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Coordinates: 59°27′22″N 24°49′48″E / 59.456°N 24.830°E / 59.456; 24.830
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| name = Maarjamäe
| name = Maarjamäe
| settlement_type = Subdistrict of [[Tallinn]]
| settlement_type = Subdistrict of [[Tallinn]]
| map =
⚫
| image_map = Tallinn maarjamae asum.png
| image_map = {{switcher
| map_caption = Maarjamäe within [[Pirita]] District.
| {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=shape|id=Q1023615|stroke-colour=#AB0100|stroke-width=1}}
| Show interactive map
⚫
| [[File:Tallinn maarjamae asum.png|frameless|300px]]
| Show Tallinn subdistrict map
}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Estonia}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Estonia}}
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| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[File:Flag of Pirita district, Tallinn, Estonia.svg|24px]] [[Pirita]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[File:Flag of Pirita district, Tallinn, Estonia.svg|24px]] [[Pirita]]
| area_total_ha = 155
| area_total_ha = 155
| population_total = 2412
| population_total = 2412
| population_as_of = 01.01.2022<ref name=population/>
| population_as_of = 01.01.2022<ref name=population/>
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A colloquial name for the area, Suhkrumäe ('sugar hill') emerged in the 19th century with the construction of a sugar factory by [[Johan Gottlieb Clementz]].<ref name=":0" />
A colloquial name for the area, Suhkrumäe ('sugar hill') emerged in the 19th century with the construction of a sugar factory by [[Johan Gottlieb Clementz]].<ref name=":0" />


The current name emerged as the German Marienberg, most likely named by [[Orlov family|Count Anatoly Orlov-Davydov]] in honour of his wife or daughter, Maria. An alternative theory suggests the source as the historical, disused name for Pirita, ''Marienthal, Vallis Mariae''. [[Estonianization]] in the 1930s brought about the modern name Maarjamäe.<ref name=":2" />
The current name emerged from the German Marienberg, most likely named by [[Orlov family|Count Anatoly Orlov-Davydov]] in honour of his wife or daughter, Maria. An alternative theory suggests the source as the historical, disused name for Pirita, ''Marienthal, Vallis Mariae''. [[Estonianization]] in the 1930s brought about the modern name Maarjamäe.<ref name=":2" />


== History ==
== History ==
The first known location in the area was an inn (Ristimeh Krog), marked on a 1689 map.<ref name=":2" /> {{ill|Ratsherr|de|}} and Brotherhood of Blackheads member [[Christian von Geldern]] founded a summer manor overlooking the sea at the end of the 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> With the city falling into Russian hands, a naval battery was constructed on sea "in front" of the manor in [[1715]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Maarjamäe |url=http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/maarjam%C3%A4e |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Eesti Entsüklopeedia, 12}}</ref>
The first known location in the area was an inn (Ristimeh Krog), marked on a 1689 map.<ref name=":2" /> {{ill|Ratsherr|de|}} and Brotherhood of Blackheads member [[Christian von Geldern]] founded a summer manor overlooking the sea at the end of the 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> With the city falling into Russian hands, a naval battery was constructed on sea "in front" of the manor in [[1715]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Maarjamäe |url=http://entsyklopeedia.ee/artikkel/maarjam%C3%A4e |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Eesti Entsüklopeedia, 12}}</ref>


The burgher Johan Gottlieb Clementz obtained a plot of land and led the construction of a sugar factory on site in 1811. By the 1820s the site included several stone buildings, a wooden residential building, sheds, a forge, lime burning stove, ice cellar and a water distribution system for the factory. The plot was surrounded by a four-metre stone wall. Several stone buildings, the ice cellar and parts of the wall survive to this day.<ref name=":0" />
The burgher Johan Gottlieb Clementz obtained a plot of land and led the construction of a sugar factory on the site in 1811. By the 1820s the site included several stone buildings, a wooden residential building, sheds, a forge, a lime burning stove, an ice cellar and a water distribution system for the factory. The plot was surrounded by a four-metre stone wall. Several stone buildings, the ice cellar and parts of the wall survive to this day.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Suhkruvabrik-Strietbergil Buddeus.jpg|thumb|The sugar factory as depicted in the 1830s]]
[[File:Suhkruvabrik-Strietbergil Buddeus.jpg|thumb|The sugar factory as depicted in the 1830s]]


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[[File:Maarjamäe loss postkaart.jpg|thumb|The castle's seaside stairwell on a postcard]]
[[File:Maarjamäe loss postkaart.jpg|thumb|The castle's seaside stairwell on a postcard]]


