Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war: Difference between revisions

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Disinformation has been wide-ranging, with the dissemination of false, misleading or unsubstantiated information on both sides in the conflict. Much of the content has been viral in nature, with tens of millions of posts in circulation on social media. Some misinformation has also been widely distributed in mainstream media and repeated by heads of state.

Disinformation about the attack on Israel

Capture of Nimrod Aloni

A photograph was released appearing to show Major General Nimrod Aloni, the commander of the IDF Depth Corps, being held by Palestinians in the early hours of the attack. Hamas also claimed to have captured him.^[1] A Persian language post by the IDF quoted a post about his capture from Tasnim News Agency and wrote "Tasnim: Distributors of fake news of IRGC" without either denying or confirming the capture of Aloni.^[2]^[3] Aloni was subsequently seen on 8 October attending a meeting of top Israeli military officials.^[4]

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting published images of the capture of commanders of Nagorno-Karabakh by the Azerbaijani army in September 2023 as the capture of Israeli commanders by Hamas.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Disinformation about the attack on Gaza

Viral claims that the IDF had destroyed Gaza's Church of Saint Porphyrius were debunked by the church.^[8]^[9]

Footage from video game Arma 3 has been presented as Israeli war footage.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Disinformation experts uncovered an account on X that published false reports about Qatar threatening to cut off its gas exports if Israel continued to bombard the Gaza Strip.^[13]

On 14 October, Israel alleged that Hamas had shared a video of a doll, claiming it was a child killed by Israel's attack.^[14]^[15]

Other disinformation

Videos falsely linked to the war included a video of children in cages posted on 4 October,^[16]^[17] footage from 2020 of Iranian lawmakers chanting "Death to America",^[18]^[19] and in Egypt, photos of the Cairo Tower appearing to be lit with the Palestinian flag spread on social media, which turned out to be a modified version of the tower in 2010.^[20]

A fake memo that purported to show Biden authorizing $8 billion in aid to Israel circulated on social media^[21]^[22] and was cited in articles by Indian news outlets Firstpost and Oneindia.^[22]

Social media users on both sides of the war shared behind-the-scenes footage of an actor lying in fake blood from a 2022 Palestinian short film, alleging it was evidence that the other side was creating propaganda.^[23]^[24]^[25] A video of Egyptian paratroopers flying over the Egyptian Military Academy that was falsely claimed to show Hamas militants infiltrating an Israeli music festival went viral on X in Indonesia.^[26]

A video of a CNN broadcast from near the Israel-Gaza border^[27] with audio added to suggest the network had faked an attack became viral on social media.^[28]^[29]

Role of social media platforms

On 9 October, X (formerly known as Twitter) said there were more than 50 million posts on the platform about the conflict.^[30] Disinformation about the war spread on social media platforms, particularly X.^[31]^[32]^[33]^[12]^[34] On 10 October, researchers found that a network of 67 X accounts was coordinating a campaign of pushing false information about the war.^[35]

The European Union warned Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg that X and Meta were hosting disinformation and illegal content about the war, with potential fines of up to 6% of the companies' global revenue.^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39] Musk recommended two accounts that previously promoted a false claim about an explosion near the Pentagon for updates about the war.^[40]^[32] In response to the reports, X's CEO Linda Yaccarino told EU internal market commissioner Thierry Breton that it had "taken action to remove or label tens of thousands of pieces of content" and removed hundreds of accounts linked to Hamas.^[41] On 13 October, the EU opened an investigation into X about the spread of disinformation and terrorist content related to the war.^[42]^[43]

The community fact-checking system of X, Community Notes, also contributed to disinformation. Wired cited an incident where a video uploaded by Donald Trump Jr. of Hamas shooting at Israelis was inaccurately tagged as a false video from several years ago as an example of the unreliability of Community Notes. The mistake was caused due to the recent video being listed in the related videos list of the older videos on the Iranian social media platform Wisgoon, causing it to show the thumbnail with older years in search engines. By simply entering the site, Wired confirmed that the video was uploaded on "5 Mehr 1402" in the Persian calendar (7 October 2023) and independent OSINT analysts confirmed the authenticity of the video.^[44] Fake accounts pretending to be a BBC journalist and The Jerusalem Post promoted false information about the war prior to X suspending them.^[11]^[34]

