In 2018, the Somaliland army captured Tukaraq.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq |newspaper=crisis24.garda.com |date=2018-05-25 |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/fr/perspectives-renseignements/renseignements/alertes/tdbyn2gdcog2isdsm/somalia-puntland-and-somaliland-forces-clash-in-tukaraq-may-24-published-update-2 |access-date=2021-07-31 }}</ref> In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of [[Taleh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool |newspaper=mareeg.com |date=2019-04-04 |url=https://mareeg.com/deg-deg-somaliland-oo-xoog-kula-wareegtay-degmada-taleex-ee-gobolka-sool/view-all/?no_redirect=true |access-date=2021-05-16 }}</ref> In May 2022 Somaliland captured [[Bo'ame]], the last town in the region outside of Somaliland control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=News |date=2022-05-18 |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo qabsaday degmada Boocame ee Gobolka Sool |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2022/05/18/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-qabsaday-degmada-boocame-ee-gobolka-sool/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Puntland Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2003, Puntland sent troops to [[Las Anod]] under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright.<ref name=hoehne2015/>{{Rp|63}} Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near [[Tukaraq]].<ref name=hoehne2015/>{{Rp|68}} In 2018, the Somaliland army captured Tukaraq.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq |newspaper=crisis24.garda.com |date=2018-05-25 |url=https://crisis24.garda.com/fr/perspectives-renseignements/renseignements/alertes/tdbyn2gdcog2isdsm/somalia-puntland-and-somaliland-forces-clash-in-tukaraq-may-24-published-update-2 |access-date=2021-07-31 }}</ref> In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of [[Taleh]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool |newspaper=mareeg.com |date=2019-04-04 |url=https://mareeg.com/deg-deg-somaliland-oo-xoog-kula-wareegtay-degmada-taleex-ee-gobolka-sool/view-all/?no_redirect=true |access-date=2021-05-16 }}</ref> In May 2022 Somaliland captured [[Bo'ame]], the last town in the region outside of Somaliland control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=News |date=2022-05-18 |title=Ciidamada Somaliland oo qabsaday degmada Boocame ee Gobolka Sool |url=https://puntlandpost.net/2022/05/18/ciidamada-somaliland-oo-qabsaday-degmada-boocame-ee-gobolka-sool/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Puntland Post |language=en-US}}</ref>


Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as part of the [[Khatumo State|Khatumo state]] or [[Puntland]]<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ahmed M. Musa |date=2021 |title=Lasanod: City at the margins |url=https://riftvalley.net/sites/default/files/publication-documents/RVI%202021.10.01%20Lasanod_City%20at%20the%20Margins_0.pdf |page=14 |access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>
Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region do not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ahmed M. Musa |date=2021 |title=Lasanod: City at the margins |url=https://riftvalley.net/sites/default/files/publication-documents/RVI%202021.10.01%20Lasanod_City%20at%20the%20Margins_0.pdf |page=14 |access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Line 70: Line 70:
|publisher=[[CIA]]
|publisher=[[CIA]]
|access-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>
|access-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>

In 29 of December 2022 there was a big uprising in the capital of the region [[Las Anod]] over the oppressive and bloody control of Somaliland which saw the use of artillery fire used by the Somaliland forces in order to crackdown and kill the protests. The injured and death numbers are still unknown. Protests started at the start of the year because of people disappearances, that are believed to be assassinated by the Somaliland leadership. According to the people, they said they want to leave the oppressive Somaliland government and make a new state called [[Khatumo State|Khatumo]].


==Demographics==
==Demographics==

Revision as of 08:15, 30 December 2022

≈

Sool
Sool (Somali)
صول (Arabic)
Region of Somaliland
Dervish fort in Taleh.
Dervish fort in Taleh.
Location in Somaliland
Location in Somaliland
Country Somaliland/ Somalia
Administrative centreLas Anod
Government
 • GovernorAbdikarim Adan Haji Diriye[1][2]
Area
 • Total39,240 km2 (15,150 sq mi)
Population
 (2014)
 • Total767,428 [3]
Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
HDI (2017)0.327[4]
low · 4th

Sool (Somali: Sool, Arabic: صول) is an administrative region (gobol) in south eastern Somaliland/north western Somalia.[5] It borders Togdheer to the west, Sanaag to the north, Ethiopia to the south and Nugal, Bari to the east. Its capital city is Las Anod. The region is disputed by the self-declared Republic of Somaliland and Puntland, a Federal Member State of Somalia.[6][7][8][9][10][11] The region is partially controlled by both polities.[12][13]

Territorial dispute

Main article: Somaliland-Puntland dispute

Sool is disputed by Somaliland and Puntland. The former basis its claim on the British Somaliland protectorate borders, and the later on the territory inhabited by the Harti clan that established the state in 1998.[14]: 36  Khatumo State and its predecessor SSC Movement which rejected both claims also made attempts to establish a separate administration in the region.

