First Vision

For the Mariah Carey DVD, see The First Vision.

Stained glass depiction of the first vision of Joseph Smith, Jr., completed in 1913 by an unknown artist (Museum of Church History and Art).

The First Vision (also called the grove experience) is a religious belief held by various denominations that comprise the Latter Day Saint movement (commonly called Mormonism) that God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to the fourteen-year-old Joseph Smith, Jr. in a wooded area (now called the Sacred Grove) near Palmyra, New York in the early spring of 1820.

Interpretations of the event vary among Latter Day Saint denominations, but most teach that the vision inaugurated the Latter Day Saint movement and laid a foundation for the restoration of the lost doctrines and authority of primitive Christianity, thus ending the Great Apostasy. The vision also serves modern members of the LDS Church as the basis for distinctive theological concepts such as the belief that the Father and the Son are separate beings, each with a glorified body of flesh and bone.

There is little evidence that Joseph Smith wrote about the First Vision for at least a decade after it was said to have occurred, but several accounts were recorded during the decade following the organization of the church in 1830. Joseph Smith wrote the first known account in 1832. The 1838 version was first published in a missionary publication of the church in 1840 and was included in the original 1851 edition of the Pearl of Great Price, eventually canonized by the LDS Church in 1880.

Most members of the Latter Day Saint movement hold the First Vision to have been an authentic theophany that ushered in the restoration of the New Testament-era Christian church. Skeptics offer alternative explanations for the story in its various versions, including the possibility that Joseph Smith fabricated the story or was deceived.

Historical context

Joseph Smith, Jr.

Main article: Early life of Joseph Smith, Jr.

Joseph Smith, Jr., was born on December 23, 1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Joseph Smith, Sr., and Lucy Mack Smith. The Smiths were a farming family who moved several times because of crop failures and ill-fated business ventures. In 1816 the family arrived in western New York, where they continued to farm just outside the border of the town of Palmyra.

Smith family religious beliefs

Like many other Americans living on the frontier at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Smith family accepted the veracity of visions, dreams, and other communications with God. In 1811, Joseph Smith, Jr.'s maternal grandfather, Solomon Mack, described a series of visions and voices from God that resulted in his conversion to Christianity at the age of seventy-six.

George Edward Anderson's photograph of the Joseph Smith family farm in Manchester, New York, c. 1907. (LDS Archives)

Between 1811 and 1819, Joseph, Sr., reported seven visions, which, according to his wife, Lucy Mack Smith, occurred when he was "much excited upon the subject of religion." The visions confirmed to Joseph, Sr., the correctness of his refusal to join any organized religious group and led him to believe that he would be properly guided to his own salvation. Before Joseph Smith, Jr., was born, his mother, Lucy Mack Smith, prayed in a grove about her husband's repudiation of evangelical religion and that night had a vision in her sleep, which she interpreted as a prophecy that Joseph, Sr., would later accept the "pure and undefiled Gospel of the Son of God."

Joseph was also exposed to the intense revivalism of his era. During the Second Great Awakening, numerous revivals occurred in many communities in the northeastern United States and were often reported in the Palmyra Register, a local paper read by the Smith family. In the Palmyra area itself, the only large multi-denominational revivals occurred in 1816-1817 and 1824-1825. In the intervening years, there were Methodist revivals, at least within twenty road miles of Palmyra; and more than sixty years later a newspaper editor in Lyons, New York, recalled "various religious awakenings in the neighborhood."

The family also practiced a form of folk magic, which, although not uncommon in this time and place, was criticized by many contemporary Protestants "as either fraudulent illusion or the workings of the Devil." Both Joseph Smith, Sr. and at least two of his sons worked at "money digging," using seer stones in (mostly unsuccessful) attempts to locate lost items and buried treasure. In a draft of her memoirs, Lucy Mack Smith referred to folk magic:

I shall change my theme for the present, but let not my reader suppose that because I shall pursue another topic for a season that we stopt our labor and went at trying to win the faculty of Abrac, drawing magic circles or soothsaying, to the neglect of all kinds of business. We never during our lives suffered one important interest to swallow up every other obligation. But whilst we worked with our hands, we endeavored to remember the service of and the welfare of our souls.

D. Michael Quinn has written that Lucy Mack Smith viewed these magical practices as "part of her family's religious quest" while denying that they prevented "family members from accomplishing other, equally important work." Quinn also notes that the Smith family "participated in a wide range of magic practices, and Smith's first vision occurred within the context of his family's treasure quest." Jan Shipps notes that while Joseph Smith's "religious claims were rejected by many of the persons who had known him in the 1820s because they remembered him as a practitioner of the magic arts," others of his earliest followers were attracted to his claims "for precisely the same reason."

Richard Bushman has called the spiritual tradition of the Smith family "a religious melee." Joseph Smith, Sr., insisted on morning and evening prayers, but he was spiritually adrift. "If there was a personal motive for Joseph Smith Jr.'s revelations, it was to satisfy his family's religious want and, above all, to meet the need of his oft-defeated, unmoored father." No members of the Smith family were church members in 1820, the reported date of the First Vision.