On 13 October, on The World radio program, Rebecca Rosman reported that disinformation on X was being monetized by paid-verified users with "new-content" recommendation preference, resulting in millions of views.^[45]

On 14 October, Center for Countering Digital Hate CEO Imran Ahmed said his group was tracking a spike in efforts to push false information about the war, adding that U.S. adversaries, extremists, Internet trolls and engagement farmers were exploiting the war for their own gain. Graham Brookie, senior director of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, said that his team had witnessed a surge in terrorist propaganda, graphic content, false or misleading claims and hate speech, with much of the content being circulated on Telegram.^[46]

References

^ Diver, Tony (7 October 2023). "Israeli commander among at least 50 people captured by Hamas". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
^ @IDFFarsi (October 7, 2023). تسنیم: توزیع کنندگان اخبار جعلی سپاه پاسداران [Tasnim: Distributors of fake news of IRGC] (Tweet) (in Persian). Retrieved 8 October 2023 – via Twitter.
^ "Hamas claims to have captured Israeli commander". The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. An IDF source told the JC the Hamas claim about Commander Aloni was "unclear and unconfirmed".
^ "Misinformation about the Israel-Hamas war is flooding social media. Here are the facts". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی | پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انصاف نیوز". انصاف نیوز (in Persian). 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ "فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی". saednews.com (in Persian). 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ "فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی". صاحب‌خبر (in Persian). 11 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ Goggin, Ben (10 October 2023). "Gaza church debunks fake claim that it was destroyed". NBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ Gilbert, David. "Elon Musk Is Shitposting His Way Through the Israel-Hamas War". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ Orland, Kyle (11 October 2023). "Users mistake video game clips for real Israeli war footage on social media". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Rucker, Samuel (9 October 2023). "The hoaxes and misinformation about Israel and Gaza, debunked". i. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Dixit, Pranav (10 October 2023). "Social media platforms swamped with fake news on the Israel-Hamas war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ Qarjouli, Asmahan (12 October 2023). "Gaza: Experts debunk fake news on Qatar gas supply threats". Doha News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ "Israeli government claims Hamas posted video of doll being disguised as child killed by IDF". WTGS. 2023-10-14. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
^ "'Its a doll': Israel denies baby killed in airstrike as Hamas video of 'body' goes viral". The Times of India. 2023-10-14. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
^ Doak, Sam (9 October 2023). "Video of caged children predates recent fighting in Israel and Gaza". Logically. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ Liles, Jordan; Ibrahim, Nur (9 October 2023). "Does Video Show Children in Chicken Coop Cages in Israel-Hamas Conflict in October 2023?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ Kulsum, Umme (9 October 2023). "Video of Iran parliamentarians saying 'Death to America' is not related to Israel-Hamas war". Logically. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ O'Rourke, Ciara (11 October 2023). "Video shows Iranian lawmakers chanting 'death to America' in 2020, not 2023". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ "برج القاهرة وعلم فلسطين.. حقائق لا تعرفها" [Cairo Tower and the Palestinian flag.. truths you don't know]. Al-Ain (in Arabic). 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ Marcelo, Philip (9 October 2023). "Biden hasn't signed a recent order sending $8B in aid to Israel. A 'memo' circulating online was altered". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Goggin, Ben (8 October 2023). "Verified accounts spread fake news release about a Biden $8 billion aid package to Israel". NBC News. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ "Fact Check: Filming of movie shared to claim Israel-Hamas conflict is staged". Reuters. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Goldin, Melissa (11 October 2023). "A video spreading online shows the making of a 2022 film, not propaganda for the Israel-Hamas war". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Ganguly, Manisha; Farah, Hibaq (11 October 2023). "How Israel-Hamas war disinformation is being spread online". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Mazrieva, Eva (2023-10-14). "In Indonesia, Fake News About Israel-Hamas War Triggers Concern". Voice of America. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
^ Video: CNN team ducks from 'massive barrage of rockets' near Israel-Gaza border | CNN, 2023-10-09, retrieved 2023-10-15
^ Goel, Ishita (October 13, 2023). "Fabricated audio added to CNN report on Israel-Hamas war". Logically. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
^ O'Rourke, Ciara (October 12, 2023). "No, CNN didn't stage an attack near the Israel-Gaza border". PolitiFact. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
^ Dixit, Pranav (10 October 2023). "Social media platforms swamped with fake news on the Israel-Hamas war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ Gilbert, David (9 October 2023). "The Israel-Hamas War Is Drowning X in Disinformation". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Milmo, Dan (9 October 2023). "X criticised for enabling spread of Israel-Hamas disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ Goswami, Rohan (9 October 2023). "X, formerly Twitter, amplifies disinformation amid the Israel-Hamas conflict". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b Bond, Shannon (10 October 2023). "Video game clips and old videos are flooding social media about Israel and Gaza". NPR. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ Collier, Kevin (10 October 2023). "67 X accounts spread coordinated disinformation about Israel-Hamas war, says research group". NBC News. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ Fung, Brian; O'Sullivan, Donie (10 October 2023). "EU warns Elon Musk of 'penalties' for disinformation circulating on X amid Israel-Hamas war". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ O'Carroll, Lisa (10 October 2023). "EU warns Elon Musk over 'disinformation' on X about Hamas attack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ Vanian, Jonathan (10 October 2023). "Europe gives Elon Musk 24 hours to respond about Israel-Hamas war misinformation and violence on X, formerly Twitter". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Europe gives Mark Zuckerberg 24 hours to respond about Israel-Hamas conflict and election misinformation". CNBC. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^ Menn, Joseph (9 October 2023). "As false war information spreads on X, Musk promotes unvetted accounts". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Musk's X rebuffs disinfo claims on Israel violence". France 24. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Espinoza, Javier (12 October 2023). "EU opens probe into X over Israel-Hamas war misinformation". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ Shakir, Umar (13 October 2023). "EU is formally investigating X over content about the Israel-Hamas war". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ Gilbert, David. "A Graphic Hamas Video Donald Trump Jr. Shared on X Is Actually Real, Research Confirms". Wired. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^ Rosman, Rebecca (13 October 2023). "Violence and disinformation rampant on social media in Israel-Hamas War". The World. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
^ Fung, Brian; Duffy, Clare (2023-10-14). "The Israel-Hamas war reveals how social media sells you the illusion of reality | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-15.

