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{{Other uses|Mopac (disambiguation)}}
{{Other uses|Mopac (disambiguation)}}
'''MOPAC''' is a [[computational chemistry]] software package that implements a variety of [[semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods]] based on the [[NDDO|neglect of diatomic differential overlap (NDDO)]] approximation and fit primarily for gas-phase [[thermochemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=James J. P. |title=MOPAC: A semiempirical molecular orbital program |journal=Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design |date=1990 |volume=4 |pages=1-103 |doi=10.1007/BF00128336}}</ref> Modern versions of MOPAC support 70 elements of the [[periodic table]] (H-La, Lu-Bi)<ref name=pm6>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=James J. P. |title=Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods V: Modification of NDDO approximations and application to 70 elements |journal=Journal of Molecular Modeling |date=2007 |volume=13 |pages=1173-1213 |doi=10.1007/s00894-007-0233-4}}</ref> and have expanded functionality for [[solvation|solvated molecules]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klamt |first1=A. |last2=Schüürmann |first2=G. |title=COSMO: a new approach to dielectric screening in solvents with explicit expressions for the screening energy and its gradient |journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 |date=1993 |volume=1993 |pages=799-805 |doi=10.1039/P29930000799}}</ref> [[crystalline solids]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=James J. P. |title=A practical method for modeling solids using semiempirical methods |journal=Journal of Molecular Structure |date=2000 |volume=556 |pages=59-67 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00651-7}}</ref> and [[proteins]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=James J. P. |title=Application of localized molecular orbitals to the solution of semiempirical self-consistent field equations |journal=International Journal of Quantum Chemistry |date=1996 |volume=58 |pages=133-146 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-461X(1996)58:2<133::AID-QUA2>3.0.CO;2-Z}}</ref>

MOPAC is primarily a [[Sequential algorithm|serial]] [[command-line]] program. Its default behavior is to take a [[molecular geometry]] specified by an input file and perform a [[mathematical optimization|local optimization]] of the geometry to minimize the [[heat of formation]] of the molecule. The details of this process are then summarized by an output file. The behavior of MOPAC can be modified by specifying keywords on the first line of the input file, and [[Reciprocal lattice#Mathematical description|translation vectors]] can be added to the geometry to specify a polymer, surface, or crystal.

MOPAC is compatible with other software to provide [[graphical user interfaces]] (GUIs), visualization of outputs, and processing of inputs. The most well-known GUIs that support MOPAC are [[ChemDraw|Chem3D]], WebMO,<ref>{{cite web |title=WebMO |url=https://www.webmo.net}}</ref>, the Amsterdam Modeling Suite,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amsterdam Modeling Suite |url=https://www.scm.com/amsterdam-modeling-suite/ |website=Software for Chemistry & Materials (SCM) |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> and the [[Molecular Operating Environment]].
[[Jmol]] can visualize some MOPAC outputs such as [[molecular orbitals]] and [[partial charges]]. [[Open Babel]] supports conversion to and from MOPAC's input file format.

== Major features ==

* Semiempirical models: [[Austin Model 1|AM1]], [[PM3 (chemistry)|PM3]], PM6,<ref name=pm6 /> PM7.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=James J. P. |title=Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods VI: more modifications to the NDDO approximations and re-optimization of parameters |journal=Journal of Molecular Modeling |date=2012 |volume=19 |pages=1-32 |doi=10.1007/s00894-012-1667-x}}</ref>
* Geometry optimization
* [[transition state|Transition-state]] optimization
* Vibrational analysis
* [[COSMO solvation model]]
* Periodic boundary conditions (Gamma point only, no [[Brillouin zone]] sampling)
* MOZYME for closed-shell systems (linear-scaling electronic structure algorithm)
* Gas-phase [[thermodynamics]]
* [[Polarizability|Molecular polarizability]]
* Automatic [[hydrogenation]] for pre-processing of [[Protein Data Bank]] structures
* [[ZINDO|INDO spectroscopy]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gieseking |first1=Rebecca L. M. |title=A new release of MOPAC incorporating the INDO/S semiempirical model with CI excited states |journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry |date=2021 |volume=42 |pages=365-378 |doi=10.1002/jcc.26455}}</ref>
* [[Configuration interaction]]
* PARAM, companion program for parameter optimization<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=James J. P. |title=Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods I. Method |journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry |date=1989 |volume=10 |pages=209-220 |doi=10.1002/jcc.540100208}}</ref>

