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'''David Joel Horowitz''' (born January 10, 1939) is an American [[neoconservatism|neoconservative]] writer and policy advocate. Horowitz was a member of the [[New Left]] in the late 1960s before moving to the right in the 1970s.
'''David Joel Horowitz''' (born January 10, 1939) is an American [[conservatism|conservative]] writer and policy advocate. Horowitz was a member of the [[New Left]] in the late 1960s before moving to the right in the 1970s.


He is a founder and the president of the [[David Horowitz Freedom Center]], edits the conservative [[FrontPage Magazine]], and writes for [[Christopher Ruddy]]'s conservative website ''[[NewsMax]]''.<ref>[http://www.newsmaxstore.com/nm/newsmax_pundits.cfm NewsMax Pundits<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Horowitz founded the right-leaning activist group [[Students for Academic Freedom]].
He is a founder and the president of the [[David Horowitz Freedom Center]], edits the conservative [[FrontPage Magazine]], and writes for [[Christopher Ruddy]]'s conservative website ''[[NewsMax]]''.<ref>[http://www.newsmaxstore.com/nm/newsmax_pundits.cfm NewsMax Pundits<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Horowitz founded the right-leaning activist group [[Students for Academic Freedom]].

Revision as of 12:31, 14 May 2010

For other people named David Horowitz, see David Horowitz (disambiguation).
David Horowitz
OccupationConservative Activist, Writer
NationalityAmerican
SpouseElissa Krauthamer (divorced)
Sam Moorman (divorced)
Shay Marlowe (divorced)
April Mullvain Horowitz (current)
ChildrenJonathon Daniel, Benjamin Horowitz, Anne Pilat, Sarah Rose Horowitz (deceased)[1]

David Joel Horowitz (born January 10, 1939) is an American conservative writer and policy advocate. Horowitz was a member of the New Left in the late 1960s before moving to the right in the 1970s.

He is a founder and the president of the David Horowitz Freedom Center, edits the conservative FrontPage Magazine, and writes for Christopher Ruddy's conservative website NewsMax.[2] Horowitz founded the right-leaning activist group Students for Academic Freedom.

Family

Horowitz was born to a Jewish family in Forest Hills. His parents, Phil and Blanche Horowitz were high school teachers. He taught English and she taught stenography.[3] Horowitz majored in English and received a BA from Columbia University in 1959 and a master's degree in English literature at University of California, Berkeley.

His parents were long-standing members of the Communist Party.[4][5] Horowitz recounted his estrangement from his parents and gradual shift to the political right in a series of retrospectives, culminating in 1996 in his autobiographical book Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey.

Horowitz co-hosted a 1987 "Second Thoughts Conference" in Washington, D.C., described by Sidney Blumenthal in The Washington Post as his "coming out" as a supporter of the right. According to attendee Alexander Cockburn, at that conference Horowitz recounted that his communist parents had not permitted him or his sister to watch Doris Day and Rock Hudson movies and instead required them to watch celebratory films about the then Soviet Union.[6]

Horowitz has been married four times. His first wife, Elissa Krauthamer, of Berkeley, California. is the mother of their four children, Jonathan Daniel, Benjamin Horowitz, Anne Pilat, and Sarah Rose Horowitz, who died in March 2008 at age 44 from Turner syndrome-related heart complications.[1][7] She is the subject of Horowitz's 2009 book, A Cracking of the Heart.[7]

In a review of Horowitz's paean[7] to his daughter, Sarah, in which Horowitz explores their estrangement and reconciliation, FrontPage Magazine associate editor David Swindle wrote that Sarah—who cooked for the homeless, stood vigil at San Quentin on nights when the state of California executed prisoners, worked with autistic children in public schools, and with the American Jewish World Service, helped rebuild homes in El Salvador after a hurricane and traveled to India to oppose child labor[8] -- fused "the painful lessons of her father's life with a mystical Judaism to complete the task he never could: showing how the Left could save itself from self-destruction."[9]

After ending his first marriage, Horowitz married Sam Moorman. When they later divorced, he married Shay Marlowe. After the marriage with Marlowe also ended in divorce, Horowitz married April Mullvain Horowitz, his present wife.[10][11] They live in Los Angeles County.