External links

A flood of misinformation shapes views of Israel-Gaza conflict. Washington Post.

[1] Diver, Tony (7 October 2023). "Israeli commander among at least 50 people captured by Hamas". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.

[2] @IDFFarsi (October 7, 2023). تسنیم: توزیع کنندگان اخبار جعلی سپاه پاسداران [Tasnim: Distributors of fake news of IRGC] (Tweet) (in Persian). Retrieved 8 October 2023 – via Twitter.

[3] "Hamas claims to have captured Israeli commander". The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. An IDF source told the JC the Hamas claim about Commander Aloni was "unclear and unconfirmed".

[4] "Misinformation about the Israel-Hamas war is flooding social media. Here are the facts". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[5] "فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی | پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انصاف نیوز". انصاف نیوز (in Persian). 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[6] "فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی". saednews.com (in Persian). 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[7] "فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی". صاحب‌خبر (in Persian). 11 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[8] Goggin, Ben (10 October 2023). "Gaza church debunks fake claim that it was destroyed". NBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[9] Gilbert, David. "Elon Musk Is Shitposting His Way Through the Israel-Hamas War". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[10] Orland, Kyle (11 October 2023). "Users mistake video game clips for real Israeli war footage on social media". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[auto17-11] Rucker, Samuel (9 October 2023). "The hoaxes and misinformation about Israel and Gaza, debunked". i. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[:3-12] Dixit, Pranav (10 October 2023). "Social media platforms swamped with fake news on the Israel-Hamas war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[13] Qarjouli, Asmahan (12 October 2023). "Gaza: Experts debunk fake news on Qatar gas supply threats". Doha News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[14] "Israeli government claims Hamas posted video of doll being disguised as child killed by IDF". WTGS. 2023-10-14. Retrieved 2023-10-15.