The vision

Dating the First Vision

Photograph of the Sacred Grove by George Edward Anderson, circa 1907

Smith said that his First Vision occurred in the early 1820s, when he was in his early teens but his accounts mention different dates within that period. In 1832, Joseph wrote that the vision had occurred "in the 16th year of [his] age" (about 1821), after he became concerned about religious matters beginning in his "twelfth year" (about 1817). In a later account Smith said the vision took place "early in the spring of 1820" after an "unusual excitement on the subject of religion" ending during his 15th year (1820).

LDS member and Columbia University Professor Richard Bushman wrote that Smith 'began to be concerned about religion in late 1817 or early 1818, when the aftereffects of the revival of 1816 and 1817 were still being felt." LDS apologist Milton Backman wrote that religious outbreaks occurred in 1819-1820 within a fifty-mile radius of Joseph's home. "Church records, newspapers, religious journals, and other contemporary sources clearly reveal that great awakenings occurred in more than fifty western New York towns or villages during the revival of 1819–1820....Primary sources also specify that great multitudes joined the Methodist, Presbyterian, and Calvinist Baptist societies in the region of country where Joseph Smith lived."

According to non-Mormon critics, H. Michael Marquardt and Wesley P. Walters, there is no evidence that large multi-denominational revivals took place in the immediate Palmyra area between 1819 and 1820, the period specified by Smith in the canonized account of the First Vision. Joseph's statement that "great multitudes" joined the various religious denominations "in the neighborhood where I lived," is not borne out by the surviving documents. Neither the Presbyterian, Baptist, nor Methodist churches in Palmyra experienced any remarkable religious outpouring. The Methodist circuit in the area even showed net losses from 1819 to 1821. "Denominational magazines of that day were full of reports of revivals, some even devoting separate sections to them." While these magazines covered the 1816-17 and the 1824-25 revivals in the Palmyra area, there is "not a single mention of any revival taking place in the Palmyra area" in 1819-20. Non-Mormon author Wesley Walters notes that apologists for the Mormon position treat Smith's reference to the "whole district of country" as if they referred to "some kind of statewide revival, without notice of the fact that he is talking about a revival that commenced with the Methodists 'in the place where we lived' and then 'became general among all the sects in that region of country.'" D. Michael Quinn notes a Methodist camp meeting in Palmyra in June 1818. In 1819, a large Methodist conference was held in the town of Vienna (now Phelps), about fifteen miles from Palmyra, but there is no indication that there were any revival meetings held in conjunction with it.

In Smith's 1838 narrative, his family's decision to join the Presbyterian Church occurs prior to his First Vision. But Lucy Mack Smith said that she and some of her children sought comfort in the church after the death of her oldest son, Alvin, in November 1823, which if her memory was correct, would place the date of the first vision no earlier than 1824. In 1845, Lucy recalled that she tried to persuade her "husband to join with them as I wished to do so myself." Her three oldest children Hyrum, Samuel, and Sophronia also joined the Presbyterian church, but "the two Josephs resisted her enthusiasm." Wesley Walters argues that "Smith's family could not have joined the Presbyterian Church in 1820 as a result of revival in the area, and then joined the same church again in 1823 as a result of another revival." D. Michael Quinn says that Smith's account is a conflation of events over several years, a typical biographical device for streamlining the narrative.

Local moves of the Smith family have also been used in attempts to identify the date of the vision. In 1838 Joseph Smith wrote that the First Vision occurred in "the second year after our removal to Manchester." The evidence for the date of this move has been interpreted by believers as supporting 1820 and by non-believers as supporting 1824.

The LDS Church has canonized the 1838 account in which Joseph Smith said that this vision occurred "early in the spring of 1820." Two LDS scholars, researching weather reports and maple sugar production records, argue that the most likely exact date for the First Vision was Sunday, March 26th, 1820.

Smith's accounts of the vision

File:The First Vision sculpture Conference Center.jpg

Depiction of the first vision of Joseph Smith, Jr., in the LDS Conference Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.

What Joseph Smith said he saw during the first vision is recorded in several accounts that he wrote or dictated, as well as in interviews and reminiscences of those who said they heard the story:

On a beautiful, clear spring day, Smith went to a clearing in a forested area, to a stump where he had left his axe the day before, and there knelt to pray. He said this was the first time he had ever tried to pray out loud. An 1832 account said that he "cried unto the Lord for mercy" for his sins. According to later accounts, he prayed, "O Lord, what church shall I join?"

His prayer was interrupted by an encounter with an evil spirit. According to an account from his diary, Smith stopped praying because his tongue became swollen in his mouth and because he heard a noise behind him like someone walking towards him. He tried to pray once more, and when he heard the noise grow louder, he sprang to his feet and looked around but saw no one. The third time he knelt to pray, his tongue was loosed and he received the vision. In a later description of his encounter with the evil spirit, Smith said that when he first began to pray, he was immediately overcome by an evil "being from the unseen world" whose power was greater than that of any being he had previously felt. The spirit bound his tongue and covered him with a thick darkness, and he thought he would be destroyed. Nevertheless, at his darkest moment, he summoned all his power to pray, and, as he felt ready to sink into oblivion, the vision rescued him.