Career

In the late 1960s, Horowitz was in London working for the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation[12] where he studied under Ralph Miliband and Isaac Deutscher. In 1971, Horowitz wrote a biography of Deutscher.[13][14]

Horowitz then wrote The Free World Colossus: A Critique of American Foreign Policy in the Cold War and, in the early 1970s, became an editor at the New Left magazine, Ramparts.

Horowitz was a supporter of Huey P. Newton, and raised money for the Black Panther Party. He has written that he recommended that the Panther Party hire a bookkeeper, Betty Van Patter, who was then working for Horowitz at Ramparts. In December 1974, she was murdered.[15] While her murder is unsolved, Horowitz alleges that the Panthers were responsible for her death, motivated, he states, by the desire to stop Van Patter from revealing the party's financial corruption. Later, he cited that experiences as catalysts for reassessing his views that took him from the political left to the political right.

Activism on the right

In 1992, the Heterodoxy magazine, which Horowitz co-edited, was founded. The magazine focused on exposing what it perceived as excessive political correctness on American college and university campuses.

Horowitz has opposed affirmative action policies, as well as reparations for slavery.[16] Horowitz purchased, or attempted to purchase, advertising space in school publications in order to publicize his opinion that African Americans are not entitled to reparations for Slavery in the United States. Many of these offers were refused and, at some schools, papers which carried the ads were stolen or destroyed.[16][17][18]

While he supported the interventionist foreign policy associated with the Bush Doctrine, Horowitz opposed American intervention in the Kosovo War, arguing that it was unnecessary and harmful to U.S. interests.[19][20] He has recently been critical of libertarian anti-war views.[21][22]

In 2004 Horowitz launched Discover the Networks, a conservative watchdog project that monitors funding for, and various ties among, leftists and progressive causes. In his 2004 book, Unholy Alliance: Radical Islam and the American Left, Horowitz contends that leftists support, intentionally or not, Islamist terrorism and thus require ongoing scrutiny.

In two books, Horowitz accused Dana L. Cloud, associate professor of communication studies at the University of Texas at Austin, as an “anti-American radical” who “routinely repeats the propaganda of the Saddam regime” and, along with all of the 99 other professors in his book, The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America, Horowitz accuses her of the “explicit introduction of political agendas into the classroom.” (pp. 93, 377)

Cloud replied in Inside Higher Ed that her experience demonstrates that Horowitz does real damage to professors' lives—and that he needs to be viewed that way, not just as a political opponent.

Horowitz's attacks have been significant. People who read the book or his Web site regularly send letters to university officials asking for her to be fired. Personally, she has received -- mostly via e-mail -- "physical threats, threats of removing my daughter from my custody, threats of sexual assaults, horrible disgusting gendered things," she said. That Horowitz doesn't send these isn't the point, she said. "He builds a climate and culture that emboldens people," and as a result, shouldn't be seen as a defender of academic freedom, but as its enemy.

[23]

After discussion, the National Communication Association chose not to grant Horowitz a spot as a panelist at its national conference in 2008 even after he agreed to forego the $7,000 speaking fee he had requested.

Horowitz replied, "The fact that no academic group has had the balls to invite me says a lot about the ability of academic associations to discuss important issues if a political minority wants to censor them."[23] An association official said the decision was based in part on Horowitz's request to be provided with a stipend for $500 to hire a personal bodyguard. Association officials decided that having a bodyguard present "communicates the expectation of confrontation and violence." [23]

Academic Bill of Rights

See also: Academic freedom

The issue of "political abuse" of the university is currently Horowitz's main focus. He, Eli Lehrer, and Andrew Jones published a pamphlet, "Political Bias in the Administrations and Faculties of 32 Elite Colleges and Universities" (2004), in which they find the ratio of Democrats to Republicans at 32 schools to be more than 10 to 1.[24]