The turn of the century brought about social changes. The newly-exiled count rented out the castle for social events. In [[1933]], the most prestigious restaurant-hotel of the city was opened in the castle. However, in 1937 the castle was purchased by the state with the [[Estonian Land Forces|army]]'s Air Force Academy moving in. Following [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet occupation]], the castle was shortly used by the Soviet army, later converted into tiny flats and left to dilapidate.<ref name=":0" />
The turn of the century brought about social changes. The newly-exiled count rented out the castle for social events. In [[1933]], the most prestigious restaurant-hotel of the city was opened in the castle. However, in 1937 the castle was purchased by the state with the Air Defence Aviation Academy moving in. Following [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet occupation]], the castle was shortly used by the Soviet army, later converted into tiny flats and left to dilapidate.<ref name=":0" />


Some [[Imperial Russia|imperial-era]] resort homes remain in Maarjamäe today, but the vast majority of the district was constructed after the [[Estonia in World War II|war]]. [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonia]] distinguished in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] with construction of private houses allowed in urban areas, though still strictly regulated with building series. Architectural control was however less strict and unlike other buildings from the [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist]] era, German influence is strongly visible;<ref name=":3" /> the area is a stand-out example of the era's architecture.<ref name=":1" /> Expansion of the suburbia continued through the following decades.<ref name=":3" />
Some [[Imperial Russia|imperial-era]] resort homes remain in Maarjamäe today, but the vast majority of the district was constructed after the [[Estonia in World War II|war]]. [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonia]] stood out in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] with construction of private houses allowed in urban areas, though still strictly regulated with building series. Architectural control was, however, less strict and unlike other buildings from the [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist]] era, German influence is strongly visible;<ref name=":3" /> the area is a stand-out example of the era's architecture.<ref name=":1" /> Expansion of the suburbia continued through the following decades.<ref name=":3" />


Between the castle and suburbia lies a cemetery and [[Maarjamäe Memorial|memorial complex]]. Both Soviet and German troops were buried at Maarjamäe, including {{ill|Naissaar Soviet Republic|lt=Bolshevik rebel sailors|et|Naissaare Nõukogude Vabariik}} executed in 1919 on [[Naissaar]] and Estonian volunteers in German uniform. An obelisk was erected in [[1960]] commemorating the [[Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet]], a larger [[Maarjamäe Memorial|memorial complex]] commemorating "those fallen fighting for Soviet rule" was opened in 1975.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Juske |first=Anto |date=9 February 2007 |title=Kalevipoeg, tahan sind aidata! |url=https://sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/c6-kunst/kalevipoeg-tahan-sind-aidata/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Sirp}}</ref> A new, Estonian memorial commemorating the victims of communism between 1940-1991 was built next to the German cemetery and Soviet memorial.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=23 August 2018 |title=Tallinnas Maarjamäel avati kommunismiohvrite memoriaal |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/855760/tallinnas-maarjamael-avati-kommunismiohvrite-memoriaal |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
Between the castle and suburbia lies a cemetery and a [[Maarjamäe Memorial|memorial complex]]. Both Soviet and German troops were buried at Maarjamäe, including {{ill|Naissaar Soviet Republic|lt=Bolshevik rebel sailors|et|Naissaare Nõukogude Vabariik}} executed in 1919 on [[Naissaar]] and Estonian volunteers in German uniform. An obelisk was erected in [[1960]] commemorating the [[Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet]]; a larger [[Maarjamäe Memorial|memorial complex]] commemorating "those fallen fighting for Soviet rule" was opened in 1975.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Juske |first=Anto |date=9 February 2007 |title=Kalevipoeg, tahan sind aidata! |url=https://sirp.ee/s1-artiklid/c6-kunst/kalevipoeg-tahan-sind-aidata/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Sirp}}</ref> A new, Estonian memorial commemorating the victims of communism between 1940-1991 was built next to the German cemetery and Soviet memorial.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=23 August 2018 |title=Tallinnas Maarjamäel avati kommunismiohvrite memoriaal |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/855760/tallinnas-maarjamael-avati-kommunismiohvrite-memoriaal |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>


In 1980 construction of a base of the Tallinn Higher Military-Political Construction School began.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=9 September 2006 |title=Tunne oma kodukanti! |pages=4 |work=Pirita |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/media/281256 |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> The site was taken over by the newly-founded [[Estonian Academy of Security Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajalugu |url=https://www.sisekaitse.ee/et/node/108 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Sisekaitseakadeemia}}</ref>
In 1980, construction of a base of the Tallinn Higher Military-Political Construction School began.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=9 September 2006 |title=Tunne oma kodukanti! |pages=4 |work=Pirita |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/media/281256 |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2023}}</ref> The site was taken over by the newly-founded [[Estonian Academy of Security Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajalugu |url=https://www.sisekaitse.ee/et/node/108 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Sisekaitseakadeemia}}</ref>