Smith said he saw a pillar of "fire light," brighter than the noon-day sun, that slowly descended on him from above, growing in brightness as it descended, and lighting the entire area for some distance. When the light reached the tops of the trees, Smith worried that the trees would catch fire, but they were not consumed, thus easing his fear that he too would be burned. The light reached the ground and enveloped him, causing a "peculiar sensation." Then "his mind was caught away from the natural objects with which he was surrounded; and he was enwrapped in a heavenly vision."

While in the vision, he said he saw one or more "personages", who are described differently in Smith's various accounts. In one account, Smith said he "saw the Lord." In diary entries, he said he saw a "visitation of Angels" or a "vision of angels" that included "a personage," and then "another personage" who testified that "Jesus Christ is the Son of God," as well as "many angels". In later accounts, Smith consistently said that he had seen two personages who appeared one after the other. These personages "exactly resembled each other in their features or likeness." The first personage had "light complexion, blue eyes, a piece of white cloth drawn over his shoulders, his right arm bare." One of the personages called Smith by name "and said, (pointing to the other), 'This is my beloved Son, hear him.'" Most Latter Day Saints believe that these personages were God the Father and Jesus.

In one account, Smith said that the Lord told him his sins were forgiven, that he should obey the commandments, that the world was corrupt, and that the Second Coming was approaching. Later accounts say that when the personages appeared, Smith asked them "O Lord, what church shall I join?" or "Must I join the Methodist Church?" In answer, he was told that "all religious denominations were believing in incorrect doctrines, and that none of them was acknowledged of God as his church and kingdom." All churches and their professors were "corrupt", and "all their creeds were an abomination in his sight." Smith was told not to join any of the churches, but that the "fulness of the gospel" would be known to him at a later time. After the vision withdrew, Smith said he "came to myself" and found himself sprawled on his back.

How the vision story has been presented

The importance of the First Vision within the Latter Day Saint movement evolved over time. There is little evidence that Smith discussed the First Vision publicly prior to 1830. Mormon historian James B. Allen notes that:

The fact that none of the available contemporary writings about Joseph Smith in the 1830s, none of the publications of the Church in that decade, and no contemporary journal or correspondence yet discovered mentions the story of the first vision is convincing evidence that at best it received only limited circulation in those early days.

Smith said that he made an oblique reference to the vision in 1820 to his mother, telling her the day it happened that he had "learned for [him]self that Presbyterianism is not true." Lucy did not mention this conversation in her memoirs.

In the oldest known account of the First Vision, Joseph Smith, Jr., said he "could find none that would believe" his experience. He said that shortly after the experience, he told the story of his revelation to a Methodist minister who responded "with great contempt, saying it was all of the devil, that there was no such thing as visions or revelations in these days; that all such things had ceased with the apostles, and that there never would be any more of them." He also said that the telling of his vision story "excited a great deal of prejudice against me among professors of religion, and was the cause of great persecution, which continued to increase." There is no contemporary evidence for this persecution beyond Smith's testimony. None of the earliest anti-Mormon literature mentioned the First Vision. Smith also said he told others about the vision during the 1820s, and some family members said that they had heard him mention it, but none prior to 1823, when Smith said he had his second vision.

Possible 1830 allusion

Amateur Mormon apologist Jeff Lindsay argues that Joseph Smith may have referred to the First Vision in the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ, written in June 1830 and first published in 1831. In describing the beginnings of Smith's Church of Christ, the document says:

For, after that it truly was manifested unto the first elder that he had received remission of his sins, he was entangled again in the vanities of the world, but after truly repenting, God visited him by an holy angel...and gave unto him power, by the means which was before prepared that he should translate a book."

Lindsay says that the general outline, the heavenly manifestation, Smith's forgiveness and relapse into sin and his subsequent repentance and visit by an angel, is similar to subsequent accounts, but this 1830 statement does not mention an appearance of Jesus or God the Father and there is no condemnation of contemporary churches.

Joseph Smith's 1832 account

The earliest extant account of the First Vision was handwritten by Joseph Smith in 1832, but it was not published until 1965.

[T]he Lord heard my cry in the wilderness and while in <the> attitude of calling upon the Lord <in the 16th year of my age> a pillar of fire light above the brightness of the sun at noon day come down from above and rested upon me and I was filled with the spirit of god and the <Lord> opened the heavens upon me and I saw the Lord and he spake unto me saying Joseph <my son> thy sins are forgiven thee. go thy <way> walk in my statutes and keep my commandments behold I am the Lord of glory I was crucifyed for the world that all those who believe on my name may have Eternal life <behold> the world lieth in sin and at this time and none doeth good no not one they have turned aside from the gospel and keep not <my> commandments they draw near to me with their lips while their hearts are far from me and mine anger is kindling against the inhabitants of the earth to visit them according to th[e]ir ungodliness and to bring to pass that which <hath> been spoken by the mouth of the prophets and Ap[o]stles behold and lo I come quickly as it [is] written of me in the cloud <clothed> in the glory of my Father . . . ."

Unlike later accounts of the vision, the emphasis of the 1832 account is on the young Joseph's quest for personal forgiveness. The account does not mention an appearance of God the Father, nor does it mention the phrase "This is my beloved Son, hear him." In the 1832 account, Smith also stated that before he experienced the First Vision, his own searching of the Scriptures had led him to the conclusion that mankind had "apostatized from the true and living faith and there was no society or denomination that built upon the Gospel of Jesus Christ as recorded in the new testament."