Horowitz's book, The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America (2006), criticizes individual professors for their professorial conduct. Horowitz accuses these professors of engaging in indoctrination rather than a disinterested pursuit of knowledge. Horowitz states that his campaign for academic freedom is ideologically neutral.[25]

Horowitz and others promote his Academic Bill of Rights (ABR), an eight-point guide that seeks to eliminate political bias in university hiring and grading. Horowitz says that bias in universities amounts to indoctrination, and charges that conservatives and particularly Republicans are systematically excluded from faculties, citing statistical studies on faculty party affiliation.[26] Critics of the proposed policy, such as Stanley Fish, have argued that "academic diversity", as Horowitz describes it, is not a legitimate academic value, and that no endorsement of "diversity" can be absolute.[27]

In 2004 a version of the ABR was adopted by the Georgia General Assembly on a 41-5 vote.[1][2]

In Pennsylvania, the House of Representatives created a special legislative committee to investigate the state of academic freedom and whether students who hold unpopular views need more protection. In November 2006 it reported that it couldn’t find evidence of problems with students’ rights.[28][29][30][31][32][33]

Controversy and criticism

Muslim Students' Association

On April 14, 2008, the David Horowitz Freedom Center ran an advertisement in the Daily Nexus, the University of California Santa Barbara school newspaper that stated, "the Muslim Student Association is a radical political group that was founded by members of the Muslim Brotherhood, the godfather of Al Qaeda and Hamas, to bring the jihad into the heart of American higher education."[34] The Nexus editor stated that Horowitz's ad, while not necessarily the view of the newspaper's staff, was a protected form of free speech and the paper's advertising representatives continued to accept other Horowitz ads. Meanwhile, the GW Hatchet at George Washington University apologized for running Horowitz's ad,[35] noting that it will "provide more stringent guidelines for advertisements."[36] Aharon Morris, a member of the UC Santa Barbara chapter of MSA, gave a statement that ran the next day saying that the underlying [message] was an "ambiguous and perceived threat" of a UCSB group being a terrorist organization and the ad is not only "hurtful but threatening" and could "incite violence" on campus.[citation needed] Horowitz responded in another article by arguing that the President and members of UCSB's MSA essentially supported the "jihad network" by refusing to sign a document to "condemn the genocidal incitements and actions of Hamas and Iran." [37]

During a Q&A at the UCSD on May 10th, 2010, Jimena Imad Musa Ahmal Bahiri a member of the UCSD chapter of MSA expressed her support for the Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah's genocidal desire that all the world's Jews should gather in Israel so that "he doesn't have to hunt (Jews) down globally". http://www.weeklystandard.com/tws/daily/daily.asp http://www.postedeveille.ca/2010/05/usa-jimena-imad-musa-ahmal-bahiri-r%C3%AAve-dun-g%C3%A9nocide-des-juifs.html http://frontpagemag.com/2010/05/12/i-want-a-holocaust/ http://www.studentrights.org.uk/2010/05/gather-jews-israel-easier-hunt-down/

Academia

Some stories Horowitz has used as evidence that U.S. colleges and universities are bastions of liberal indoctrination have been disputed.[38] For example, Horowitz alleged that a University of Northern Colorado student received a failing grade on a final exam for refusing to write an essay arguing that George W. Bush is a war criminal.[39][40] A spokeswoman for the university said that the test question was not as described by Horowitz and that there were nonpolitical reasons for the grade, which was not an F.[41] Horowitz identified the professor in this story[42] as Robert Dunkley, an assistant professor of criminal justice at Northern Colorado. Dunkley said Horowitz made him an example of alleged liberal bias in academia and yet, "Dunkley said that he comes from a Republican family, is a registered Republican and considers himself politically independent, taking pride in never having voted a straight party ticket," Inside Higher Ed reported. [43] Dunkley said Horowitz never contacted him but instead "cooked this whole thing up."