Suburbia expansion continued in the 21st century, with new private homes, terraced housing and apartment complexes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2001 |title=Maarjamäele kerkivad ridaelamud |url=https://arileht.delfi.ee/artikkel/50812859/maarjamaele-kerkivad-ridaelamud |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Ärileht}}</ref> The castle was renovated in the 1980s by Polish company PKZ Wroclav. In 2018, the castle was re-opened as a [[Estonian History Museum|history museum]], also hosting the [[Estonian Film Museum]].<ref name=":0" />
Suburban expansion continued in the 21st century, with new private homes, terraced housing and apartment complexes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2001 |title=Maarjamäele kerkivad ridaelamud |url=https://arileht.delfi.ee/artikkel/50812859/maarjamaele-kerkivad-ridaelamud |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=Ärileht}}</ref> The castle was renovated in the 1980s by Polish company PKZ Wroclav. In 2018, the castle was re-opened as a [[Estonian History Museum|history museum]], also hosting the [[Estonian Film Museum]].<ref name=":0" />


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
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=== Landmarks and museums ===
=== Landmarks and museums ===
[[Maarjamäe Palace]] is the namesake of the district and has been a part of the [[Estonian History Museum]] since 1975, hosting the Estonian SSR's History and Revolution Museum since 1987 (renamed to it's modern form in 1989). The complex has been renovated several times since re-independence.<ref name=":0" /> The former courtyard is today host to the museum park, including a permanent exhbition of removed Soviet-era monuments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nõukogudeaegsete monumentide välinäitus |url=https://www.ajaloomuuseum.ee/naitused/ekspositsioonid/noukogude-aegsete-monumentide-valinaitus |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Eesti Ajaloomuuseum}}</ref> In 2017, new buildings were added to the manor park, hosting the Estonian Film Museum, introducing the art of filmmaking and the history of [[Cinema of Estonia|Estonian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmimuuseumi lugu |url=https://www.ajaloomuuseum.ee/muuseumist/ajalugu/filmimuuseumi-lugu |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Eesti Ajaloomuuseum}}</ref>
[[Maarjamäe Palace]] is the namesake of the district and has been a part of the [[Estonian History Museum]] since 1975, hosting the Estonian SSR's History and Revolution Museum since 1987 (renamed to its current form in 1989). The complex has been renovated several times since re-independence.<ref name=":0" /> Today, the former courtyard hosts the museum park, including a permanent exhbition of removed Soviet-era monuments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nõukogudeaegsete monumentide välinäitus |url=https://www.ajaloomuuseum.ee/naitused/ekspositsioonid/noukogude-aegsete-monumentide-valinaitus |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Eesti Ajaloomuuseum}}</ref> In 2017, new buildings were added to the manor park, hosting the Estonian Film Museum, introducing the art of filmmaking and the history of [[Cinema of Estonia|Estonian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmimuuseumi lugu |url=https://www.ajaloomuuseum.ee/muuseumist/ajalugu/filmimuuseumi-lugu |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Eesti Ajaloomuuseum}}</ref>


The [[Maarjamäe Memorial|Maarjamäe memorial complex]] was opened in 1975 to commemorate "those who faught for Soviet rule". A part of the complex is the formerly opened obelisk to the [[Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet|Ice Cruise]] and a German military cemetery. After independence, an agreement was reached to respect all sides' burial sanctity (in light of former violations) and today the site has memorial plaques in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name=":4" /> In spite of its original purpose, the site survived post-independence [[Decommunization|decommunisation]], but its future is still under question and intense debate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raiste |first=Anne |date=22 August 2022 |title=Valitsus ei lammuta Maarjamäe memoriaali |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/1608692224/valitsus-ei-lammuta-maarjamae-memoriaali |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
The [[Maarjamäe Memorial|Maarjamäe memorial complex]] was opened in 1975 to commemorate "those who fought for Soviet rule". A part of the complex is the formerly opened obelisk to the [[Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet|Ice Cruise]] and a German military cemetery. After independence, an agreement was reached to respect the burial sanctity of all sides (in light of former violations) and today the site has memorial plaques in [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name=":4" /> In spite of its original purpose, the site survived post-independence [[Decommunization|decommunisation]], but its future is still under question and intense debate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raiste |first=Anne |date=22 August 2022 |title=Valitsus ei lammuta Maarjamäe memoriaali |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/1608692224/valitsus-ei-lammuta-maarjamae-memoriaali |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>


In 2018, a new memorial was opened commemorating the victims of communism. The memorial lists over 22 000 names of those who died by the hand of the communist regime. The memorial includes a walled corridor, with the aforementioned names on plaques, and a park symbolising one's home garden.<ref name=":5" /> The site hosts memorial events on various national holidays, most notably on memorial days of [[Soviet deportations from Estonia|Soviet deportations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title=Kommunismiohvrite memoriaalil avatakse mälestustahvlid uute nimedega |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/921567/kommunismiohvrite-memoriaalil-avatakse-malestustahvlid-uute-nimedega |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>
In 2018, a new memorial was opened commemorating the victims of communism. The memorial lists over 22 000 names of those who died by the hand of the communist regime. The memorial includes a walled corridor, with the aforementioned names on plaques, and a park symbolising one's home garden.<ref name=":5" /> The site hosts memorial events on various national holidays, most notably on memorial days of [[Soviet deportations from Estonia|Soviet deportations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title=Kommunismiohvrite memoriaalil avatakse mälestustahvlid uute nimedega |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/921567/kommunismiohvrite-memoriaalil-avatakse-malestustahvlid-uute-nimedega |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>