1834 account by Oliver Cowdery

In several issues of the LDS periodical Messenger and Advocate (1834-35), Oliver Cowdery wrote an early biography of Joseph Smith, Jr. In one issue, Cowdery explained that Smith was confused by the different religions and local revivals during his "15th year" (1820), leading him to wonder which church was true. In the next issue of the biography, Cowdery explained that reference to Smith's "15th year" was a typographical error, and that actually the revivals and religious confusion took place in Smith's "17th year." However, Cowdery apparently confused Smith's "17th year" (1822) with Smith being "seventeen years old" (1823), and thus he gave the year as 1823.

Therefore, according to Cowdery, the religious confusion led Smith to pray in his bedroom, late on the night of September 23 1823, after the others had gone to sleep, to know which of the competing denominations was correct and whether "a Supreme being did exist." In response, an angel appeared and granted him forgiveness of his sins. The remainder of the story roughly parallels Smith's later description of a visit by angel in 1823 who told him about the Golden Plates. Thus, Cowdery's account, containing a single vision, differs from Smith's 1832 account, which contains two separate visions, one in 1821 prompted by religious confusion (the First Vision) and a separate one regarding the plates on September 22 1822. Cowdery's account also differs from Smith's 1838 account, which includes a First Vision in 1820 and a second vision on September 22, 1823.

Joseph Smith's 1835 account

On November 9, 1835, Smith recorded an account of the First Vision in his diary that mentioned a vision of two unidentified personages and "many angels" when he was "about 14 years old." Jesus is identified as the Son of God, but neither "personage" is identified with Him. Smith also noted that he had another vision in his bedroom when he was 17. Unlike previous and subsequent accounts, there is no mention of all churches being condemned as corrupt.

Joseph Smith's 1838 Account

In 1838, Joseph Smith said that eighteen years previous, in the spring of 1820, during a period of "confusion and strife among the different denominations" following an "unusual excitement on the subject of religion", he had debated which of the various Christian groups he should join. While in turmoil, he read from the Bible: "If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him."

One morning, deeply impressed by this scripture, the fourteen-year-old Smith went to a grove of trees behind the family farm, knelt, and began his first vocal prayer. Almost immediately he was confronted by an evil power that prevented speech. A darkness gathered around him, and Smith believed that he would be destroyed. He continued the prayer silently, asking for God's assistance though still resigned to destruction. At this moment a light brighter than the sun descended towards him, and he was delivered from the evil power.

In the light, Smith "saw two personages standing in the air", identified as God the Father and Jesus Christ. One pointed to the other and said "This is My Beloved Son, hear Him." Smith asked which religious sect he should join and was told to join none of them because all existing religions had corrupted the teachings of Jesus Christ.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has canonized Smith's 1838 account of the First Vision.

Accounts created for publication

An 1840 missionary tract by Orson Pratt stated that after Smith saw the light, "his mind was caught away, from the natural objects with which he was surrounded; and he was enwrapped in a heavenly vision." Pratt's account referred to "two glorious personages who exactly resembled each other in their features or likeness", but did not identify them as angels or as God and Jesus, or otherwise.

In 1842, two years before his assassination, Joseph Smith, Jr., wrote a letter to John Wentworth, editor of the Chicago Democrat. In the letter, Smith outlined the basic beliefs of the Latter Day Saint movement and included an account of the First Vision. Smith said that he was "about fourteen years of age" when he had the First Vision. Like the Orson Pratt account, Smith's Wentworth letter said that his "mind was taken away from the objects with which I was surrounded, and I was enwrapped in a heavenly vision." In language paralleling that used two years earlier by Orson Pratt, Smith said he "saw two glorious personages who exactly resembled each other in features, and likeness, surrounded with a brilliant light which eclipsed the sun at noon-day", but Smith did not identify the personages or note whether they were angels or deities. Smith said he was told that no religious denomination "was acknowledged of God as his church and kingdom" and that he was "expressly commanded to 'go not after them.'"

Smith's accounts found in later reminiscences

Late in his life, Smith's brother, William, gave two accounts of the First Vision, dating it to 1823, when William was twelve years old. William said the religious excitement in Palmyra had occurred in 1822-23 (rather than the actual date of 1824-25), that it was stimulated by the preaching of a Methodist, the Rev. George Lane, a "great revival preacher," and that his mother and some of his siblings had then joined the Presbyterian church.

William Smith said he based his account on what Joseph had told William and the rest of his family the day after the First Vision:

[A] light appeared in the heavens, and descended until it rested upon the trees where he was. It appeared like fire. But to his great astonishment, did not burn the trees. An angel then appeared to him and conversed with him upon many things. He told him that none of the sects were right; but that if he was faithful in keeping the commandments he should receive, the true way should be made known to him; that his sins were forgiven, etc.

In an 1884 account, William also stated that when Joseph first saw the light above the trees in the grove, he fell unconscious for an undetermined amount of time, after which he awoke and heard "the personage whom he saw" speak to him.

