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Coordinates: 37°56′10″N 77°55′59″W / 37.936°N 77.933°W / 37.936; -77.933
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Classes at the Fredericksburg campus of [[Germanna Community College]] were canceled indefinitely while alternative classrooms were found. The Dickinson Building was deemed unusable for the rest of the semester.<ref name=Germanna>{{cite web|title=Germanna Community College will reopen as soon as final arrangements are made.|url=http://www.germanna.edu/|work=Germanna Community College|publisher=Germanna Community College|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref>
Classes at the Fredericksburg campus of [[Germanna Community College]] were canceled indefinitely while alternative classrooms were found. The Dickinson Building was deemed unusable for the rest of the semester.<ref name=Germanna>{{cite web|title=Germanna Community College will reopen as soon as final arrangements are made.|url=http://www.germanna.edu/|work=Germanna Community College|publisher=Germanna Community College|accessdate=24 August 2011}}</ref>


A gas leak in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], about {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the epicenter, led to the evacuation of homes and businesses in a two-block radius.<ref name=FLSMain />
A gas leak in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], about {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the epicenter, led to the evacuation of homes and businesses in a two-block radius.<ref name=FLSMain /> Another gas leak was discovered in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], about {{convert|44|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the epicenter and shut down several streets, including West Main Street. <ref name=Newsplex>{{cite web|title=Charlottesville Gas Leak Likely Triggered by Earthquake|url=http://www.newsplex.com/home/headlines/Charlottesville_Gas_Leak_Likely_Triggered_by_Earthquake_128287198.html|work=Charlottesville Newsplex|publisher=Charlottesville Newsplex|access date=25 August 2011}}</ref>


In [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], a burst pipe flooded two corridors at [[the Pentagon]], which was evacuated under an emergency procedure put into place after the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/23/quake-hits-near-washington-d-c/|title=D.C. monuments 'stable' after 5.9 magnitude quake, official says}}</ref>
In [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], a burst pipe flooded two corridors at [[the Pentagon]], which was evacuated under an emergency procedure put into place after the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/08/23/quake-hits-near-washington-d-c/|title=D.C. monuments 'stable' after 5.9 magnitude quake, official says}}</ref>

Revision as of 13:43, 25 August 2011

2011 Virginia earthquake
Epicenter is located in the United States
Epicenter
Epicenter
UTC time??
Magnitude5.8[1]
Depth6 kilometers (4 mi)[1]
Epicenter37°56′10″N 77°55′59″W / 37.936°N 77.933°W / 37.936; -77.933
TypeEarthquake
Areas affected United States
 Canada
Max. intensityVII (very strong)[2]

The 2011 Virginia earthquake was a magnitude-5.8 Mw intraplate earthquake that occurred in the Piedmont region of the U.S. state of Virginia on August 23, 2011, at 1:51 PM EDT (17:51 UTC). The focus was 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of Richmond and 8 km (5 mi) from the town of Mineral.[1][3] Four aftershocks of magnitudes 2.8, 2.2, 4.2 and 3.4 occurred within twelve hours of the main tremor.[4][5][6][7][8] A fifth aftershock of magnitude 4.5 occurred nearly 36 hours after the earthquake.[9]

The quake (along with a magnitude-5.8 1944 quake on the New York-Ontario border) was the largest in the U.S. east of the Rocky Mountains in 114 years,[10][11] since an 1897 quake centered in Giles County, Virginia (estimated to have been of magnitude 5.9, according to one United States Geological Survey (USGS) source,[12] or magnitude 5.8, according to a USGS Professional Paper and the Virginia Tech geology department).[13]

The quake was felt across more than a dozen U.S. states and in multiple Canadian provinces. It damaged several national monuments in Washington, D.C., and caused an estimated $100 million in damage across the area.[14] No deaths and only minor injuries were reported.[15][14]

Geology

Generalized geologic map of the central Virginia Piedmont with faults and earthquakes (M>2, 1973-2011)

The earthquake occurred in the Virginia Seismic Zone, located in the Piedmont region,[16] likely along the Spotsylvania Fault.[17] The Virginia Piedmont area was originally formed as part of a zone of repeated continental collision that created the ancestral Appalachian Mountains, a process that started in the Ordovician Period with the Taconic orogeny and finished in the Carboniferous Period with the Alleghenian orogeny. The reverse faults formed during the various orogenies were partly reactivated in extension during the Mesozoic Era as the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart. During the Cenozoic Era, some of these structures have been further reactivated in a reverse sense.[18] The earthquake's focal mechanism shows reverse slip faulting on a north to northeast striking fault plane, although the actual fault has never been identified. The size of the rupture is likely to be in the range 5–15 km.[1]

After the earthquake, some suggested fracking may have caused or contributed to the quake.[19] But no link has ever been reliably determined, and there were no fracking operations in Virginia at the time of the quake.[20]