Alongside the sea there are two monuments. The [[Charles Leroux Monument|first one]], opened in 1989, commemorates American [[Parachuting|parachutist]] [[Charles Leroux]], who was killed in Tallinn after a failed jump.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julgetele ja teotahtelistele inimestele |url=https://kunstikaart.tallinn.ee/works/95-julgetele-ja-teotahtelistele-inimestele |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Tallinna linnaruumi kunstikaart}}</ref> Alongside it is a monument to [[Rallying|rally]] [[co-driver]] [[Michael Park (co-driver)|Michael Park]], wingman to [[Markko Märtin]], tragically [[2005 Wales Rally GB|killed]] in an accident in 2005. Both monuments commemorate "courageous and committed people".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Parki mälestusmärk |url=https://kunstikaart.tallinn.ee/works/94-michael-parki-malestusmark |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Tallinna linnaruumi kunstikaart}}</ref>
By the coast there are two monuments. The [[Charles Leroux Monument|first one]], opened in 1989, commemorates American [[Parachuting|parachutist]] [[Charles Leroux]], who was killed in Tallinn after a failed jump.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julgetele ja teotahtelistele inimestele |url=https://kunstikaart.tallinn.ee/works/95-julgetele-ja-teotahtelistele-inimestele |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Tallinna linnaruumi kunstikaart}}</ref> Alongside it is a monument to [[Rallying|rally]] [[co-driver]] [[Michael Park (co-driver)|Michael Park]], wingman to [[Markko Märtin]], tragically [[2005 Wales Rally GB|killed]] in an accident in 2005. Both monuments commemorate "courageous and committed people".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Parki mälestusmärk |url=https://kunstikaart.tallinn.ee/works/94-michael-parki-malestusmark |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Tallinna linnaruumi kunstikaart}}</ref>


=== Parks and sport ===
=== Parks and sport ===
Maarjamäe has two parks, Windecki and [[Lillepi Park|Lillepi]]. The southern border of the district is formed by the 20-30 metre tall [[Baltic Klint|Maarjamäe cliff]] separating [[Pirita]] and [[Lasnamäe]], along the bottom of the cliff runs the Maarjamäe forest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klindipargi loodusväärtused |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/klindipark/klindipargi-loodusvaartused |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Tallinn}}</ref> The forest also includes a [[disc golf]] range. Within the residential area lie two playgrounds, a football field, two basketball courts, two volleyball courts, and an open-door gym. Varsaallika stream flows runs along the northern and eastern borders of the subdistrict, an important element of Lillepi Park.
Maarjamäe has two parks, Windecki and [[Lillepi Park|Lillepi]]. The southern border of the district is formed by the 20-30 metre tall [[Baltic Klint|Maarjamäe cliff]] separating [[Pirita]] and [[Lasnamäe]], along the bottom of the cliff runs the Maarjamäe forest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klindipargi loodusväärtused |url=https://www.tallinn.ee/et/klindipark/klindipargi-loodusvaartused |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Tallinn}}</ref> The forest also includes a [[disc golf]] range. Within the residential area lie two playgrounds, a football field, two basketball courts, two volleyball courts, and an open-door gym. The Varsaallika stream flows along the northern and eastern borders of the subdistrict, an important element of Lillepi Park.