How people have responded to the First Vision

Acceptance of the First Vision

The importance of the First Vision within the Latter Day Saint movement evolved over time. Early adherents were unaware of the details of the vision until 1840, when the earliest accounts were published in Great Britain. An account of the First Vision was not published in the United States until 1842, shortly before Joseph Smith's death. Jan Shipps has written that the vision was "practically unknown" until an account of it written in 1838 was published in 1840.

The canonical First Vision story was not emphasized in the sermons of Smith's immediate successors Brigham Young and John Taylor. Hugh Nibley noted that although a "favorite theme of Brigham Young's was the tangible, personal nature of God," he "never illustrates [the theme] by any mention of the first vision." John Taylor gave a complete account of the First Vision story in an 1850 letter written as he began missionary work in France, and he may have alluded to it in a discourse given in 1859. However, when Taylor discussed the origins of Mormonism in 1863, he did so without alluding to the canonical First Vision story, and in 1879, he referred to Joseph Smith having asked "the angel" which of the sects was correct.

Three non-Mormon students of Mormonism, Douglas Davies, Kurt Widmer, and Jan Shipps agree that the LDS emphasis on the First Vision was a "'late development', only gaining an influential status in LDS self-reflection late in the nineteenth century." Mormon historian James B. Allen also argues that the First Vision "did not figure prominently in any evangelistic endeavors by the Church until the 1880s." The first important visual representation of the First Vision was painted by the Danish convert C. C. A. Christensen sometime between 1869 and 1878, and George Manwaring, inspired by the artist, wrote a hymn about the First Vision (later renamed "Oh, How Lovely Was the Morning") first published in 1884.

Kurt Widner states that it was primarily through "the post 1883 sermons of LDS Apostle George Q. Cannon that the modern interpretation and significance of the First Vision in Mormonism began to take shape." As the sympathetic but non-Mormon historian Jan Shipps has written, "When the first generation of leadership died off, leaving the community to be guided mainly by men who had not known Joseph, the First Vision emerged as a symbol that could keep the slain Mormon leader at center stage." The centennial anniversary of the vision in 1920 "was a far cry from the almost total lack of reference to it just fifty years before." By 1939, even George D. Pyper, an LDS Sunday School superintendent and manager of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, found it "surprising that none of the first song writers wrote intimately of the first vision."

Beliefs about the First Vision

LDS President Joseph F. Smith in the Sacred Grove in 1905.

Most contemporary denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement include the First Vision as part of their doctrine and history. However, they differ in their teachings about both the details and significance of the First Vision, and a few denominations reject it altogether.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has canonized Smith's 1838 account of the First Vision within the book Joseph Smith—History in the Pearl of Great Price, and it is a foundational belief of the Church. An official website of the Church calls the First Vision "the greatest event in world history since the birth, ministry, and resurrection of Jesus Christ."

In 1998, Gordon B. Hinckley, then Church President and Prophet, declared,

Our entire case as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints rests on the validity of this glorious First Vision. It was the parting of the curtain to open this, the dispensation of the fullness of times. Nothing on which we base our doctrine, nothing we teach, nothing we live by is of greater importance than this initial declaration. I submit that if Joseph Smith talked with God the Father and His Beloved Son, then all else of which he spoke is true. This is the hinge on which turns the gate that leads to the path of salvation and eternal life.

In 1961 Hinckley went even further, "Either Joseph Smith talked with the Father and the Son or he did not. If he did not, we are engaged in a blasphemy." Likewise, in a January 2007 interview conducted for the PBS documentary "The Mormons," Hinckley said of the First Vision, "[I]t's either true or false. If it's false, we're engaged in a great fraud. If it's true, it's the most important thing in the world....That's our claim. That's where we stand, and that's where we fall, if we fall. But we don't. We just stand secure in that faith."

According to the LDS church the vision teaches that God the Father and Jesus Christ are separate beings with glorified bodies of flesh and bone; that mankind was literally created in the image of God; that Satan is real but God infinitely greater; that God hears and answers prayer; that no other contemporary church had the fullness of Christ's gospel; and that revelation has not ceased. In the twenty-first century, the Vision features prominently in the Church's program of proselytism.

Community of Christ

William B. Smith, a younger brother of Joseph Smith, Jr., and a key figure in the early Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS, renamed Community of Christ in 2001) gave several accounts of the First Vision, although in 1883 he stated that a "more elaborate and accurate description of his vision" was to be found in Joseph Smith's own history

The RLDS Church did not emphasize the First Vision during the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, there was a revival of interest, and during most of the century, the First Vision was viewed as an essential element of the Restoration. In many cases, it was taught as the foundation and even the embodiment of the Restoration. The Vision was also interpreted as a justification for the exclusive authority of the RLDS Church as the Church of Christ.

In the mid- to late-twentieth century, writers within the RLDS church emphasized the First Vision as an illustration of the centrality of Jesus. The church began taking a broader view of the Vision, and used it as an example of how God evolves the church over time through revelation and restoration. There was less emphasis on the Great Apostasy and a growing belief that the First Vision itself was not necessarily identical with Joseph Smith's later reconstructions and interpretations of the vision, what one RLDS Church Historian has called "genuine historical sophistication." In 1980, this Church Historian noted that he had "systematically brought to the attention" of hundreds of church members "the substantive differences in half a dozen accounts of the First Vision" and expressed his satisfaction that RLDS scholars, "deeply moved and augmented by the presence of the wondrously diverse and conflicting accounts of the First Vision," could "begin the exciting work of developing a mythology of Latter Day Saint beginnings."