In another instance, Horowitz stated that a Pennsylvania State University biology professor showed his students the film Fahrenheit 9/11 just before the 2004 election in an attempt to influence their votes.[44][45] Pressed by Inside Higher Ed, Horowitz reversed himself and retracted the story.[46]

Horowitz has also come under fire for material in his books, particularly The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America, as New York University Professor Todd Gitlin has written.[47] The group Free Exchange on Campus issued a 50-page report in May 2006 in which they take issue with many of Horowitz's assertions in the book and describe what they see as factual errors, unsubstantiated assertions, and quotations which appear to be either misquoted or taken out of context.[48][49][50]

Some of the professors listed in the book as "dangerous" have replied.[51] Caroline Higgins says she finds it absurd that she's being criticized for teaching about peace and social justice. She also notes that she puts her syllabi online so students already know what her beliefs are.[51] Joe Feagin, who Horowitz criticized for studying racism and sexism, said that his conclusions are based on a 43-year research career in which he has published nearly 50 books and 180 research articles. Feagin asked about Horowitz's credentials, asking whether Horowitz has "done 40 years of solid research on racial and gender issues?"[51] Juan Cole, who Horowitz criticized for his studies on the Middle East, says of Horowitz: "He is an ideologue and he has a particular view of the Arab-Israeli conflict which cannot be sustained by anyone who studies the region with primary texts and a global perspective."[51]

Allegations of racism

Chip Berlet, writing for the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), identified Horowitz's Center for the Study of Popular Culture as one of 17 "right-wing foundations and think tanks support[ing] efforts to make bigoted and discredited ideas respectable." Berlet accused Horowitz of blaming slavery on "'black Africans … abetted by dark-skinned Arabs'" and of "attack[ing] minority 'demands for special treatment' as 'only necessary because some blacks can't seem to locate the ladder of opportunity within reach of others,' rejecting the idea that they could be the victims of lingering racism."[52] Responding with an open letter to Morris Dees, president of the SPLC, Horowitz stated that his reminder that the slaves transported to America were bought from African and Arab slavers was a response to demands that only whites pay blacks reparations, not to hold Africans and Arabs solely responsible for slavery, and that the statement that he had denied lingering racism was "a calculated and carefully constructed lie." The letter said that Berlet's work was "so tendentious, so filled with transparent misrepresentations and smears that if you continue to post the report you will create for your Southern Poverty Law Center a well-earned reputation as a hate group itself."[53] The SPLC refused,[54] and subsequent critical pieces on Berlet and the SPLC have been featured on Horowitz's website and personal blog.[55][56]

Tim Wise, self-described "anti-racist essayist, lecturer and activist" criticized[57] Horowitz in the left-wing publication Znet for associating with alleged racists, pointing to his acceptance of funding from the Bradley Foundation, which supported the publication of The Bell Curve, as well for running a modified piece by white nationalist Jared Taylor on the media treatment of black-on-white murders. When Horowitz ran the piece, he admitted that the decision to do so would be controversial but denied that Taylor was a racist, instead arguing that his "racialism" was an example of identity politics precipitated by an intellectual surrender to multiculturalism; Horowitz denied that he and his publication share Taylor's agenda.

In a 1997 interview with paleoconservative activist Chuck Baldwin [58], Horowitz criticized the United States as an "anti-white racist" country and said that liberals "hate America."

