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Presidential elections are currently taking place in [[Senegal]]. [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]], running in place of [[Ousmane Sonko]], and [[Amadou Ba]], the candidate of the ruling party [[United in Hope|BBY]], are considered the favorites to become the next [[president of Senegal]].<ref name=BBC03232024-Cissé>{{Cite news |last= Cissé |first=Khadidiatou |date=2024-03-22 |title=Senegal election dominated by freed prisoner Faye and heir apparent Ba |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68626115 |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-GB |location=Dakar |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> Incumbent president [[Macky Sall]] is standing down after two terms in office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=Senegal's Macky Sall rules out controversial third term |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/04/senegals-macky-sall-rules-out-controversial-third-term/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=[[Africanews]] |language=en}}</ref>
Presidential elections were held on 24 March 2024 in [[Senegal]]. [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]], running in place of [[Ousmane Sonko]], and [[Amadou Ba]], the candidate of the ruling party [[United in Hope|BBY]], are considered the favorites to become the next [[president of Senegal]].<ref name=BBC03232024-Cissé>{{Cite news |last= Cissé |first=Khadidiatou |date=2024-03-22 |title=Senegal election dominated by freed prisoner Faye and heir apparent Ba |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68626115 |access-date=2024-03-23 |language=en-GB |location=Dakar |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> Incumbent president [[Macky Sall]] is standing down after two terms in office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=Senegal's Macky Sall rules out controversial third term |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/04/senegals-macky-sall-rules-out-controversial-third-term/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |work=[[Africanews]] |language=en}}</ref>


Previously, they were originally scheduled for 25 February,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2023 |title=Senegal's next presidential election set for Feb. 25, 2024: statement |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/senegal-election-idAFD7N32000K |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227234558/https://www.reuters.com/article/senegal-election-idAFD7N32000K |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=AbdoulieSey>{{Cite web |last=Sey |first=Abdoulie |date=17 February 2023 |title=Senegal sets date for next presidential election |url=https://apanews.net/2023/02/17/senegal-sets-date-for-next-presidential-election/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=African Press Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227234447/https://apanews.net/2023/02/17/senegal-sets-date-for-next-presidential-election/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> but were postponed indefinitely by a decree of Macky Sall on 3 February,<ref name="postpone" /> and then by the [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] to 15 December. On 15 February, the Senegalese Constitutional Council overturned the postponement and ordered elections to proceed as soon as possible,<ref name="asap" /> with the government subsequently setting a new election date for 24 March, after a national dialogue in the end of February was ruled as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal: govt sets new date for delayed presidential vote for 24 March |url=https://northafricapost.com/75649-senegal-govt-sets-new-date-for-delayed-presidential-vote-for-24-march.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The North Africa Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Senegal to hold delayed presidential election on March 24 |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/07/senegal-to-hold-delayed-presidential-election-on-march-24/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=[[Africanews]] |language=en}}</ref> A potential second round would be held at the end of March.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Hundreds of observers muster to make sure Senegal's presidential vote is fair |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20240323-hundreds-of-observers-muster-to-make-sure-senegal-s-presidential-vote-is-fair |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref>
Previously, they were originally scheduled for 25 February,<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2023 |title=Senegal's next presidential election set for Feb. 25, 2024: statement |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/senegal-election-idAFD7N32000K |access-date=27 February 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227234558/https://www.reuters.com/article/senegal-election-idAFD7N32000K |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=AbdoulieSey>{{Cite web |last=Sey |first=Abdoulie |date=17 February 2023 |title=Senegal sets date for next presidential election |url=https://apanews.net/2023/02/17/senegal-sets-date-for-next-presidential-election/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=African Press Agency |language=en-US |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227234447/https://apanews.net/2023/02/17/senegal-sets-date-for-next-presidential-election/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> but were postponed indefinitely by a decree of Macky Sall on 3 February,<ref name="postpone" /> and then by the [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] to 15 December. On 15 February, the Senegalese Constitutional Council overturned the postponement and ordered elections to proceed as soon as possible,<ref name="asap" /> with the government subsequently setting a new election date for 24 March, after a national dialogue in the end of February was ruled as unconstitutional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal: govt sets new date for delayed presidential vote for 24 March |url=https://northafricapost.com/75649-senegal-govt-sets-new-date-for-delayed-presidential-vote-for-24-march.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=The North Africa Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Senegal to hold delayed presidential election on March 24 |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/03/07/senegal-to-hold-delayed-presidential-election-on-march-24/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |work=[[Africanews]] |language=en}}</ref> A potential second round would be held at the end of March.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-23 |title=Hundreds of observers muster to make sure Senegal's presidential vote is fair |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20240323-hundreds-of-observers-muster-to-make-sure-senegal-s-presidential-vote-is-fair |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref>