Today, the Community of Christ generally refers to the First Vision as the "grove experience" and takes a flexible view about its historicity, emphasizing the healing presence of God and the forgiving mercy of Jesus Christ felt by Joseph Smith.

The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)

The Church of Jesus Christ, a Rigdonite branch with 15,000 members headquartered in Pennsylvania, has had an independent history from the Brighamite branches since the 1844 succession crisis. The church refers to the vision obliquely in a lengthy excerpt from Smith's 1838 account included in its official literature, in which the date "1820" and "a personage" (singular, not plural) are mentioned in paraphrases.

Church of Christ (Temple Lot)

The Church of Christ (Temple Lot), a non-Brighamite branch with 5000 adherents, follows the David Whitmer tradition in rejecting many of Smith's post-1832 revelations. Nevertheless, the church uses several elements of the 1838 account of the First Vision including Smith's desire to know which church he should join, his reading of James 1:5, his prayer in the grove, the appearance of God the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ, the statement by Jesus Christ that all existing churches were corrupt, and the instruction that he should join none of them.

Criticism of the First Vision

Alleged chronological problems

Writing of the revivals described in the 1838 First Vision story (which has been canonized by the LDS Church), Milton V. Backman, Jr., associate professor of history and religion at Brigham Young University said that although "the tools of the historian" could neither verify nor challenge the First Vision, "records of the past can be examined to determine the reliability of Joseph's description regarding the historical setting." Grant Palmer and others claim that there are serious discrepancies between the various accounts, as well as anachronisms revealed by lack of contemporary corroboration.

For instance, in his 1838 account, Smith said that when he shared his vision with a Methodist minister, the latter treated his "communication not only lightly, but with great contempt, saying it was all of the devil, that there were no such things as visions or revelations in these days." Smith said that he became the "subject of great persecution, which continued to increase." But according to emeritus Brigham Young University history professor James B. Allen, there is no evidence beyond Smith's word that he ever mentioned his vision to a minister—or in fact, to anyone else—for years after the event is supposed to have occurred. Nor is there any evidence that the young Smith was persecuted for telling the First Vision story during the 1820s.

Discrepancies cited by critics

Critics of the First Vision cite the multiple versions of the First Vision as evidence that the Vision may have been fabricated by Smith. Critics specifically identify the following discrepancies between the various versions:

• The age of Smith at the time of the vision (14 or 15)
• A religious revival attended by Smith is mentioned as a key event (sometimes it is, sometimes not)
• Identity of supernatural beings (angels, or Jesus, or God)
• Information about corrupt churches (sometimes present, sometimes not. Sometimes Smith thinks this on his own, sometimes the personages in the Vision state it.)
• Message about "sins forgiven" (sometimes present, sometimes not)
• Message specifically stating that the Methodist Church is wrong (sometimes present, sometimes not)

Source of First Vision	Supernatural beings	Messages from beings	Notes
1832 Joseph Smith's own handwriting from his Letterbook The Papers of Joseph Smith, v1, p5-7, Dean Jessee (ed.), Deseret Book Company 1989. And Early Mormon Documents, v 1, p27-29, Dan Vogel, Signature Books, 1996.	"The Lord"	"Thy sins are fogiven thee".	Smith decides for himself that all churches are corrupt. Vision in Smith's "16th year" (i.e. when he is 15 years old). All other accounts state his age as 14.
1835, Nov. 9 - Joseph Smith diary (Ohio Journal, handwritten, Warren Parrish scribe) The Papers of Joseph Smith, Dean Jessee (ed.), v2, p68-69. Deseret Book Company 1989.	Two unidentified personages, and "many angels"	"Thy sins are fogiven thee" and Jesus is the "son of God"	No message of revivals or corrupt churches.
1835, Nov. 14 - Joseph Smith diary (Ohio Journal, handwritten, Warren Parrish scribe) The Papers of Joseph Smith, Dean Jessee (ed.), v2, p79. Deseret Book Company 1989.	"visitation of angels"	None.	No mention of revival, or sins forgiven, or corrupt churches.
1840, September - Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions , Orson Pratt, Ballantyne and Huges publ, 1840 (reprinted in Jessee, v1 p 149-160).	Two unidentified "glorious personages, who exactly resembed each other in their features".	"his sins were forgiven". The personages tell Smith that all churches are corrupt.	This is the first published version. No mention of revival. Online here.
1841, June - A Cry from the Wilderness , Orson Hyde, published in German, Frankfurt, 1842 (reprinted in Jessee, v1 p405-409).	Two unidentified "glorious personages" who resembed "each other in their features".	No specific message.	No mention of "sins forgiven" or revival. Smith determines for himself that all churches are corrupt.
1842, March - Times and Seasons March 1, 1842, v3 no 9, p706-707.	Two personages appear, and one says "This is my beloved Son, hear him".	The personages tell Smith that all churches are corrupt.	No mention of "sins forgiven". A revival is mentioned.
1842, March - Times and Seasons March 15, 1842, v3 no 11, p727-728, April 1, 1842, v3, no 11, p748-749. This version was later incorporated into The History of the Church, and later into the Pearl of Great Price. It is sometimes refered to as the "1838 version".	Two personages appear, and one says "This is my beloved Son, hear him".	The personages tell Smith that all churches are corrupt.	No mention of "sins forgiven". A revival is mentioned. This version was first published in 1842, but when incorporated into the History of the Church, it was assigned the date of 1838.
1843, July - Letter from JS to D. Rupp An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States, Daniel Rupp, Philadelpha, 1844. p404-410.	Two personages appear. No mention of "this is my son".	The personages tell Smith that all churches are corrupt.	No mention of "sins forgiven". No revival mentioned. Available online here. See also the Wentworth letter.
1843, Aug 29 - Interview with journalist David White Reprinted in Jessee v1 p443-444.	Two personages appear. "Behold my beloved son, hear him".	The personages tell Smith that all churches are corrupt.	Revival is mentioned. No mention of "sins forgiven".
1844, May 24 - as told to Alexander Neibaur Alexander Neibaur Journal, reprinted in Jessee, v1, p 459-461.	Two personages appear. One has a "light complexion" and "blue eyes". "This is my beloved son harken ye him".	Methodist churches are wrong. All churches are corrupt.	Revival is mentioned. No mention of "sins forgiven".