Books and other publications

  • Student: The Political Activities of the Berkeley Students (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962)
  • Corporations and the Cold War (editor) (New York: Monthly Review, 1969)
  • Sinews of Empire Ramparts, October 1969, pp. 32–42
  • Empire and Revolution: A Radical Interpretation of Contemporary History (1969) ISBN 0-394-70856-3
  • Corporations and the Cold War, edited, and with introduction (1970) ISBN 0-85345-160-5
  • The Free World Colossus: A Critique of American Foreign Policy in the Cold War (1971) ISBN 0-8090-0107-1
  • Second Thoughts: Former Radicals Look Back at the Sixties, ed. by Peter Collier and David Horowitz (Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1989) ISBN 0-8191-7148-4
  • Destructive Generation: Second Thoughts About the '60s, by Peter Collier and David Horowitz (New York: Summit Books/Simon & Schuster, 1989) ISBN 0-671-66752-1
  • Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey (New York: The Free Press, 1997) autobiography ISBN 0-684-82793-x
  • The Race Card: White Guilt, Black Resentment, and the Assault on Truth and Justice (Prima Lifestyles, 1997) ISBN 0761509429
  • Hating Whitey: and Other Progressive Causes (Spence Publishing, 1999) ISBN 1-890626-21-X
  • The Politics of Bad Faith: The Radical Assault on America’s Future (Free Press, 2000) ISBN 0684856794
  • The Art of Political War And Other Radical Pursuits (Spence Publishing, 2000) ISBN 1890626287
  • How to Beat the Democrats and Other Subversive Ideas (Spence Publishing, 2002) ISBN 1890626414
  • Uncivil Wars: The Controversy Over Reparations For Slavery (2002) ISBN 1-893554-44-9
  • Left Illusions: An Intellectual Odyssey (Spence Publishing, 2003) ISBN 1-890626-51-1
  • Unholy Alliance: Radical Islam and the American Left (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 0-89526-076-X
  • The Anti-Chomsky Reader with Peter Collier (Encounter Books, 2004) ISBN 1-893554-97-X
  • The End Of Time (2005) ISBN 1-59403-080-4
  • The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America (Regnery Publishing, 2006) ISBN 0-89526-003-4
  • Shadow Party: How George Soros, Hillary Clinton, and Sixties Radicals Seized Control of the Democratic Party (Thomas Nelson Books, 2007) ISBN 1595551034
  • Indoctrination U:The Left's War Against Academic Freedom (Encounter Books, 2007) ISBN 1594031908
  • Cracking of the Heart. Regnery Press. October 26, 2009. ISBN 9781596981034.

Histories co-authored with Peter Collier

  • The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976) ISBN 0-03-008371-0
  • The Kennedys: An American Drama (New York: Summit Books/Simon & Schuster, 1985) ISBN 0-671-44793-9
  • The Fords: An American Epic (New York: Summit Books/Simon & Schuster, 1987) ISBN 0-671-66951-6
  • The Roosevelts: An American Saga (1994)