== History ==

MOPAC was originally developed in [[Michael Dewar]]'s research group at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] to consolidate their previous developments of [[MINDO|MINDO/3]] and [[MNDO]] models and software and to serve as the software implementation of the [[Austin Model 1|AM1]] model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dewar |first1=Michael J. S. |title=Development of Practical MO Techniques for Prediction of the Properties and Behavior of Materials |journal=Air Force Office of Scientific Research Technical Report |volume=AFOSR-TR-83-0234 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA127029.pdf |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> The name ''MOPAC'' was both an [[acronym]] for ''Molecular Orbital PACkage'' and a reference to the [[Mopac Expressway]] that runs alongside parts of the UT Austin campus.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://openmopac.net/manual/index.html | title = General Description of MOPAC | author = J. J. P. Stewart | publisher = Stewart Computational Chemistry }}</ref> The first version of MOPAC was deposited in the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange (QCPE) in 1983 as QCPE Program #455 with James Stewart as its primary author.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=J. J. P. |title=MOPAC: A General Molecular Orbital Package |journal=QCPE |volume=3| page=455| date=1983}}</ref> James Stewart joined the Dewar group in 1980 as a visiting professor on leave from the [[University of Strathclyde]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramsey |first1=David |title=Jimmy Stewart offers logic of science to illogical Americans |url=https://gazette.com/news/jimmy-stewart-offers-logic-of-science-to-illogical-americans-david-ramsey/article_aad564aa-3e28-11ea-ad55-877599afb899.html |website=The Denver Gazette |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> and he continued the development of MOPAC after moving to the [[United States Air Force Academy]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hollingsworth |first1=Katherine |title=UGM Presenter Spotlight: James Stewart |url=https://www.materialsdesign.com/post/2019/09/06/ugm-presenter-spotlight-moritz-to-baben-1 |website=Materials Design, Inc. |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> In 1993, MOPAC was acquired by [[Fujitsu]] and sold as commercial software, while James Stewart continued its development as a consultant.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=James |title=Details of MOPAC-7 Release |url=http://www.ccl.net/cgi-bin/ccl/message.cgi?1992+10+26+004 |website=[[Computational Chemistry List]] |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> After 2007, new versions of MOPAC were developed and sold by Stewart Computational Chemistry<ref>{{cite web |title=MOPAC |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002182435/http://openmopac.net/ |website=Stewart Computational Chemistry (archived from 2007) |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> with support from the [[Small Business Innovation Research]] program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stewart, James awardee profile |url=https://www.sbir.gov/node/318133 |website=SBIR/STTR |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> In 2022, the commercial development and distribution of MOPAC ended, and it was officially re-released as an open-source software project on GitHub<ref>{{cite web |title=MOPAC version 22.0.0 release |url=https://github.com/openmopac/mopac/releases/tag/v22.0.0 |website=GitHub |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> developed by the Molecular Sciences Software Institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Molecular Sciences Software Institute |url=https://molssi.org |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref>