In 2003, Puntland sent troops to Las Anod under the pretext of conflict mediation and occupied it outright.[14]: 63  Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict west of Las Anod. In 2007, Somaliland took military control of Las Anod. Somaliland and Puntland were in conflict near Tukaraq.[14]: 68  In 2018, the Somaliland army captured Tukaraq.[15] In April 2019, the Somaliland army took control of Taleh.[16] In May 2022 Somaliland captured Bo'ame, the last town in the region outside of Somaliland control.[17]

Due to the prolonged conflict between Somaliland and Puntland, many Dhulbahante and Warsangeli living in the region do not recognize the Sool region and eastern Sanaag, as either Somaliland or Puntland.[18]

History

British Somaliland district boundaries from 1944.[19]

From 1944 to 1974, the Sool region was formerly Las Anod district. It was one of three districts under British protection. The other two districts were the Burao and hargeysa districts.[20]

In 1974 most Sool was part of the larger Nugaal region, with its capital at Garowe. It was established as a separate region in 1984 with its capital at Las Anod.[21]

Demographics

class=notpageimage|
City, Town, Village in Sool.
Ad=Adhi'adeye, Ay=Aynaba, Bad=Badweyn, Bar=Baran, Be=Berkad Ali Hersi, Boa=Bo'ame, Boh=Bohol, Ce=Ceeldhaab, Da=Darantaleh, Dha=Dharkayn Geenyo, Dhu=Dhummay, Fa=Fardhidin, Gam=Gambadhe, Gau=Gaulo, Gdl=Godaalo, Gdh=Godheeli, Gow=Gowsaweyne, Gu=Guumays, Hab=Habariheshay, Had=Hadhwanaag, Hal=Halin, Hu=Hudun, Kal=Kalabaydh, Kgo=Karin-gorfood, Kar=Karindabaylweyn, La=Las Anod, Oo=Oog, Qd=Qoridheere, Ql=Qoriley, Sah=Sahdheer, Sar=Sarmaanyo, Ta=Taleh, Tu=Tuulo Samakaab, Tu=Tukaraq, Wad=Wadamago, War=War Idaad, Ya=Yagori

The Sool region is almost exclusively inhabited by Dhulbahante.[22][23][24][25] Michael Walls reports:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[26]

The Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family make up the vast majority of the population in western Sool, including the region's second largest town Aynaba,[27] as well as the wider Aynaba District.[28]

The Habr Yunis sub-division of the Garhajis Isaaq also inhabit the western parts of Hudun and Las Anod districts in northern Sool.[29]

The Dhulbahante sub-division of the Harti Darod clan primarily inhabits the Taleh, eastern Hudun and Las Anod districts in eastern Sool.[30][31][32] The Fiqishini sub-clan of the Habar Gidir Hawiye[33] integrated into Baho Nugaaled Dhulbahante,[34] inhabit the area around Adhi'adeye.[35][36]

Districts

The Sool region consists of 4 districts.[37]

District Grade Capital Comments Location
Las Anod A Las Anod Regional capital
Aynabo B Aynabo
Hudun C Hudun
Taleh B Taleh

Map

  • Map of Sool Region

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sool Governor Abdikarim Adan Haji Diriye in yagoori conference".
  2. ^ "Gudomiyaha Gobalka sool Abdikarin Haji Diiriye koormeray taliska sool".
  3. ^ "Population Estimation Survey 2013" (PDF). Federal Republic of Somalia. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  4. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  5. ^ "Detailed Site Assessment (DSA): Sool region, Somalia (March 2022)". reliefweb.int. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  6. ^ "Completed Project". www.eth.mpg.de. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Are Somaliland, Puntland ready for war over land?". The East African. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Somalia: No elections in disputed regions, Puntland says - Somalia". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Averting War in Northern Somalia". Crisis Group. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  10. ^ Mahmood, Omar S. (1 November 2019). "Overlapping Claims by Somaliland and Puntland: The Case of Sool and Sanaag". Africa Portal. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  11. ^ ISSAfrica.org (9 December 2019). "The various layers to the Somaliland-Puntland discord". ISS Africa. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  12. ^ "BFA Staatendokumentation/ Andreas Tiwald, Analyse zu Somalia - Lagekarten zur Sicherheitslage". Austrian Federal Office for Immigration and Asylum: 8. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  13. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  14. ^ a b c Markus Virgil Hoehne (2015). "Between Somaliland and Puntland" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  15. ^ "Somalia: Puntland and Somaliland forces clash in Tukaraq". crisis24.garda.com. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  16. ^ "Somaliland Oo Xoog Kula Wareegtay Degmada Taleex Ee Gobolka Sool". mareeg.com. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  17. ^ Office, News (18 May 2022). "Ciidamada Somaliland oo qabsaday degmada Boocame ee Gobolka Sool". Puntland Post. Retrieved 13 June 2022. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  18. ^ Ahmed M. Musa (2021). "Lasanod: City at the margins" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  19. ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  20. ^ "Development map, roads, 1944". Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  21. ^ "Somalia (1988)". CIA. December 1988. Retrieved 21 February 2007.
  22. ^ "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  23. ^ Hohne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (3): 405. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06001820. S2CID 54173895.
  24. ^ "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  25. ^ International Crisis Group. "Somaliland: The Strains of Success" (PDF): 4. Retrieved 20 September 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  27. ^ Renders, Marleen (2012). Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22254-0. OCLC 775301944. Eastern Sanaag and Sool had not been Egal's priority. The president did not strictly need these regions to be under his military control in order to preserve and consolidate his position politically or in terms of resources.
  28. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information Report - Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ^ "EASO Country of Origin Information: Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office: 74. February 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  30. ^ Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  31. ^ "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  32. ^ "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  33. ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ Political Orientations and Repertoires of Identification: State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia, 2011, Markus Hoehne, p. 285, "Schlee (1994 [1989]: 223) confirmed that... Fiqishiini ’."
  35. ^ "Waqtiga Celeema saarka Sultaanka Beesha FIQISHINI oo la shaaciyey". halgan.net. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  36. ^ "Qaban-Qaabada Suldaanka Beesha Fiqishini Oo Laga Dareemayo Degmada Laascaanood Iyo Wufuud Kusii Qulqulaysa Adhicadeeye". laascaanood.com. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  37. ^ "Sool Region" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2013.

8°23′46″N 47°41′29″E / 8.39611°N 47.69139°E / 8.39611; 47.69139

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