Jewish extremist terrorism: Difference between revisions
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*Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie, ''Jewish terrorism in Israel'', Columbia University Press, 2009 |
*Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie, ''Jewish terrorism in Israel'', Columbia University Press, 2009 |
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*Sprinzak, Ehud, ''Brother against brother: violence and extremism in Israeli politics from Altalena to the Rabin assassination'', Simon and Schuster, 1999 |
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Revision as of 16:00, 21 March 2011
 | This article possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. (March 2011) |
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Jewish terrorism is terrorism committed by extremists of Judaism.[1][2][3][need quotation to verify]
Terminology
As in case with other terminologies such as Christian terrorism or Islamic terrorism,[4] the correctness of usage of term "Jewish terrorism" is disputed.
In their book Jewish Terrorism in Israel Ami Pedahzur and Arie Perlinger discuss Jewish religious terrorism, primarily within Israel.[5]
Some researches on ethnic terrorism, distinguish between ethnic terrorism and religious terrorism, but admit that the distinction between these forms of terrorism are often blurred in practice. Daniel Bymen, in his study on "The Logic of ethnic terrorism" argues that Jews operate far more as ethnic group than as a community motivated by and organized according to religious doctrine. The author sees Jewish underground groups Irgun and Lehi as good examples of Jewish terrorism based on ethnic grounds.[6][7]
History
According to Mark Burgess, the 1st century Jewish political and religious movement called Zealotry was one of the first examples of the use of terrorism by Jews.[8] They sought to incite the people of Iudaea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the Holy land by force of arms. The term Zealot, in Hebrew kanai, means one who is zealous on behalf of God.[9][10] The most extremist groups of Zealots were called Sicarii.[11] Sicarii used violent stealth tactics against Romans. Under their cloaks they concealed sicae, or small daggers, from which they received their name. At popular assemblies, particularly during the pilgrimage to the Temple Mount, they stabbed their enemies (Romans or Roman sympathizers, Herodians, lamenting ostentatiously after the deed to blend into the crowd to escape detection. In one account, given in the Talmud, Sicarii destroyed the city's food supply so that the people would be forced to fight against the Roman siege instead of negotiating peace. Sicarii also raided Jewish habitations and killed fellow Jews whom they considered apostate and collaborators.
List of Jewish religious terrorist organisations
The following groups have been considered terrorist organizations:
- The Jewish Defense League (JDL) was founded in 1969 by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City, with the declared purpose of protecting Jews from harassment and antisemitism.[12] The JDL has carried out a number of bombing attacks against targets they consider threats to the Jewish people.[13] The FBI’s Mary Doran described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group".[14] The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that, during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization.".[12][15]
- Gush Emunim Underground (1979–84;): formed by members of the Israeli political movement Gush Emunim.[16]
- Brit HaKanaim (1950–53;): an organization operating in Israel from 1950 to 1953 with the objective of imposing Jewish religious law in the country and establishing a Halakhic state.[17]
- Kach and Kahane Chai: Kach was a political party founded by Kahane in the early 1970s, based on his concept of Kahanism. Kahane Chai was a breakaway group formed by Kahane's son Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, after Kahane was assassinated in 1990. Both were outlawed by the Israeli Knesset in 1994 under anti-terrorism laws.[18] Today, Kach and Kahane Chai are considered terrorist organisations by Israel,[19] Canada,[20] the European Union,[21] and the United States.[22]
- Keshet (Kvutza Shelo Titpasher): (1981–1989) A Tel Aviv anti-Zionist haredi group focused on bombing property without loss of life. [23][24]
The Irgun [[4]] is classified by Israel as a terrorist organization.
Individuals
- Yaakov Teitel an American-born Israeli, was arrested in the aftermath of the 2009 Tel Aviv gay center shooting for putting up posters that praised the attack. Although Teitel confessed to the gay center shooting, Israeli police have determined he had no part in the attack. [25] In 2009 Teitel was arrested and indicted for several acts of domestic terror, namely a pipe bomb attack against leftist intellectual Zeev Sternhell, the murders of a Palestinian taxi driver and a West Bank shepherd in 1997, and sending a booby-trapped package to the home of a Messianic Jewish family in Ariel.[26][27][28] A search of his home revealed a cache of guns and parts used in explosive devices.[29] As of January 2011, the case is still pending trial. [30]
- Eden Natan-Zada killed four Israeli Arab civilians on August 4, 2005. His actions were criticized by then prime minister Ariel Sharon, as "a reprehensible act by a bloodthirsty Jewish terrorist", and author Ami Pedhzer describes his motivations as religious.[31][32]
- Baruch Goldstein an American-born Israeli physician, perpetrated the 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in the city of Hebron, in which he shot and killed 29 Muslim worshippers inside the Ibrahimi Mosque (within the Cave of the Patriarchs), and wounded another 125 victims.[33][34] Goldstein was lynched and killed in the mosque.[33] Goldstein was a supporter of Kach, an Israeli political party founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane that advocated the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian Territories.[35] In the aftermath of the Goldstein attack and Kach statements praising it, Kach was outlawed in Israel.[35]
- Yigal Amir's assassination of Yitzhak Rabin on November 4, 1995 has been described as terrorism with a religious motivation.[36] Amir was quoted as saying he had "acted alone and on orders from God." and that "If not for a Halakhic ruling of din rodef, made against Rabin by a few rabbis I knew about, it would have been very difficult for me to murder."[37][38]: 45 A former combat soldier who had studied Jewish law, Amir stated that his decision to kill the prime minister was influenced by the opinions of militant rabbis that such an assassination would be justified by the Halakhic ruling of din rodef ("pursuer's decree").[38]: 48 This concept allows for an immediate execution of a person if it saves Jewish life, although the characterization of Rabin as din rodef was rejected as a perversion of law by most rabbinic authorities.[39] According to Amir, allowing the Palestinian Authority to expand on the West Bank represented such a danger.[38]: 48 Amir was associated with the radical Eyal movement, which had been greatly influenced by Kahanism.[38]: 53
See also
Footnotes
- ^ "Explaining Part 1: The Axis of Good and Evil." Section "Terrorism Across Religions." by Mark Burgess. Agentura.ru.