Notes

  1. ^ a b Palevsky, Stacey (April 10, 2008). "Teacher, writer, human rights activist dies unexpectedly at 44". JWeekly.com. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  2. ^ NewsMax Pundits
  3. ^ Horowitz, David (1997). Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 25.
  4. ^ Chapin, Bernard (August 14, 2007). "Radical Son, Revisited". Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  5. ^ Horowitz, David. Radical Son, 39-40.
  6. ^ Cockburn, Alexander. "A Whiner Called David Horowitz Moans at Sid Blumenthal and Imagined CIA Slur; A Commie Called Graydon Carter; What Chavez Said to Lula, CounterPunch, May 31, 2003
  7. ^ a b c Bunch, Sunny (November 25, 2009). "David Horowitz honors his daughter's life". The Washington Times. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  8. ^ Teacher, writer, human rights activist dies unexpectedly at 44
  9. ^ "Those Who Despise the Radical Son Will Fall in Love With his Progressive Daughter" Rightwing News Dec. 31, 2009
  10. ^ Jacobson, Jennifer (May 6, 2005). "What Makes David Run: David Horowitz demands attention for the idea that conservatives deserve a place in academe". Chronicle Of Higher Education. Retrieved 8 January 2010. (subscription required)
  11. ^ Horowitz, David. Radical Son. Horowitz discusses his first three marriages in this book.
  12. ^ "It's Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week, Coming to a Campus Near You!" by Alexander Cockburn first published in Counterpunch Oct. 27, 2007
  13. ^ Soupcoff, Marni (November 20, 2006). "Confronting the enemy within". Western Standard. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  14. ^ Isaac Deutscher: The Man and his work. London: Macdonald, 1971.
  15. ^ David Horowitz's Long March
  16. ^ a b Horowitz, David (2001-01-03). "Ten Reasons Why Reparations for Blacks is a Bad Idea for Blacks - and Racist Too". FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  17. ^ Walsh, Joan (2001-03-09). "Who's afraid of the big, bad Horowitz?". Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  18. ^ Rosenbaum, Si (2001-03-18). "Embattled editors get Herald out at Brown". The Providence Journal Company. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  19. ^ 22/Feb/1999 Clinton Kosovo Intervention Appears Imminent
  20. ^ Horowitz, David (1999-05-11). "Stop This War". FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  21. ^ CNN.com - Transcripts
  22. ^ Horowitz, David (2007). "Indoctrination U". FrontPageMagazine.com. FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
  23. ^ a b c "Communicating About David Horowitz" in Insider Higher Ed February 19, 2008
  24. ^ Williams, Walter (April 20, 2004). "College update". The Washington Times. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
  25. ^ "About Students for Academic Freedom". Students For Academic Freedom. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  26. ^ Tierney, John (2005-10-11). "Where Cronies Dwell". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
  27. ^ Fish, Stanley (2004-02-13). "'Intellectual Diversity': the Trojan Horse of a Dark Design". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  28. ^ Jaschik, Scott (2006-11-16). "Who Won the Battle of Pennsylvania?". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  29. ^ Jaschik, Scott (2006-11-22). "From Bad to Worse for David Horowitz". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  30. ^ Dogan, Sara (2006-12-08). "Victory in Pennsylvania". FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  31. ^ Horowitz, David (2006-11-21). "What We're Up Against—The Lying Pennsylvania Press". FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  32. ^ Dogan, Sara (2006-11-16). "Pennsylvania Legislative Committee Advocates Sweeping Reforms to Campus Academic Freedom Policies". Students For Academic Freedom. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  33. ^ Horowitz, David (2006-12-06). "Pennsylvania's Academic Freedom Reforms". Students For Academic Freedom. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  34. ^ MSA Refutes Ad in Nexus Connecting Group to Jihad - Daily Nexus
  35. ^ David Horowitz’ Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week, An Idea Whose Time Has Passed
  36. ^ An ad, certainly not an endorsement
  37. ^ Freedom Center Explains Controversial Advertisement - Daily Nexus
  38. ^ "Ex-liberal navigates right". USA Today. 2006-05-31. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  39. ^ FrontPage Magazine
  40. ^ University of N. Colorado Story Confirmed - University of Northern Colorado - News - Students For Academic Freedom
  41. ^ Tattered Poster Child :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs
  42. ^ Tattered Poster Child in Inside Higher Ed March 15, 2005
  43. ^ Tattered Poster Child in Inside Higher Ed March 15, 2005
  44. ^ The Students for Academic Freedom report "The Campaign for Academic Freedom," p. 38
  45. ^ Article
  46. ^ Retractions From David Horowitz :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs
  47. ^ SIVACRACY.NET: Todd Gitlin on Horowitz' "dangerous professors"
  48. ^ Free Exchange on Campus - Downloads
  49. ^ Fact-Checking David Horowitz :: Inside Higher Ed :: Higher Education's Source for News, and Views and Jobs
  50. ^ History News Network
  51. ^ a b c d David Horowitz has a list - Insiderhighered
  52. ^ Berlet, Chip (2003). "Into the Mainstream". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2006-04-23.
  53. ^ Horowitz, David (2003). "An Open Letter To Morris Dees". FrontPageMagazine.com. FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2006-04-23.
  54. ^ http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/readarticle.asp?ID=9831
  55. ^ FrontPage Magazine
  56. ^ Arabia, Chris (2003). "Chip Berlet: Leftist Lie Factory". FrontPageMagazine.com. FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 2006-04-23.
  57. ^ ZNet Commentary: Making Nice With Racists: David Horowitz and The Soft Pedaling Of White Supremacy
  58. ^ http://www.chuckbaldwinlive.com/horowitz.html

Alternate Academic Views

  • Ellis, M. H. (1997) Unholy alliance: religion and atrocity in our time Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers. ISBN 0-8006-3080-7.
  • Henry Giroux (2006) America on the Edge New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-7159-5.

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