Windeck Park was founded in the 1870s along with the castle and resort homes. A summer manor was constructed overlooking the sea and a park surrounding it. The destruction of the manor in a fire in 1996 however spelled the end for the park.<ref>Olev Abner, [https://estmark.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ekspertiis-Windecki-pargi-ja-Hans-Lepa-aia-puukooli_2017_12_08.pdf Ekspertiis Windecki pargi ja Hans-Lepa puukool-aia territooriumil kasvavate üksikpuude või puude rühmade eraldi objektina kaitse alla võtmise põhjendatuse ja otstarbekuse kohta], Tallinn 2017</ref> Privatisation of the land brought private mansions and destruction of valuable trees and vegetation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Põld |first=Tiiu |date=22 November 2000 |title=Uusrikkad raiuvad endale läbi puude vaadet Tallinna lahele |work=Postimees |url=https://www.postimees.ee/1838313/uusrikkad-raiuvad-endale-labi-puude-vaadet-tallinna-lahele |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> The destruction of the historical park and a lack of public space or anything worth protecting led to the park losing nature protection in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kattago |first=Denes |date=3 August 2017 |title=Keskkonnaamet süüdistab Piritat ajaloolise Windecki pargi osas valeinfo jagamises |work=Õhtuleht |url=https://www.ohtuleht.ee/820313/keskkonnaamet-suudistab-piritat-ajaloolise-windecki-pargi-osas-valeinfo-jagamises |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/102062020003 Tallinna parkide kaitse alt välja arvamine]. RT I, 02.06.2020, 3</ref>
Windeck Park was founded in the 1870s along with the castle and resort homes. A summer manor was constructed overlooking the sea and a park surrounding it. The destruction of the manor in a fire in 1996 however spelled the end for the park.<ref>Olev Abner, [https://estmark.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Ekspertiis-Windecki-pargi-ja-Hans-Lepa-aia-puukooli_2017_12_08.pdf Ekspertiis Windecki pargi ja Hans-Lepa puukool-aia territooriumil kasvavate üksikpuude või puude rühmade eraldi objektina kaitse alla võtmise põhjendatuse ja otstarbekuse kohta], Tallinn 2017</ref> Privatisation of the land brought private mansions and destruction of valuable trees and vegetation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Põld |first=Tiiu |date=22 November 2000 |title=Uusrikkad raiuvad endale läbi puude vaadet Tallinna lahele |work=Postimees |url=https://www.postimees.ee/1838313/uusrikkad-raiuvad-endale-labi-puude-vaadet-tallinna-lahele |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref> The destruction of the historical park and a lack of public space or anything worth protecting led to the park losing nature protection in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kattago |first=Denes |date=3 August 2017 |title=Keskkonnaamet süüdistab Piritat ajaloolise Windecki pargi osas valeinfo jagamises |work=Õhtuleht |url=https://www.ohtuleht.ee/820313/keskkonnaamet-suudistab-piritat-ajaloolise-windecki-pargi-osas-valeinfo-jagamises |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/102062020003 Tallinna parkide kaitse alt välja arvamine]. RT I, 02.06.2020, 3</ref>
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Lillepi park is named after a 17th century farm and lies on former pastures. Various historic development plans notwithstanding<ref name=":3" />, most of the park is natural forest and encompasses around a fifth of the entire subdistrict. 75 plant and 90 bird species have been noted to inhabit the park. It is circled by a health trail for cyclists and rollerbladers and includes a playground.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peensoo |first=Piret |date=13 April 2007 |title=Kaitse alla võetud Lillepi park saab miljon krooni |work=Eesti Päevaleht |url=https://epl.delfi.ee/artikkel/51083106/kaitse-alla-voetud-lillepi-park-saab-miljon-krooni |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
Lillepi park is named after a 17th century farm and lies on former pastures. Various historic development plans notwithstanding<ref name=":3" />, most of the park is natural forest and encompasses around a fifth of the entire subdistrict. 75 plant and 90 bird species have been noted to inhabit the park. It is circled by a health trail for cyclists and rollerbladers and includes a playground.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peensoo |first=Piret |date=13 April 2007 |title=Kaitse alla võetud Lillepi park saab miljon krooni |work=Eesti Päevaleht |url=https://epl.delfi.ee/artikkel/51083106/kaitse-alla-voetud-lillepi-park-saab-miljon-krooni |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>


Maarjamäe's football ground was constructed in 1965 as the stadium for the Norma production association and was their home ground until 1995, when the club dissolved. The stadium was obtained by FC Levadia in 2006 and was re-opened in 2007 after large scale renovation works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maarjamäe jalgpallikompleks |url=http://fclevadia.ee/maarjamae-jalgpallikompleks/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311153915/http://fclevadia.ee/maarjamae-jalgpallikompleks/ |archive-date=11 March 2016 |website=FC Levadia}}</ref> It is currently used for the club's youth training. Plans to build a covered football hall were derailed after questions were raised about its effect on the sanctity of the newly built memorial (stood right next to it) and were scrapped in a deal with the city and national government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2021 |title=Levadia on valmis loobuma jalgpallihalli rajamisest Maarjamäele |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/1608325289/levadia-on-valmis-loobuma-jalgpallihalli-rajamisest-maarjamaele |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
Maarjamäe's football ground was constructed in 1965 as the stadium for the Norma production association and was their home ground until 1995, when the club dissolved. The stadium was obtained by FC Levadia in 2006 and was re-opened in 2007 after large scale renovation works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maarjamäe jalgpallikompleks |url=http://fclevadia.ee/maarjamae-jalgpallikompleks/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311153915/http://fclevadia.ee/maarjamae-jalgpallikompleks/ |archive-date=11 March 2016 |website=FC Levadia}}</ref> It is currently used for the club's youth training. Plans to build a covered football hall were derailed after questions were raised about its effect on the sanctity of the newly built memorial (located right next to it) and were scrapped in a deal with the city and national government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2021 |title=Levadia on valmis loobuma jalgpallihalli rajamisest Maarjamäele |work=ERR Uudised |url=https://www.err.ee/1608325289/levadia-on-valmis-loobuma-jalgpallihalli-rajamisest-maarjamaele |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>