Apologetic Responses

Leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have acknowledged that the differences in the accounts can be troublesome. Apostle Neal A. Maxwell wrote:

In our own time, Joseph Smith, the First Vision, and the Book of Mormon constitute stumbling blocks for many—around which they cannot get—unless they are meek enough to examine all the evidence at hand, not being exclusionary as a result of accumulated attitudes in a secular society. Humbleness of mind is the initiator of expansiveness of mind."

Some believers view differences in the accounts as overstated. Richard L. Anderson, a professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University wrote, "What are the main problems of interpreting so many accounts? The first problem is the interpreter. One person perceives harmony and interconnections while another overstates differences."

Other believers view the differences in the accounts as reflective of Smith's increase in maturity and knowledge over time. In a recent PBS interview, Marlin K. Jensen, General authority and Church Historian said:

I've actually studied the various accounts of Joseph's First Vision, and I'm struck by the difference in his recountings. But as I look back at my missionary journals, for instance, which I've kept and other journals which I've kept throughout my life, I'm struck now in my older years by the evolution and hopefully the progression that's taken place in my own life and how differently now from this perspective I view some things that happened in my younger years.

In another interview on the same PBS documentary, Richard Mouw, an evangelical theologian and student of Mormonism summarized his feelings about the First Vision in this way:

My instinct is to attribute a sincerity to Joseph Smith. And yet at the same time, as an evangelical Christian, I do not believe that the members of the godhead really appeared to him and told him that he should start on a mission of, among other things, denouncing the kinds of things that I believe as a Presbyterian. I can't believe that. And yet at the same time, I really don't believe that he was simply making up a story that he knew to be false in order to manipulate people and to gain power over a religious movement. And so I live with the mystery.