[15] "'Its a doll': Israel denies baby killed in airstrike as Hamas video of 'body' goes viral". The Times of India. 2023-10-14. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-10-15.

[16] Doak, Sam (9 October 2023). "Video of caged children predates recent fighting in Israel and Gaza". Logically. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[17] Liles, Jordan; Ibrahim, Nur (9 October 2023). "Does Video Show Children in Chicken Coop Cages in Israel-Hamas Conflict in October 2023?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[18] Kulsum, Umme (9 October 2023). "Video of Iran parliamentarians saying 'Death to America' is not related to Israel-Hamas war". Logically. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[19] O'Rourke, Ciara (11 October 2023). "Video shows Iranian lawmakers chanting 'death to America' in 2020, not 2023". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[20] "برج القاهرة وعلم فلسطين.. حقائق لا تعرفها" [Cairo Tower and the Palestinian flag.. truths you don't know]. Al-Ain (in Arabic). 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[21] Marcelo, Philip (9 October 2023). "Biden hasn't signed a recent order sending $8B in aid to Israel. A 'memo' circulating online was altered". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[:19-22] Goggin, Ben (8 October 2023). "Verified accounts spread fake news release about a Biden $8 billion aid package to Israel". NBC News. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[23] "Fact Check: Filming of movie shared to claim Israel-Hamas conflict is staged". Reuters. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[24] Goldin, Melissa (11 October 2023). "A video spreading online shows the making of a 2022 film, not propaganda for the Israel-Hamas war". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[25] Ganguly, Manisha; Farah, Hibaq (11 October 2023). "How Israel-Hamas war disinformation is being spread online". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[26] Mazrieva, Eva (2023-10-14). "In Indonesia, Fake News About Israel-Hamas War Triggers Concern". Voice of America. Retrieved 2023-10-14.

[27] Video: CNN team ducks from 'massive barrage of rockets' near Israel-Gaza border | CNN, 2023-10-09, retrieved 2023-10-15

[28] Goel, Ishita (October 13, 2023). "Fabricated audio added to CNN report on Israel-Hamas war". Logically. Retrieved 2023-10-15.

[29] O'Rourke, Ciara (October 12, 2023). "No, CNN didn't stage an attack near the Israel-Gaza border". PolitiFact. Retrieved 2023-10-15.

[30] Dixit, Pranav (10 October 2023). "Social media platforms swamped with fake news on the Israel-Hamas war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[31] Gilbert, David (9 October 2023). "The Israel-Hamas War Is Drowning X in Disinformation". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[:2-32] Milmo, Dan (9 October 2023). "X criticised for enabling spread of Israel-Hamas disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[33] Goswami, Rohan (9 October 2023). "X, formerly Twitter, amplifies disinformation amid the Israel-Hamas conflict". CNBC. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[:4-34] Bond, Shannon (10 October 2023). "Video game clips and old videos are flooding social media about Israel and Gaza". NPR. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[35] Collier, Kevin (10 October 2023). "67 X accounts spread coordinated disinformation about Israel-Hamas war, says research group". NBC News. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[36] Fung, Brian; O'Sullivan, Donie (10 October 2023). "EU warns Elon Musk of 'penalties' for disinformation circulating on X amid Israel-Hamas war". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[37] O'Carroll, Lisa (10 October 2023). "EU warns Elon Musk over 'disinformation' on X about Hamas attack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[38] Vanian, Jonathan (10 October 2023). "Europe gives Elon Musk 24 hours to respond about Israel-Hamas war misinformation and violence on X, formerly Twitter". CNBC. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[39] "Europe gives Mark Zuckerberg 24 hours to respond about Israel-Hamas conflict and election misinformation". CNBC. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

[40] Menn, Joseph (9 October 2023). "As false war information spreads on X, Musk promotes unvetted accounts". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.