Early versions of MOPAC distributed by the QCPE were considered to be in the public domain and were [[project fork|forked]] into several other notable software projects. After James Stewart left, other members of the Dewar group continued to develop a fork of MOPAC called [[AMPAC]] that was originally released on the QCPE before also becoming commercial software.<ref>{{cite web |title=AMPAC 10 |url=http://www.semichem.com/ampac/ampac-new.php |website=Semichem, Inc.}}</ref> VAMP (Vectorized AMPAC) was a parallel version of AMPAC developed by Timothy Clark's group at the [[University of Erlangen–Nuremberg]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Timothy |title=Molecular Orbital and Force-Field Calculations for Structure and Energy Predictions |journal=Physical Property Prediction in Organic Chemistry |date=1988 |pages=95-102 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-74140-1_9}}</ref> [[Donald Truhlar]]'s group at the [[University of Minnesota]] developed both a fork of AMPAC, AMSOL,<ref>{{cite web |title=AMSOL Home Page |url=https://comp.chem.umn.edu/amsol/ |website=Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> with [[implicit solvent]] models and a fork of MOPAC itself.<ref>{{cite web |title=MOPAC 5.022mn Home Page |url=https://comp.chem.umn.edu/mopac/ |website=Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota|access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> Also, commercial versions of MOPAC distributed by Fujitsu have some proprietary features (e.g. PM5, Tomasi solvation) not available in other versions.<ref>{{cite web |title=MOPAC 2002 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807015509/http://www.cachesoftware.com/mopac/index.shtml |website=CAChe Software (archived) |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref>

MOPAC used different versioning systems throughout its development, sometimes with a version number or year stylized into the name. These alternate names include MOPAC3, MOPAC4, MOPAC5, MOPAC6, MOPAC7, MOPAC93, MOPAC97, MOPAC 2000, MOPAC 2007, MOPAC 2009, MOPAC 2012, and MOPAC 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=MOPAC archive |url=https://github.com/openmopac/mopac-archive |website=GitHub |access-date=8 February 2024}}</ref> Open-source versions of MOPAC now use [[semantic versioning]].

== Old version of Wikipedia entry ==
'''MOPAC''' is a popular [[computer program]] used in [[computational chemistry]]. It is designed to implement [[Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method|semi-empirical]] [[quantum chemistry]] algorithms, and it runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux.<ref name = mopac>{{cite web | publisher = Stewart Computational Chemistry | title = MOPAC | url = http://openmopac.net/}}</ref>
'''MOPAC''' is a popular [[computer program]] used in [[computational chemistry]]. It is designed to implement [[Semi-empirical quantum chemistry method|semi-empirical]] [[quantum chemistry]] algorithms, and it runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux.<ref name = mopac>{{cite web | publisher = Stewart Computational Chemistry | title = MOPAC | url = http://openmopac.net/}}</ref>


Revision as of 20:57, 8 February 2024

MOPAC
Original author(s)James Stewart
Developer(s)Molecular Sciences Software Institute
Initial release1983; 41 years ago (1983)
Stable release
22.1.1 / 29 January 2024; 3 months ago (2024-01-29)
Repositorygithub.com/openmopac/mopac
Written inFortran
Operating systemLinux, macOS, Microsoft Windows
Available inEnglish
TypeComputational Chemistry
LicenseLGPL 3.0
Websiteopenmopac.net
For other uses, see Mopac (disambiguation).

MOPAC is a computational chemistry software package that implements a variety of semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods based on the neglect of diatomic differential overlap (NDDO) approximation and fit primarily for gas-phase thermochemistry.[1] Modern versions of MOPAC support 70 elements of the periodic table (H-La, Lu-Bi)[2] and have expanded functionality for solvated molecules,[3] crystalline solids,[4] and proteins.[5]

MOPAC is primarily a serial command-line program. Its default behavior is to take a molecular geometry specified by an input file and perform a local optimization of the geometry to minimize the heat of formation of the molecule. The details of this process are then summarized by an output file. The behavior of MOPAC can be modified by specifying keywords on the first line of the input file, and translation vectors can be added to the geometry to specify a polymer, surface, or crystal.

MOPAC is compatible with other software to provide graphical user interfaces (GUIs), visualization of outputs, and processing of inputs. The most well-known GUIs that support MOPAC are Chem3D, WebMO,[6], the Amsterdam Modeling Suite,[7] and the Molecular Operating Environment. Jmol can visualize some MOPAC outputs such as molecular orbitals and partial charges. Open Babel supports conversion to and from MOPAC's input file format.