=== Institutions ===
=== Institutions ===
Line 94: Line 99:


===Public transport===
===Public transport===
Maarjamäe is directly serviced by two [[TLT AS]] bus lines running along Kose tee, both terminating in the adjecent district of Kose at Metsakooli tee.
Maarjamäe is directly serviced by two [[Tallinna Linnatranspordi AS|TLT AS]] bus lines running along Kose tee, both terminating in the adjecent district of Kose at Metsakooli tee.
* 5 Metsakooli tee - [[Männiku]]
* 5 Metsakooli tee - [[Männiku]]
* 6 Metsakooli tee - [[Merivälja]] pansion
* 6 Metsakooli tee - [[Merivälja]] pansion


Pirita tee has four city bus lines connecting suburbs of Pirita to the rest of the city and four regional bus lines connecting to [[Viimsi]] and [[Muuga]].
Pirita tee has four city bus lines connecting suburbs of Pirita to the rest of the city and four regional bus lines connecting to [[Viimsi]] and [[Muuga]].
* 1 Viimsi keskus - [[Viru keskus]]
* 1 Viimsi keskus - [[Viru Keskus|Viru keskus]]
* 8 Äigrumäe - [[Väike-Õismäe]]
* 8 Äigrumäe - [[Väike-Õismäe]]
* 34 Muuga aedlinn - Viru keskus
* 34 Muuga aedlinn - Viru keskus

Revision as of 14:23, 26 September 2023

Not to be confused with Marjamäe.
Maarjamäe
Subdistrict of Tallinn
Map
Country Estonia
County Harju County
City Tallinn
District Pirita
Area
 • Total155 ha (383 acres)
Population
 (01.01.2022[1])
 • Total2,412
 • Density1,600/km2 (4,000/sq mi)

Maarjamäe (Estonian for "Maria's Hill") is a subdistrict (Estonian: asum) in the district of Pirita, Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. It is bordered by Pirita and Kose to the north, Lasnamäe to the south, Kadriorg to the southwest and the Bay of Tallinn to the west. As of 2022, it has a population of 2,412.[1]

Maarjamäe's known history dates back to 1689, with the area back then known as Ristimäe/Streitberg. The end of the 17th century saw the construction of a summer manor [et], with the area becoming a popular resort for the burghers. The construction of a sugar factory in 1811 saw the area become known as Suhkrumäe, with it's current name only coming into existence in 1873.[2] Suburbia construction ensued in the 1940s and 1950s, transforming the area into its modern form.[3]

Etymology

The earliest known name for the area is the German Streitberg/Strietberg ('strife hill'), referencing an alleged Livonian War battle between the Brotherhood of Blackheads and besieging Russians. An Estonian version of this name is Ristimäe or Riiumägi ('cross hill', 'strife hill').[4]

A colloquial name for the area, Suhkrumäe ('sugar hill') emerged in the 19th century with the construction of a sugar factory by Johan Gottlieb Clementz.[2]

The current name emerged from the German Marienberg, most likely named by Count Anatoly Orlov-Davydov in honour of his wife or daughter, Maria. An alternative theory suggests the source as the historical, disused name for Pirita, Marienthal, Vallis Mariae. Estonianization in the 1930s brought about the modern name Maarjamäe.[4]

History

The first known location in the area was an inn (Ristimeh Krog), marked on a 1689 map.[4] Ratsherr [de] and Brotherhood of Blackheads member Christian von Geldern founded a summer manor overlooking the sea at the end of the 17th century.[2] With the city falling into Russian hands, a naval battery was constructed on sea "in front" of the manor in 1715.[5]

The burgher Johan Gottlieb Clementz obtained a plot of land and led the construction of a sugar factory on the site in 1811. By the 1820s the site included several stone buildings, a wooden residential building, sheds, a forge, a lime burning stove, an ice cellar and a water distribution system for the factory. The plot was surrounded by a four-metre stone wall. Several stone buildings, the ice cellar and parts of the wall survive to this day.[2]

The sugar factory as depicted in the 1830s

Christian Abraham Rotermann [et] purchased the factory in 1861, converting the site to produce starch and spirits. Rotermann also constructed Tallinn's first steam mill at Suhkrumäe. However, industrial production was ended for good in 1869 with the factory destroyed in a fire.[2]

The 1870s brought about change with the area becoming a popular resort. Count Anatoly Orlov-Davydov purchased the manor in 1873 and renamed the area in honour of his wife, Maria.[2] Designed by Robert Gödicke, 'Orlov's castle' was finished by 1874 and used mainly by the count's family. Summer houses were constructed near the castle, in today's administrative Maarjamäe. Larger plans to construct a garden city stretching from Lillepi were not realised.[6]