Revision as of 12:20, 25 March 2024

2024 Senegalese presidential election
← 2019 24 March 2024 (2024-03-24) 2029 →
 
Candidate Bassirou Diomaye Faye Amadou Ba
Party PASTEF APR
Alliance DP BBY
Incumbent President

Macky Sall
APR



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Presidential elections were held on 24 March 2024 in Senegal. Bassirou Diomaye Faye, running in place of Ousmane Sonko, and Amadou Ba, the candidate of the ruling party BBY, are considered the favorites to become the next president of Senegal.[1] Incumbent president Macky Sall is standing down after two terms in office.[2]

Previously, they were originally scheduled for 25 February,[3][4] but were postponed indefinitely by a decree of Macky Sall on 3 February,[5] and then by the National Assembly to 15 December. On 15 February, the Senegalese Constitutional Council overturned the postponement and ordered elections to proceed as soon as possible,[6] with the government subsequently setting a new election date for 24 March, after a national dialogue in the end of February was ruled as unconstitutional.[7][8] A potential second round would be held at the end of March.[9]

Background

Several parties have announced their intent to run for office in 2024, but they must first receive sufficient support from the general public to pass the sponsorship stage. Any presidential candidate must receive between 0.8 percent and 1 percent of the electorate's signatures. These signatures must be collected with a minimum of 2,000 sponsorships in each of the minimum seven of Senegal's fourteen regions.[4] Candidates can also have the option of receiving sponsorships from at least 13 members of the National Assembly, or 120 mayors and heads of regional councils.[10] A deposit of 30 million CFA francs must also be paid by candidates at the Caisse des dépôts et consignations.[11]

On 17 February 2023, the day before the date was revealed for the upcoming elections, Senegalese opposition candidate Ousmane Sonko, was forcibly taken from his vehicle in the midst of rallies outside a Dakar courthouse where his trial was taking place. Sonko was in court as part of a civil lawsuit against him by Senegal's tourism minister for defamation and public insults.[12]

On 3 July, following a series of protests regarding Sonko's conviction for "immoral behaviour" in a separate case, incumbent president Macky Sall stated that he would not seek re-election for a third term.[13][14]

Registrations for candidacy opened on October 2023 and ended on 26 December 2023. Pre-campaigning began on 5 January 2024 while the campaign period was set to start on 4 February, with the first round taking place on 25 February.[11][10]

Candidates

On 14 July, Ousmane Sonko was announced as the presidential candidate for PASTEF. Sonko's eligibility as a candidate was unclear due to him receiving a two-year prison sentence in June 2023, rendering him ineligible to run according to some legal experts; although it was noted he had not exhausted his appeals to the Supreme Court, which could reverse his sentence.[15] On 31 July, PASTEF was ordered dissolved by the Senegalese government,[16] while Sonko undertook a months-long hunger strike in protest over the political situation.[17]

In September, Sall nominated Prime Minister Amadou Ba as candidate for the ruling Alliance for the Republic.[18]

On 19 November, PASTEF designated its secretary-general Bassirou Diomaye Faye as their candidate for the election.[19] Faye had been imprisoned since April 2023, when he was arrested for criticising the conduct of Sonko's defamation trial on social media.[20] In December, a court ordered Sonko's reinstatement to the voters' list and allowed him to file his candidacy.[21]

A total of 93 people registered to run for president before the Senegalese Constitutional Council. The list of candidates was narrowed down as the body examined the sponsorship of would-be candidates until 10 January 2024 before moving on to scrutinize other relevant documents. Many candidates were rejected due to missing documents, insufficient sponsors or sponsors supporting more than one candidate, including former prime ministers Aminata Toure and Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré, as well as Macky Sall's brother-in-law Adama Faye. This prompted Toure and 27 other candidates to collectively criticise the sponsorship control system.[10]

In January 2024, candidate Thierno Alassane Sall filed a complaint against fellow candidate Karim Wade being of dual French-Senegalese nationality.[22] Wade, a former minister and the son of former president Abdoulaye Wade, subsequently renounced his French citizenship.[23] At the same time, the National Assembly created a commission of inquiry responsible for monitoring the electoral process.[24]