Major features

History

MOPAC was originally developed in Michael Dewar's research group at the University of Texas at Austin to consolidate their previous developments of MINDO/3 and MNDO models and software and to serve as the software implementation of the AM1 model.[11] The name MOPAC was both an acronym for Molecular Orbital PACkage and a reference to the Mopac Expressway that runs alongside parts of the UT Austin campus.[12] The first version of MOPAC was deposited in the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange (QCPE) in 1983 as QCPE Program #455 with James Stewart as its primary author.[13] James Stewart joined the Dewar group in 1980 as a visiting professor on leave from the University of Strathclyde,[14] and he continued the development of MOPAC after moving to the United States Air Force Academy in 1984.[15] In 1993, MOPAC was acquired by Fujitsu and sold as commercial software, while James Stewart continued its development as a consultant.[16] After 2007, new versions of MOPAC were developed and sold by Stewart Computational Chemistry[17] with support from the Small Business Innovation Research program.[18] In 2022, the commercial development and distribution of MOPAC ended, and it was officially re-released as an open-source software project on GitHub[19] developed by the Molecular Sciences Software Institute.[20]

Early versions of MOPAC distributed by the QCPE were considered to be in the public domain and were forked into several other notable software projects. After James Stewart left, other members of the Dewar group continued to develop a fork of MOPAC called AMPAC that was originally released on the QCPE before also becoming commercial software.[21] VAMP (Vectorized AMPAC) was a parallel version of AMPAC developed by Timothy Clark's group at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg.[22] Donald Truhlar's group at the University of Minnesota developed both a fork of AMPAC, AMSOL,[23] with implicit solvent models and a fork of MOPAC itself.[24] Also, commercial versions of MOPAC distributed by Fujitsu have some proprietary features (e.g. PM5, Tomasi solvation) not available in other versions.[25]

MOPAC used different versioning systems throughout its development, sometimes with a version number or year stylized into the name. These alternate names include MOPAC3, MOPAC4, MOPAC5, MOPAC6, MOPAC7, MOPAC93, MOPAC97, MOPAC 2000, MOPAC 2007, MOPAC 2009, MOPAC 2012, and MOPAC 2016.[26] Open-source versions of MOPAC now use semantic versioning.

Old version of Wikipedia entry

MOPAC is a popular computer program used in computational chemistry. It is designed to implement semi-empirical quantum chemistry algorithms, and it runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux.[27]

MOPAC2016 is the current version. MOPAC2016 is able to perform calculations on small molecules and enzymes using PM7, PM6, PM3, AM1, MNDO, and RM1. The Sparkle model (for lanthanide chemistry)[28] is also available. Academic users can use this program for free, whereas government and commercial users must purchase the software.[29]

MOPAC was largely written by Michael Dewar's research group at the University of Texas at Austin.[30] Its name is derived from Molecular Orbital PACkage, and it is also a pun on the Mopac Expressway that runs around Austin.[31]

MOPAC2007 included the new Sparkle/AM1, Sparkle/PM3, RM1 and PM6 models, with an increased emphasis on solid state capabilities. However, it does not have yet MINDO/3, PM5, analytical derivatives, the Tomasi solvation model and intersystem crossing. MOPAC2007 was followed by the release of MOPAC2009 in 2008 which presents many improved features [32]

Later versions were no longer public domain software as were the earlier versions such as MOPAC6 and MOPAC7. However, there were efforts to keep MOPAC7 working as open source software. An open source version of MOPAC7 for Linux is also available.[33] The author of MOPAC, James Stewart, released in 2006 a public domain version of MOPAC7 entirely written in Fortran 90 called MOPAC7.1.

In 2022 MOPAC2016 was released as openMopac[34] and opened sourced under the LGPL license.