The castle's seaside stairwell on a postcard

The turn of the century brought about social changes. The newly-exiled count rented out the castle for social events. In 1933, the most prestigious restaurant-hotel of the city was opened in the castle. However, in 1937 the castle was purchased by the state with the Air Defence Aviation Academy moving in. Following Soviet occupation, the castle was shortly used by the Soviet army, later converted into tiny flats and left to dilapidate.[2]

Some imperial-era resort homes remain in Maarjamäe today, but the vast majority of the district was constructed after the war. Estonia stood out in the USSR with construction of private houses allowed in urban areas, though still strictly regulated with building series. Architectural control was, however, less strict and unlike other buildings from the Stalinist era, German influence is strongly visible;[6] the area is a stand-out example of the era's architecture.[3] Expansion of the suburbia continued through the following decades.[6]

Between the castle and suburbia lies a cemetery and a memorial complex. Both Soviet and German troops were buried at Maarjamäe, including Bolshevik rebel sailors [et] executed in 1919 on Naissaar and Estonian volunteers in German uniform. An obelisk was erected in 1960 commemorating the Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet; a larger memorial complex commemorating "those fallen fighting for Soviet rule" was opened in 1975.[7] A new, Estonian memorial commemorating the victims of communism between 1940-1991 was built next to the German cemetery and Soviet memorial.[8]

In 1980, construction of a base of the Tallinn Higher Military-Political Construction School began.[9] The site was taken over by the newly-founded Estonian Academy of Security Sciences.[10]

Suburban expansion continued in the 21st century, with new private homes, terraced housing and apartment complexes.[11] The castle was renovated in the 1980s by Polish company PKZ Wroclav. In 2018, the castle was re-opened as a history museum, also hosting the Estonian Film Museum.[2]

Demographics

The population of Maarjamäe in 2022 was 2412, virtually unchanged from 2021. Covering 155 hectares, the neighbourhood has a suburban population density of 1556 inhabitants per km2. The population is 66% Estonian and 21% Russian, with the rest unknown at subdistrict level.[1]

The average gross income in 2021 was 1979€, 134.3% of the national average.[1]

Points of interest

Maarjamäe Palace

Maarjamäe is most well known for its palace and memorial complex, but neither of these actually lie within the subdistrict administratively.

Landmarks and museums

Maarjamäe Palace is the namesake of the district and has been a part of the Estonian History Museum since 1975, hosting the Estonian SSR's History and Revolution Museum since 1987 (renamed to its current form in 1989). The complex has been renovated several times since re-independence.[2] Today, the former courtyard hosts the museum park, including a permanent exhbition of removed Soviet-era monuments.[12] In 2017, new buildings were added to the manor park, hosting the Estonian Film Museum, introducing the art of filmmaking and the history of Estonian cinema.[13]

The Maarjamäe memorial complex was opened in 1975 to commemorate "those who fought for Soviet rule". A part of the complex is the formerly opened obelisk to the Ice Cruise and a German military cemetery. After independence, an agreement was reached to respect the burial sanctity of all sides (in light of former violations) and today the site has memorial plaques in Estonian, German and Russian.[7] In spite of its original purpose, the site survived post-independence decommunisation, but its future is still under question and intense debate.[14]

In 2018, a new memorial was opened commemorating the victims of communism. The memorial lists over 22 000 names of those who died by the hand of the communist regime. The memorial includes a walled corridor, with the aforementioned names on plaques, and a park symbolising one's home garden.[8] The site hosts memorial events on various national holidays, most notably on memorial days of Soviet deportations.[15]

By the coast there are two monuments. The first one, opened in 1989, commemorates American parachutist Charles Leroux, who was killed in Tallinn after a failed jump.[16] Alongside it is a monument to rally co-driver Michael Park, wingman to Markko Märtin, tragically killed in an accident in 2005. Both monuments commemorate "courageous and committed people".[17]

Parks and sport

Maarjamäe has two parks, Windecki and Lillepi. The southern border of the district is formed by the 20-30 metre tall Maarjamäe cliff separating Pirita and Lasnamäe, along the bottom of the cliff runs the Maarjamäe forest.[18] The forest also includes a disc golf range. Within the residential area lie two playgrounds, a football field, two basketball courts, two volleyball courts, and an open-door gym. The Varsaallika stream flows along the northern and eastern borders of the subdistrict, an important element of Lillepi Park.