On 20 January, the Senegalese Constitutional Council published the final list of candidates for the presidential election. It was made up of 20 candidates including Amadou Ba, former prime ministers Idrissa Seck and Mahammed Boun Abdallah Dionne, former interior minister Aly Ngouille Ndiaye, the former mayor of Dakar Khalifa Sall, the mayor of Kolda, Mame Boye Diao, and Bassirou Diomaye Faye, who was in prison pending a trial.[25][26][27] Two women were also cleared to run, namely gynaecologist Rose Wardini and entrepreneur Anta Babacar Ngom,[28] the head of one of the country's largest food manufacturers and poultry firms, Sedima.[29][30] Both are the first women to run for president since 2012.[31]

The candidacies of Ousmane Sonko and Karim Wade were not validated, with the council citing Sonko's six-month suspended sentence for defamation that was upheld by the Senegalese Supreme Court on 4 January and Wade's renunciation of his French citizenship being "not retroactive" and his sworn declaration of the renunciation being "inexact".[32] Wade's exclusion prompted the 25 MPs of his Senegalese Democratic Party to call for an inquiry in the National Assembly over Wade's and other candidates' exclusion,[28] which lasted until 18 February, when it was ended by the Senegalese government, citing the opening of a judicial investigation over the matter.[33]

On 28 January, Sonko released a video on social media formally recognizing Bassirou Diomaye Faye as his replacement in the election.[34]

On 19 February, Rose Wardini renounced her candidacy following controversy over her dual Franco-Senegalese nationality.[35]

Postponement

See also: 2023–2024 Senegalese protests

On 3 February, hours before campaigning was about to start, President Macky Sall ordered the indefinite postponement of the election, citing a parliamentary investigation into two judges of the Constitutional Court over their integrity with regards to the electoral process that was launched following Karim Wade's exclusion from the elections and warning of adverse affects on the "credibility of the election by creating the seeds of pre- and post-electoral litigation". Sall also claimed that some of the official candidates held dual-citizenship. This was the first postponement of a presidential election in the country's history.[5][36]

The postponement was welcomed by Wade's Democratic Party, which requested the postponement, while candidates Thierno Alassane Sall, who called the postponement "high treason,"[37] Khalifa Sall and Déthié Fall announced that they would start their campaign as originally scheduled,[38] while candidate Habib Sy said that all opposition candidates had agreed to launch their campaigns together as scheduled.[39] Rejected candidate Aminata Touré called the decision "sabotage".[36] Abdou Latif Coulibaly, the Secretary General of Sall's government and its concurrent spokesman, announced his resignation, saying that he wanted to have "full and complete freedom" to defend his political convictions.[40]

On 4 February, police in Dakar fired tear gas to disperse demonstrators protesting against the postponement and arrested Aminata Touré and candidate Anta Babacar Ngom,[41] who had attended one of the rallies after all 19 opposition candidates called for supporters to gather in the streets, including at a major roundabout and in front of the National Assembly. Authorities also suspended and later revoked the broadcasting license of the private television channel Walf TV for its coverage of the protests, calling it an "incitement to violence".[42][43][44] Protesters were seen chanting "Macky Sall, dictator!" and establishing makeshift barricades, burning tyres[39] and throwing rocks at police.[37] The Ministry of Communication, Telecommunications and Digital Economy shut off mobile internet access on 5 February, citing "the dissemination of several hateful and subversive messages relayed on social networks in the context of threats and disturbances to public order."[45] Three people were killed during protests against the postponement in Saint-Louis, Dakar and Ziguinchor.[46] Protests were also held in Diourbel.[47]

In a heated session on 5 February that saw some opposition deputies removed by security forces after they tried to block proceedings, the National Assembly voted in favor of a proposal to formally postpone the elections until 15 December. The measure, which needed the support of at least three-fifths (99) of the chamber's 165 deputies to pass, was approved by 105 members and rejected by only one MP, and prompted renewed protests outside the National Assembly that were suppressed by police using tear gas. Two opposition parties subsequently filed an appeal to the Constitutional Council urging it to direct "the continuation of the electoral process."[42][48][49] Fourteen opposition candidates also filed an appeal to the council,[50] with two others pledging to challenge the postponement in court.[51] Three lawmakers who were affiliated with PASTEF were briefly arrested on 6 February.[52]

In response to the postponement and subsequent protests, former presidents Abdou Diouf and Abdoulaye Wade called on Macky Sall to organise the "national dialogue he has announced, without delay." They also called on protesters to "immediately end the violence."[53]

International reactions

The French foreign ministry called on Senegalese authorities "to end the uncertainty about the electoral calendar so the vote can be held as soon as possible."[40] The US State Department also urged "all participants in (the) electoral process to engage peacefully to swiftly set a new date and the conditions for a timely, free and fair election".[54] US Senate Foreign Relations Committee chair Ben Cardin said the postponement put Senegal "on a dangerous path towards dictatorship, and must not be allowed to stand."[55]