- ^ Jacobs, Louis (2007). "Judaism". In Fred Skolnik (ed.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 11 (2d ed.). Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. p. 511. ISBN 9780-02-865928-2.
Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews.
- ^ Jewish terrorism in Israel. Ami Pedahzur, Arie Perliger
- ^ "Islamic terrorism. On not calling things by their right names" by Steven Poole. Unspeak.net.
- ^ Pedahzur
- ^ "The Logic of Terrorism" by Daniel Bymen. 1997. Pages 151, 155 and 157.
- ^ "Global terrorism" by James M. Lutz, Brenda J. Lutz. Walter. Page 127.]
- ^ [1]
- ^ Zealot, Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ Zelotes, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus
- ^ A Brief History of Terrorism
- ^ a b Anti-Defamation League on JDL
- ^ Backgrounder:The Jewish Defense League ADL
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation - Congressional Testimony
- ^ JDL group profile from National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism
- ^ Lustick For The Land and The Lord: The Evolution of Gush Emunim, by Ian S. Lustick
- ^ Pedahzur, Ami, and Arie Perliger (2009). Jewish Terrorism in Israel. Columbia University Press. pg 33-36
- ^ Mark Juergensmeyer. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press. ISBN 0520240111.
- ^ Terror Label No Hindrance To Anti-Arab Jewish Group New York Times, 19 December 2000
- ^ Kahane Chai (KACH) Public Safety Canada
- ^ Council Decision of 21 December 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC Official Journal of the European Union, 23 December 2005
- ^ Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) U.S. Department of State, 11 October 2005
- ^ Radical Orthodox Group Terrorizes Secular Israelis. Pittsburgh Press Feb 25, 1989
- ^ Sprinzak pg. 101
- ^ James, Randy (3 November 2009). "Accused Jewish Terrorist Jack Teitel". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1934103,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- ^ Weiss, Mark (2 November 2009). "Israeli police arrest West Bank settler over Palestinian killings". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- ^ Mitchell, Chris (6 November 2009). "Suspect Arrest Announced in Ami Ortiz Case". CBN News. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ Levinson, Chaim (1 November 2009). "Who is suspected Jewish terrorist Yaakov Teitel?". Haaretz. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- ^
- "Settler suspected of multiple hate crimes". Ynetnews. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- [2] (in Hebrew)
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4017400,00.html
- ^ [3] Washington Post, 5 August 2005
- ^ Pedhzer, Ami, Jewish terrorism in Israel, Columbia University Press, 2009, p 134
- ^ a b 1994: Jewish settler kills 30 at holy site BBC On This Day
- ^ Harvey W. Kushner. Encyclopedia of Terrorism, SAGE Publications, 2003, ISBN 9780761924081, p. 150.
- ^ a b In the Spotlight: Kach and Kahane Chai Center for Defense Information October 1, 2002
- ^
- Pedahzur , Avi, Jewish terrorism in Israel, Columbia University Press, 2009, pp 98-110
- Stern, Jessica (2004). Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. HarperCollins. p. 91. ISBN 0060505338,.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Mahan, Sue; Griset, Pamala, Terrorism in Perspective, SAGE, 2007, pp 137, 138
- Mickolus, Edward, The terrorist list: A-K, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p 66
- Sprinzak, Ehud Brother against brother:violence and extremism in Israeli politics from Altalena to the Rabin assassination 1999
- Hoffman, Bruce Inside Terrorism 1998 pg. 88
- ^ Brother against brother: violence and extremism in Israeli politics Ehud Sprinzak, pg. 277
- ^ a b c d Mark Juergensmeyer. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press. ISBN 0520240111.
- ^ Sprinzak, pg. 255
References
- Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie, Jewish terrorism in Israel, Columbia University Press, 2009
- Sprinzak, Ehud, Brother against brother: violence and extremism in Israeli politics from Altalena to the Rabin assassination, Simon and Schuster, 1999