References

1. Abanes, Richard (2002), One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church, New York: Four Walls Eight Windows.
2. Allen, James B. (1980), "Emergence of a Fundamental: The Expanding Role of Joseph Smith's First Vision in Mormon Religious Thought", Journal of Mormon History, 7: 43–61.
3. Allen, James B. (1966), "The Significance of Joseph Smith's First Vision in Mormon Thought", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 1 (3).
4. Anderson, Richard Lloyd (April 1996), "Joseph Smith's Testimony of the First Vision", Ensign.
5. Anderson, Richard Lloyd (1969), "Circumstantial Confirmation Of the first Vision Through Reminiscences", BYU Studies, 9 (3): 373–404.
6. Backman, Milton V., Jr. (1969), "Awakenings in the Burned-over District: New Light on the Historical Setting of the first Vision" (PDF), BYU Studies, 9 (3): 301–315{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
7. Berge, Dale L. (August 1985), "Archaeological Work at the Smith Log House", Ensign, 15 (8): 24.
8. Bauder, Peter (1834), "The Kingdom and the Gospel of Jesus Christ", in Vogel, Dan (ed.), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, pp. 16–17 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publication-year= ignored (help).
9. Bitton, Davis (1994), Historical Dictionary of Mormonism, Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press.
10. Brown, Matthew B., Historical or Hysterical— Anti-Mormons and Documentary Sources, Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research.
11. Bushman, Richard Lyman (2005), Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, New York: Knopf, ISBN 1400042704.
12. Cowdery, Oliver (June 9 1830), "Minutes of the Church of Christ", in Cannon, Donald Q.; Cook, Lyndon W. (eds.), Far West Record: Minutes of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1830–1844, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |publication-year= ignored (help).
13. Cowdery, Oliver (1834), "Letter III", Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate, 1 (3): 41–43.
14. Cowdery, Oliver (1835), "Letter IV", Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate, 1 (5): 77–80.
15. Hill, Marvin S. (1980), "The First Vision Controversy: A Critique and Reconciliation", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 15: 31–46.
16. Howard, Richard P. (1980), "Joseph Smith's First Vision: The RLDS Tradition", Journal of Mormon History, 7: 23–30.
17. Howe, Eber Dudley, ed. (April 19 1831), "The Mormon Creed", The [Painesville] Telegraph, 2 (44) {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
18. Jessee, Dean (1989). The Papers of Joseph Smith: Autobiographical and Historical Writings. Deseret Book Company. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help)
19. Jessee, Dean C. (Spring, 1971), "How Lovely was the Morning", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 6 (1): 85 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link).
20. Lewis, Joseph; Lewis, Hiel (April 30, 1879), "Mormon History", Amboy Journal, vol. 24, no. 5, p. 1 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
21. Mack, Solomon (1811), A Narraitve [sic] of the Life of Solomon Mack, Windsor: Solomon Mack.
22. Matzko, John A. (2007), "The Encounter of the Young Joseph Smith with Presbyterianism", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 68–84.
23. McKune, Joshua (June 11 1879), "Review of Mormonism: Rejoiner to Elder Cadwell", Amboy Journal, vol. 24, no. 11, p. 1 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help).
24. Neibaur, Alexander (1841–48), Journal of Alexander Neibaur.
25. Palmer, Grant H. (2002), An Insider's View of Mormon Origins, Signature Books, ISBN 156085157 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help).
26. Phelps, W.W., ed. (1833), [[A Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church of Christ]] ( – ^{Scholar search}), Zion: William Wines Phelps & Co. {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help); External link in |format= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
27. Porter, Larry C. (1969), "Reverend George Lane—Good "Gifts", Much "Grace", and Marked "Usefulness"" (PDF), BYU Studies, 9 (3): 321–40.
28. Pratt, Orson (1840), A Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions, and of the Late Discovery of Ancient American Records, Edinburgh: Ballantyne and Hughes.
29. Quinn, D. Michael (1998), Early Mormonism and the Magic World View (2d ed.), Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-089-2.
30. Ray, Craig N. (2002), Joseph Smith's History Confirmed (PDF), Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research.
31. Roberts, B. H., ed. (1902), [[History of the Church|History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], vol. 1, LDS Church {{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help).
32. Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1832), "History of the Life of Joseph Smith", in Jessee, Dean C (ed.), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, ISBN 1-57345-787-6 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publication-year= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
33. Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1835), "Diary of Joseph Smith, Jr.", in Jessee, Dean C (ed.), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, ISBN 1-57345-787-6 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publication-year= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
34. Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1 March 1842), "Church History [Wentworth Letter]" (PDF), Times and Seasons, 3 (9): 706–10 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
35. Smith, Joseph, Jr. (15 March 1842), "History of Joseph Smith", Times and Seasons, 3 (10): 726–28 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
36. Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1 April 1842), "History of Joseph Smith", Times and Seasons, 3 (11): 748–49 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
37. Smith, Lucy Mack (1853), [[Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations]], Liverpool: S.W. Richards {{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help).
38. Smith, William (1883), William Smith on Mormonism: A True Account of the Origin of the Book of Mormon, Lamoni, Iowa: RLDS Church.
39. Smith, William (1884), "The Old Soldier's Testimony", The Saints' Herald, 34 (39): 643–44.
40. Tanner, Jerald and Sandra (1987 (5th ed)). Mormonism: Shadow or Reality?. Utah Lighthouse Ministry. p. 143-162. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
41. Taylor, John (December 7, 1879), "How a Knowledge of God is Obtained—The Gospel to the Dead—Various Dispensations of the Most High to Mankind—Power of the Priesthood—Restoration of the Gospel Through Joseph Smith—Failings of the Saints—Corruptions of the Wicked", Journal of Discourses, 21: 155–167.
42. Tucker, Pomeroy (1867), Origin, Rise and Progress of Mormonism, New York: D. Appleton.
43. Turner, Orasmus (1851), History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling.
44. Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-072-8.
45. Vogel, Dan, ed. (1999), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 2, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-093-9 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help).
46. Vogel, Dan, ed. (2000), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 3, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-133-2 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help).
47. Vogel, Dan, ed. (2002), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 4, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-159-2 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help).
48. Vogel, Dan, ed. (2003), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 5, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-170-8.
49. Waite, David Nye, Sr. (August 30, 1843), "The Prairies, Nauvoo, Joseph Smith, the Temple, the Mormons &c", Pittsburgh Gazette{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).

External links

• Excerpts from the 1838 version, canonized by the LDS Church.
• A brief official account
• List of First Vision accounts with brief summaries.
• Jerald and Sandra Tanner, "The First Vision" from The Changing World of Mormonism.
• An LDS apologetic on the varied First Vision Accounts.
• The Importance of the First Vision in the LDS Faith.
• "The First Vision" from Mormonism--Shadow or Reality?
• James B. Allen, "Asked and Answered: A Response to Grant H. Palmer".
• An LDS Harmony of First Vision accounts.
• John C. Lefgren, "Oh, How Lovely Was the Morning: Sun 26 Mar 1820?", Meridian Magazine. An LDS author's attempt to determine the date on which the First Vision occurred.
• Scott Ennis, First Vision a sonnet sequence.

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