ECOWAS called on authorities to "expedite the various processes to set a new date for the elections",[54] while African Union commission chair Moussa Faki Mahamat urged a resolution of the political crisis "through consultation, understanding and dialogue" and called on authorities to "organise the elections as quickly as possible, in transparency, in peace and national harmony".[43] The European Union also said the postponement had opened a "period of uncertainty" and called "for the staging of a transparent, inclusive and credible election as soon as possible."[40] United Nations Human Rights Office spokesperson Liz Throssell said any decision to postpone the elections should be "based on broad-based consultations."[55] On 8 February, foreign ministers of ECOWAS member states held an emergency session in Abuja, Nigeria, to discuss the situation in Senegal.[56] On 12 February, an ECOWAS delegation arrived in the country to attempt to help mediate.[57]

The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the Senegalese government's shutdown of Walf TV.[41]

Overturning of postponement and resumption of elections

On 15 February, the Senegalese Constitutional Council ruled that the decision to postpone and reschedule the election by Macky Sall and the National Assembly was "contrary to the constitution" and ordered its cancellation.[58] However, it also acknowledged that holding the election as originally scheduled on 25 February was no longer feasible, and urged the government to act immediately. In response, presidential spokesperson Yoro Dia said that Sall would comply with the decision, but did not give a new date for it to be held.[6] In a televised interview on 22 February, Sall said that he would leave office as scheduled on 2 April, but said that he would hold talks first with political leaders to determine a new timetable for the elections.[59] He also expressed his willingness to release Ousmane Sonko and his supporters as an act of good faith.[60] His proposal for a dialogue was rejected on 23 February by the Aar Sunu Election (Protect Our Election) collective composed of 40 civil society groups, which called it "unacceptable" and an "attempt at diversion".[61]

During the week that the postponement was overturned, several hundred political prisoners were released by the government.[62] At a protest in Dakar on 17 February, opposition candidate Malick Gakou called for the election to be held in March to ensure the departure of Macky Sall from the presidency as previously scheduled on 2 April.[63] A total of 15 candidates have called for elections to be held before 2 April.[64] On the original date of the elections on 25 February, candidates held a mock vote with them slipping ballot papers into a box bearing the words "RIP 25 February."[65] In the end of February, the government tabled an amnesty bill to calm the social and political climate.[66]

During a national dialogue in Diamniadio that was boycotted by the opposition and was attended only by Amadou Ba and another candidate on 26 February, Macky Sall announced that elections would be held before the start of the rainy season in July, and reiterated his commitment to leave office as scheduled in April. In response, Aar Sunu Election, which also boycotted the proceedings, called for a general strike on 27 February.[67][66] On the second and final day of the national dialogue on 27 February, a panel composed of civil, political and religious leaders proposed holding the presidential elections on 2 June, and recommended a review of the disqualification of Karim Wade and other presidential candidates.[68]

On 6 March, the government set the first round of the elections on 24 March after the constitutional court ruled the national dialogue was unconstitutional.[8] Macky Sall dismissed Amadou Ba as prime minister to allow him to focus on his election campaign, and replaced him with Interior Minister Sidiki Kaba.[69] The Constitutional Council approved of the new date on 7 March.[70] On 14 March, days before the election, Sonko and Faye were released from prison, following the passage of the amnesty bill, granting them a few days of campaigning.[71]

In an interview with the BBC on 20 March, Macky Sall rejected responsibility for the political crisis caused by his decision to postpone the election, saying that "I don't owe any apology, I abided by the law".[72]

Campaign

Campaigning began on 9 March and ended on 22 March, but was complicated by it occurring during Ramadan, during which much activities were shut down for the day.[30][73] This forced some candidates to resort to online strategies.[1]

The election took place amid several socioeconomic affecting Senegal, such as high unemployment among the youth, increases in the cost of living, and questions over the management of domestic oil and gas production which is expected to begin in 2024.[74]

Bassirou Diomaye Faye campaigned on creating jobs, taking a strong stance against corruption, and vowing to reexamine energy contracts.[75] He is running under the slogan "Diomaye mooy Ousmane", which means "Diomaye is Ousmane" in Wolof, and is hoping Sonko's charisma and popular appeal amongst Senegal's youth will boost his campaign.[76] Faye's program is similar with Sonko's for 2019.[77] Faye wants to implement a monetary reform to finance the economy of Senegal, removing the CFA franc as the country’s currency. In his program he states that he would “carry out a monetary reform that will allow our country to have its own currency.”[78] He added in a press conference that he believed that there was "no sovereignty if there is no monetary sovereignty."[79] After concern from foreign investors, he walked back the promise in March, saying that he would call for reforming the CFA franc first before considering to create a national currency if it fails.[79]