Windeck Park was founded in the 1870s along with the castle and resort homes. A summer manor was constructed overlooking the sea and a park surrounding it. The destruction of the manor in a fire in 1996 however spelled the end for the park.[19] Privatisation of the land brought private mansions and destruction of valuable trees and vegetation.[20] The destruction of the historical park and a lack of public space or anything worth protecting led to the park losing nature protection in 2020.[21][22]

Lillepi park is named after a 17th century farm and lies on former pastures. Various historic development plans notwithstanding[6], most of the park is natural forest and encompasses around a fifth of the entire subdistrict. 75 plant and 90 bird species have been noted to inhabit the park. It is circled by a health trail for cyclists and rollerbladers and includes a playground.[23]

Maarjamäe's football ground was constructed in 1965 as the stadium for the Norma production association and was their home ground until 1995, when the club dissolved. The stadium was obtained by FC Levadia in 2006 and was re-opened in 2007 after large scale renovation works.[24] It is currently used for the club's youth training. Plans to build a covered football hall were derailed after questions were raised about its effect on the sanctity of the newly built memorial (located right next to it) and were scrapped in a deal with the city and national government.[25]

Institutions

Maarjamäe hosts the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences, with its Soviet predecessor constructing their facitilies there in 1980.[9] The academy received a new main building in 2019. The site also includes a parade ground, sporting centre, dorms, and a replica of the Estonian-Russian border fence.[26]

The Pähkli residences of Tallinn Children's Home are situated on Pähkli street.[27]

Transport

Roads and pathways

Maarjamäe's residential area is serviced by Kose tee, running from the seaside along the suburbia heading towards Kose. Along the coastline, Pirita tee connects all of Pirita to Viimsi and the city centre.

Pirita tee includes a cycleway and walkway. Two light traffic paths head up the cliff to Lasnamäe, one from the memorial to Mäe street and one from Kase street to Katleri.

Public transport

Maarjamäe is directly serviced by two TLT AS bus lines running along Kose tee, both terminating in the adjecent district of Kose at Metsakooli tee.

Pirita tee has four city bus lines connecting suburbs of Pirita to the rest of the city and four regional bus lines connecting to Viimsi and Muuga.

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Tallinna statistika aastaraamat "Tallinn arvudes 2022"". Tallinn City Government. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Maarjamäe lossi lugu". Eesti Ajaloomuuseum. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  3. ^ a b Epp Lankots, EESTI 20. SAJANDI ARHITEKTUURI KAITSE PROGRAMM. TALLINNA NÕUKOGUDEAEGNE EHITUSPÄRAND, Tallinn 2009, lk 20
  4. ^ a b c "KNR 'Maarjamäe'". EKI Kohanimeraamat. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  5. ^ "Maarjamäe". Eesti Entsüklopeedia, 12. 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ a b c d Feldmann, Mati (3 April 2017). "Maarjamäel elustub ajalugu". Eesti Ehitab. pp. 49–51. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b Juske, Anto (9 February 2007). "Kalevipoeg, tahan sind aidata!". Sirp. Retrieved 24 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ a b "Tallinnas Maarjamäel avati kommunismiohvrite memoriaal". ERR Uudised. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b "Tunne oma kodukanti!". Pirita. 9 September 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 24 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "Ajalugu". Sisekaitseakadeemia. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  11. ^ "Maarjamäele kerkivad ridaelamud". Ärileht. 12 December 2001. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  12. ^ "Nõukogudeaegsete monumentide välinäitus". Eesti Ajaloomuuseum. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  13. ^ "Filmimuuseumi lugu". Eesti Ajaloomuuseum. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  14. ^ Raiste, Anne (22 August 2022). "Valitsus ei lammuta Maarjamäe memoriaali". ERR Uudised. Retrieved 25 September 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Kommunismiohvrite memoriaalil avatakse mälestustahvlid uute nimedega". ERR Uudised. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ "Julgetele ja teotahtelistele inimestele". Tallinna linnaruumi kunstikaart. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Michael Parki mälestusmärk". Tallinna linnaruumi kunstikaart. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  18. ^ "Klindipargi loodusväärtused". Tallinn. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  19. ^ Olev Abner, Ekspertiis Windecki pargi ja Hans-Lepa puukool-aia territooriumil kasvavate üksikpuude või puude rühmade eraldi objektina kaitse alla võtmise põhjendatuse ja otstarbekuse kohta, Tallinn 2017
  20. ^ Põld, Tiiu (22 November 2000). "Uusrikkad raiuvad endale läbi puude vaadet Tallinna lahele". Postimees. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  21. ^ Kattago, Denes (3 August 2017). "Keskkonnaamet süüdistab Piritat ajaloolise Windecki pargi osas valeinfo jagamises". Õhtuleht. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  22. ^ Tallinna parkide kaitse alt välja arvamine. RT I, 02.06.2020, 3
  23. ^ Peensoo, Piret (13 April 2007). "Kaitse alla võetud Lillepi park saab miljon krooni". Eesti Päevaleht. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Maarjamäe jalgpallikompleks". FC Levadia. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016.
  25. ^ "Levadia on valmis loobuma jalgpallihalli rajamisest Maarjamäele". ERR Uudised. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  26. ^ "Virtuaaltuur". Sisekaitseakadeemia. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  27. ^ "Asenduskodu teenus". Tallinna Lastekodu. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
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