See also

References

  1. ^ Stewart, James J. P. (1990). "MOPAC: A semiempirical molecular orbital program". Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design. 4: 1–103. doi:10.1007/BF00128336.
  2. ^ a b Stewart, James J. P. (2007). "Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods V: Modification of NDDO approximations and application to 70 elements". Journal of Molecular Modeling. 13: 1173–1213. doi:10.1007/s00894-007-0233-4.
  3. ^ Klamt, A.; Schüürmann, G. (1993). "COSMO: a new approach to dielectric screening in solvents with explicit expressions for the screening energy and its gradient". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2. 1993: 799–805. doi:10.1039/P29930000799.
  4. ^ Stewart, James J. P. (2000). "A practical method for modeling solids using semiempirical methods". Journal of Molecular Structure. 556: 59–67. doi:10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00651-7.
  5. ^ Stewart, James J. P. (1996). "Application of localized molecular orbitals to the solution of semiempirical self-consistent field equations". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 58: 133–146. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-461X(1996)58:2<133::AID-QUA2>3.0.CO;2-Z.
  6. ^ "WebMO".
  7. ^ "Amsterdam Modeling Suite". Software for Chemistry & Materials (SCM). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  8. ^ Stewart, James J. P. (2012). "Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods VI: more modifications to the NDDO approximations and re-optimization of parameters". Journal of Molecular Modeling. 19: 1–32. doi:10.1007/s00894-012-1667-x.
  9. ^ Gieseking, Rebecca L. M. (2021). "A new release of MOPAC incorporating the INDO/S semiempirical model with CI excited states". Journal of Computational Chemistry. 42: 365–378. doi:10.1002/jcc.26455.
  10. ^ Stewart, James J. P. (1989). "Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods I. Method". Journal of Computational Chemistry. 10: 209–220. doi:10.1002/jcc.540100208.
  11. ^ Dewar, Michael J. S. "Development of Practical MO Techniques for Prediction of the Properties and Behavior of Materials" (PDF). Air Force Office of Scientific Research Technical Report. AFOSR-TR-83-0234. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  12. ^ J. J. P. Stewart. "General Description of MOPAC". Stewart Computational Chemistry.
  13. ^ Stewart, J. J. P. (1983). "MOPAC: A General Molecular Orbital Package". QCPE. 3: 455.
  14. ^ Ramsey, David. "Jimmy Stewart offers logic of science to illogical Americans". The Denver Gazette. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  15. ^ Hollingsworth, Katherine. "UGM Presenter Spotlight: James Stewart". Materials Design, Inc. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  16. ^ Stewart, James. "Details of MOPAC-7 Release". Computational Chemistry List. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  17. ^ "MOPAC". Stewart Computational Chemistry (archived from 2007). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  18. ^ "Stewart, James awardee profile". SBIR/STTR. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  19. ^ "MOPAC version 22.0.0 release". GitHub. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  20. ^ "Molecular Sciences Software Institute". Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  21. ^ "AMPAC 10". Semichem, Inc.
  22. ^ Clark, Timothy (1988). "Molecular Orbital and Force-Field Calculations for Structure and Energy Predictions". Physical Property Prediction in Organic Chemistry: 95–102. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74140-1_9.
  23. ^ "AMSOL Home Page". Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  24. ^ "MOPAC 5.022mn Home Page". Chemical Theory Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  25. ^ "MOPAC 2002". CAChe Software (archived). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  26. ^ "MOPAC archive". GitHub. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  27. ^ "MOPAC". Stewart Computational Chemistry.
  28. ^ "Lanthanide Complexes Computational Chemistry". Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
  29. ^ "MOPAC2012 Brochure" (PDF). Stewart Computational Chemistry.
  30. ^ Computational Chemistry, David Young, Wiley-Interscience, 2001. Appendix A. A.3.2 pg 342, MOPAC
  31. ^ J. J. P. Stewart. "General Description of MOPAC". Stewart Computational Chemistry.
  32. ^ "MOPAC2016 - Maintenance record".
  33. ^ MOPAC7 Open Source Version
  34. ^ "MOPAC released as open source".

External links

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