[41] "Musk's X rebuffs disinfo claims on Israel violence". France 24. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[42] Espinoza, Javier (12 October 2023). "EU opens probe into X over Israel-Hamas war misinformation". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[43] Shakir, Umar (13 October 2023). "EU is formally investigating X over content about the Israel-Hamas war". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[44] Gilbert, David. "A Graphic Hamas Video Donald Trump Jr. Shared on X Is Actually Real, Research Confirms". Wired. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.

[theworld/disinformation-X-45] Rosman, Rebecca (13 October 2023). "Violence and disinformation rampant on social media in Israel-Hamas War". The World. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.

[46] Fung, Brian; Duffy, Clare (2023-10-14). "The Israel-Hamas war reveals how social media sells you the illusion of reality | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-15.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 </noinclude>{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
 {{Campaignbox 2023 Israel–Hamas war}}
-'''[[Disinformation]] in the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war]]''' has been wide-ranging, with the dissemination of false, misleading or unsubstantiated information on both sides in the conflict. Much of the content has been viral in nature, with tens of millions of posts in circulation on social media. Some misinformation has also been widely distributed in mainstream media and repeated by heads of state.
+[[Disinformation]] has been wide-ranging, with the dissemination of false, misleading or unsubstantiated information on both sides in the conflict. Much of the content has been viral in nature, with tens of millions of posts in circulation on social media. Some misinformation has also been widely distributed in mainstream media and repeated by heads of state.
 ==Disinformation about the attack on Israel==
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 [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting]] published images of the capture of commanders of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] by the [[Azerbaijani Armed Forces|Azerbaijani army]] in [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|September 2023]] as the capture of Israeli commanders by Hamas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی {{!}} پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انصاف نیوز |url=http://www.ensafnews.com/447574/%d9%81%db%8c%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%ae%d9%86%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%aa%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a8%da%a9%d9%87-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%a7-%d9%88-%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%be/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=انصاف نیوز |language=fa-IR |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013183114/http://www.ensafnews.com/447574/%d9%81%db%8c%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%ae%d9%86%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%aa%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a8%da%a9%d9%87-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%a7-%d9%88-%d8%b3%db%8c%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%be/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی |url=https://saednews.com/.post/fylm-khndh-dar-soty-shbkh-khbr-sda-o-syma-pkhsh-tsaoyr-dstgyry-frmandhan-jdaey-tlban-grh-bagh-azrbayjan-bh-jay-zhnral-hay-asraeyly-bx10 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=saednews.com |language=fa |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013193519/https://saednews.com/.post/fylm-khndh-dar-soty-shbkh-khbr-sda-o-syma-pkhsh-tsaoyr-dstgyry-frmandhan-jdaey-tlban-grh-bagh-azrbayjan-bh-jay-zhnral-hay-asraeyly-bx10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=فیلم خنده دار سوتی شبکه خبر صدا و سیما: پخش تصاویر دستگیری فرماندهان جدائی طلبان قره باغ آذربایجان به جای ژنرال های اسرائیلی |url=http://sahebkhabar.ir/news/62851995/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=صاحب‌خبر |language=fa}}</ref>
-===Beheaded babies claim===
-{{main|Kfar Aza massacre#Allegations of beheadings}}
-The claim that 40 babies had been decapitated in [[Kfar Aza]] gained widespread attention on social media, with over 40 million impressions on [[Twitter|X]] (formerly Twitter), propagated mainly by Israeli website [[I24NEWS]] and the official Israel account. The story became front page news on almost a dozen British newspapers<ref name="NBCnews">{{Cite web |last1=Tenbarge |first1=Kat |last2=Chan |first2=Melissa |date=12 October 2023 |title=Unverified reports of '40 babies beheaded' in Israel-Hamas war inflame social media |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182948/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/unverified-allegations-beheaded-babies-israel-hamas-war-inflame-social-rcna119902 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |quote=Almost a dozen British newspapers — including The Times, Metro, The i, Daily Express, The Scotsman, and Financial Times — have run stories on their front pages Wednesday, citing the i24 claim |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/despite-refutations-from-israeli-military-headlines-that-hamas-beheaded-babies-persist/3016167 |title=Despite refutations from Israeli military, headlines that Hamas 