Impact

Tremors were felt as far south as Atlanta, Georgia;[21] as far north as Quebec City, Quebec;[22] as far west as Illinois[23] and as far east as Fredericton, New Brunswick,[24] with damage reported as far away as Brooklyn in New York City.[25] According to the USGS, the effects of earthquakes in the eastern United States are able to spread more efficiently than in the western United States because of geologic conditions on the east coast. In the eastern United States, the energy produced by an earthquake can spread farther and have a greater impact. The relative age of the rock and the fact that this was a shallow earthquake contributed to the widespread effects.[26]

United States

Earthquakes are rare in the eastern United States, and many buildings in the region are not specifically designed and constructed to withstand earthquakes. Soon after the earthquake, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ordered a ground stop along the East Coast, causing some delays. The Air Traffic Control tower at John F. Kennedy International Airport was reportedly evacuated. Flights were delayed at several airports, including John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Dulles International Airport, and Philadelphia International Airport.[27] At National Airport, ceiling tiles fell and flights were halted.[28][29][30] A spike in cell phone calls congested the AT&T and Verizon Wireless networks, causing short-lived disruptions.[31]

Virginia

The epicenter of the earthquake was 8 km (5 mi) from the town of Mineral, located within Louisa County, Virginia. Mineral reported the collapse of two buildings, as well as minor damage to several other structures, including the collapse of the ceiling in City Hall. Several minor injuries were reported, among them people reporting chest pain after the shock of the experience.[32] Fallen chimneys and other structural damage to buildings was reported in Mineral and in Louisa, the county seat. At Louisa County High School, cinderblocks fell in classrooms and cracks were seen in walls. Six students had minor injuries. Louisa County schools were closed on August 24 while engineers assessed damage to school buildings.[33]

In Culpeper, Virginia, located about 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, several buildings sustained structural damage. The walls of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, constructed in 1821, buckled and were deemed unstable by town officials. Another church, Culpeper Baptist, built in 1894, lost its chimney. The façade of the Masonic Lodge building had wide cracks in the front and sides. Other buildings in the city sustained cracks in brickwork.[34] Schools in Culpeper and neighboring Spotsylvania counties delayed their scheduled August 24 opening to assess damage to buildings.[35]

Six patients were treated at the Spotsylvania Regional Medical Center for minor injuries resulting from the earthquake.[33] Two minor injuries were reported at the Culpeper Regional Hospital.[34]

Classes at the Fredericksburg campus of Germanna Community College were canceled indefinitely while alternative classrooms were found. The Dickinson Building was deemed unusable for the rest of the semester.[36]

A gas leak in Fredericksburg, Virginia, about 60 km (37 mi) from the epicenter, led to the evacuation of homes and businesses in a two-block radius.[33] Another gas leak was discovered in Charlottesville, Virginia, about 44 km (27 mi) from the epicenter and shut down several streets, including West Main Street. [37]

In Arlington County, a burst pipe flooded two corridors at the Pentagon, which was evacuated under an emergency procedure put into place after the September 11 attacks.[38]

Footage posted online showed cars crushed by bricks that fell from a façade in Tysons Corner, Virginia.[39]

The two nuclear reactors at the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station, 11 miles (18 km) from the epicenter, shut down automatically.[40]

Washington, D.C.

Some employees evacuated the Pentagon moments after the earthquake

In Washington, D.C., the White House,[41] the Capitol building and other buildings were evacuated. Afternoon rush hour was affected, as many workers left early,[42] and the Washington Metro system's trains ran at reduced speeds while tracks and tunnels were inspected.[43]

The quake damaged three of four pinnacles (corner spires) on the central tower of the Washington National Cathedral and cracked some of its flying buttresses.[44][45] A National Park Service spokesperson reported that surveys revealed cracks near the top of the Washington Monument, which was closed indefinitely.[46] The Smithsonian Castle incurred damage to five decorative turrets, and fifty jars of specimens shattered at the National Museum of Natural History.[47]

Damage to the Embassy of Ecuador.

The Embassy of Ecuador in Washington, D.C. also suffered structural damage, including three collapsed chimneys and cracked internal walls.[48] Other damage was reported was minor.

Maryland

In Temple Hills, Maryland, residents were evacuated from two damaged apartment buildings. The tops of four spires on the Washington D.C. Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints fell to the ground along with several pieces of marble from the façade.[49] Near Brunswick, the quake caused "significant discoloration and a reduction in the quality of the water" of a spring, leading officials to warn against using the water until further notice.[50] In the Fells Point neighborhood, St. Patrick Catholic Church was deemed unsafe and will be closed for weeks for repairs.[51] In Salisbury the City Police Department endured damage above doorways and in concrete block walls.[52] There was also minor cracking in classroom walls at Salisbury University.[53] Several buildings at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, were damaged.[54]

Pennsylvania

In Pennsylvania, trembling was felt in buildings in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and across the state. In Center City Philadelphia, a window shattered on a lower floor at the Independence Blue Cross building. The company sent its 3,000 employees home for the day.[55] Other office buildings in Center City Philadelphia were also evacuated following the earthquake.[56] Workers at PPL Corp. in Allentown evacuated the building. The Three Mile Island nuclear plant continued to operate during the earthquake, according to a Three Mile Island spokesperson.[55] The Bucks County Courthouse in Doylestown was evacuated following the earthquake.[57] In Philadelphia, SEPTA Regional Rail trains were restricted to a speed of 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) while tracks were inspected for damage and PATCO Speedline trains were briefly suspended, with no damage reported. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation conducted inspections on bridges across the state to check for possible damage. The Delaware River Port Authority reported no damage to its four bridges across the Delaware River.[58]