Amadou Ba said that he sought to represent continuity and stability. He vowed to continue the legacy of Macky Sall with a positive investment climate and said that a vote for him was a vote for "greater peace and prosperity". He criticized Faye and Sonko saying their proposals were radical and labelled them as "bandits"'. He argued his ministerial track record proved he would oversee development and create one million jobs in five years.[1]

Khalifa Sall ran on a platform of sustainable development, particularly on responsible water management and equitable land distribution.[29] Mahammed Boun Abdallah Dionne ran on a platform focusing on Senegal's "economic sovereignty".[29] Anta Babacar Ngom meanwhile called for the strengthening of the private sector, free healthcare and reformation of the education system, including increased recognition for indigenous languages aside from French.[29]

On 15 March, a day after Faye's release from jail, he gathered hundreds of supporters at his first public appearance as a presidential contender.[80] Former president Abdoulaye Wade and his Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) endorsed Faye on the same day, following the disqualification of his son Karim Wade.[81] Cheikh Tidiane Dieye, another candidate in the presidential election, withdrew in favor of Faye.[82] Former prime minister Aminata Touré, who had a public falling out with incumbent president Sall and left the ruling coalition last year, also backed Faye.[80]

Conduct

On 23 March, the electoral observation mission of the Economic Community of Central African States (CEMAC) called for an “inclusive and incident-free presidential vote”.[83]

500 observers are stationed at polling offices around the country and another 500 are travelling between sites to monitor the vote. Their mission is to make sure voting opens on time and whether candidates are present at the count, as well as watching for any interference or irregularities. A coalition of Senegalese civil society groups, known collectively as Cosce, is also involved in the observation mission.[9]

Shortly after polling closed, a visiting government delegation in Saint-Louis was pelted with stones after entering a closed polling station.[84]

Observers from from the European Union, which had over 100 observers throughout the country assessed the elections as well run. Malin Bjork, who heads the EU group that arrived said: "This morning our observers were present in 40 polling stations. Our summary as of now is that the poll took place in a calm environment and was well-organized."[85]

Results

0.3% reporting
CandidatePartyVotes%
Bassirou Diomaye FayePASTEF8,05555.64
Amadou BaAlliance for the Republic4,94834.18
Aliou Mamadou Dia[86]Party for Unity and Rally4373.02
Idrissa SeckRewmi2681.85
Khalifa SallManko Taxawu Sénégal2101.45
Thierno Alassane Sall [fr]Republic of Values690.48
Boubacar Camara [fr]Party of Construction and Solidarity570.39
Papa Djibril FallThe Servants / MPR600.41
Aly Ngouille Ndiaye [fr]Independent530.37
Serigne MboupIndependent520.36
Cheikh Tidiane DieyeIndependent510.35
Anta Babacar NgomAlternative for the Next Generation of Citizens460.32
Daouda NdiayeIndependent390.27
Déthié FallRepublican Party for Progress360.25
Mamadou Lamine Diallo [fr]National Patriotic Union/Tekki280.19
El Hadji Mamadou DiaoIndependent230.16
Mahammed DionneIndependent230.16
Malick Gakou [fr]Grand Party160.11
Habib SyIndependent60.04
Total14,477100.00
Valid votes14,47799.62
Invalid/blank votes550.38
Total votes14,532100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,033,8540.21
Source: Senego/Sunu Élections

Reactions

While the official results of the first round are not expected until 26 March,[87] at least seven candidates, including Anta Babacar Ngom and Dethie Fall, have already conceded defeat to Bassirou Diomaye Faye.[88] This came after the first set of tallies announced showed Faye had won the majority of votes, triggering widespread street celebrations in Dakar.[89]

The ruling party’s candidate, Amadou Ba, rejected reports of defeat and said he expected to contest a run-off vote to decide a winner.[89]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Senegal's Macky Sall rules out controversial third term". Africanews. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  3. ^ "Senegal's next presidential election set for Feb. 25, 2024: statement". Reuters. 16 February 2023. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b Sey, Abdoulie (17 February 2023). "Senegal sets date for next presidential election". African Press Agency. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
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  7. ^ "Senegal: govt sets new date for delayed presidential vote for 24 March". The North Africa Post. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  8. ^ a b "Senegal to hold delayed presidential election on March 24". Africanews. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Hundreds of observers muster to make sure Senegal's presidential vote is fair". RFI. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
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  15. ^ "Senegal: Opposition politician Sonko declared presidential candidate by his party". Africanews. 15 July 2023. Archived from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
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