'beheaded babies' persist |access-date=2023-10-14 |archive-date=2023-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013011120/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/despite-refutations-from-israeli-military-headlines-that-hamas-beheaded-babies-persist/3016167 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was reported on by [[Sky News Australia]] and [[Fox News]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Nur |date=2023-10-12 |title=Were Israeli Babies Beheaded by Hamas Militants During Attack on Kfar Aza? |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/10/12/40-israeli-babies-beheaded-by-hamas/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Snopes |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014024526/https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/10/12/40-israeli-babies-beheaded-by-hamas/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The initial claim was made by one member of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) who had responded to the site said in an interview with [[I24NEWS]] that 40 children had been killed, with some beheaded by Hamas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zedek |first=Nicole |date=10 October 2023|title='It smells of death here': Surveying the atrocities committed by Hamas in Kfar Aza |work=[[i24 News]]|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010181638/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1696938010-it-smells-of-death-here-surveying-the-scenes-of-atrocities-in-kfar-aza |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timesofisrael">{{Cite news |last=Berman |first=Lazar |date=10 October 2023 |title='At least 40 babies killed': Foreign reporters taken to massacre site in Kfar Aza |work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-takes-foreign-journalists-to-see-massacre-site-in-kfar-aza/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193700/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-takes-foreign-journalists-to-see-massacre-site-in-kfar-aza/ |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> [[CBS News]] later interviewed Yossi Landau, regional head of the first responder organisation [[ZAKA]], who claimed that both babies and minors had been beheaded alongside corpses of dismembered adults.<ref name="cbs">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Holly |last2=Lyall |first2=Erin |date=11 October 2023 |title=Israel kibbutz the scene of a Hamas "massacre," first responders say: "The depravity of it is haunting" - CBS News |work=[[CBS News]]|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/ |access-date=11 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011133214/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-babies-killed-hamas-terror-attack-kibbutz-kfar-aza-first-responders-say/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The claim was also made by Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]'s spokesperson, and the most high-profile endorsement was made by US President [[Joe Biden]], who claimed to have seen photographic evidence for it.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/israel-hamas-war-unverified-claim-beheaded-babies-misinformation-214727885.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall |title=Israel-Hamas war: How the unverified claim about beheaded babies spread — 'Same misinformation, different war' |publisher=Yahoo News}}</ref> The White House later denied Biden having seen photographic images, and clarifying that he was referring to media reports and statements by Netanyahu.<ref name="NBCnews" /><ref name="Intercept=1110">{{cite news |title="Beheaded babies" report spread wide and fast — but israel military won't confirm it |publisher=The Intercept |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/10/11/israel-hamas-disinformation/ |url-status=live |access-date=2023-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014064017/https://theintercept.com/2023/10/11/israel-hamas-disinformation/ |archive-date=2023-10-14}}</ref>
-Netanyahu released photos of dead babies that they said were killed and burned in the attack. ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' stated that these images confirmed that babies were decapitated,<ref name="jpost12oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-767951 |title=Photos of babies being burnt, decapitated confirmed |last=Joffre |first=Tzvi |date=12 October 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher= |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013045824/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-767951 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[NBC News]] stated that no photographic evidence that babies were decapitated was provided.<ref name="NBCnews" /> [[CNN]] reported that claims of beheading could not be confirmed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Chance |first1=Matthew |last2=Greene |first2=Richard Allen |last3=Berlinger |first3=Joshua |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israeli official says government cannot confirm babies were beheaded in Hamas attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/israel-hamas-beheading-claims-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012144119/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/middleeast/israel-hamas-beheading-claims-intl/index.html |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>
 ==Disinformation about the attack on Gaza==