Delaware

In New Castle County, blocks fell to the street from the steeple of St. Thomas the Apostle Church. The New Castle County Courthouse in Wilmington and air traffic control tower of the New Castle County Airport in Wilmington Manor were evacuated. In Kent County, fire marshals and building inspectors were called to assess structures throughout the capital of Dover, where the city hall was evacuated. In Sussex County, numerous buildings in the county seat of Georgetown were evacuated while crews checked for damage; the Emergency Operations Center reported 200 calls to 911. DelDOT crews were dispatched statewide to inspect interstate highways, the under-construction Indian River Inlet Bridge, the Delaware Memorial Bridge, and other bridges and roads.[59]

West Virginia

In West Virginia, the Kanawha County Courthouse, the West Virginia State Capitol campus, and several other buildings in downtown Charleston were evacuated. Kanawha County dispatchers received more than 350 calls in 45 minutes but there were no reports of damage to buildings and infrastructure other than minor plaster cracking in the old courthouse. Part of a chimney collapsed at the county courthouse in Philippi in Barbour County. The West Virginia Office of Miners' Health, Safety and Training stated that West Virginia coal mines were safe following the tremors.[60][61]

Maine

The earthquake was felt in Maine as far north as Augusta and Portland. No damage was reported in the state.[62]

Massachusetts

In Boston, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency reported tremors and swaying buildings but no damage. The U.S. District Court in South Boston was evacuated and the University of Massachusetts Boston closed early. No damage was reported at Logan International Airport, and most buildings were not evacuated. Boston firefighters were dispatched to 111 Devonshire Street in downtown Boston to "investigate reports that the building had started to lean after the tremor," but fire officials said that "according to the building manager and city inspectors, the building always looked that way."[63]

Michigan

Tremors from the earthquake could be felt in Detroit.[64] The earthquake could also be felt as far north as Saginaw[64] and as far west as communities on Lake Michigan.[65] There were no reports of damage.[64]

New Jersey

Damage in New Jersey was minor. The state Emergency Management office reported two gas leaks in Gloucester County. In Burlington, Temple B'nai Israel's 1801 synagogue building sustained some water damage, and about 20 bricks fell off, damaging a congregant's car. In Camden, a vacant house partially collapsed. Government buildings were evacuated, with city workers given the option of returning home for the day. No infrastructure damage was reported.

New York

People gather outside 40 Wall Street in New York City after the earthquake.

Tremors were felt throughout New York State to varying degrees. Physical damage was seen in Brooklyn.[25] There were some disruptions, including building evacuations and delays at airports. Amtrak train service at Penn Station was also delayed.[66]

Connecticut

In New Haven, play at the New Haven Open at Yale was stopped for two hours and the main stadium was evacuated while the fire department checked it for damage. No damage or injuries were reported.[67]

Ohio

In Columbus, the Huntington Center was briefly evacuated.[68] Occupants on the upper floors of the Rhodes State Office Tower and the Vern Riffe State Office Tower also reported feeling strong shaking. Evacuations also occured in Canton[69] and Akron,[70] and in Cleveland the press box at Progressive Field shook during the third inning of a Cleveland Indians baseball game.[71]

Canada

Tremors from the earthquake were also felt in Eastern Canada, mostly in Southern Ontario, as well as parts of Quebec and the Maritimes. A few buildings in Toronto were evacuated and precautionary measures were made in places as far as Sudbury and Windsor, Ontario.[72][73]

Animal reactions

Staff at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in Washington D.C. reported that some of the animals in the park appeared to show behavior suggesting that they anticipated the quake from seconds to minutes before it was felt in the area. The earthquake arrived at the great ape exhibits during afternoon feeding time. About three to ten seconds before the quake, many of the apes abandoned their food and climbed to the top of the tree-like structure in the exhibit. The red-ruffed lemurs sounded an alarm call about 15 minutes before the quake and the flock of 64 flamingos rushed about and grouped themselves together just before the quake.[74]

Social media

According to Facebook, the word "earthquake" appeared in the status updates of 3 million users within four minutes of the quake. Twitter said users were sending up to 5,500 tweets per second, which tops the peak rate during the death of Osama bin Laden and was "on par with" the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[75] Wikipedia had an article dedicated to the earthquake by 2:03 PM, after it was mentioned in two other Wikipedia articles.[76]

A number of users living on the West Coast, where such magnitude-5 earthquakes are more common, posted messages on Twitter and Facebook mocking what they perceived as the East Coast's "overreaction" to the Virginia quake.[77][78]

Wikinews has related news:

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 Virginia earthquake.

References

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  2. ^ "Pager– M 5.8– Virginia". United States Geological Survey. 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
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  5. ^ "Magnitude 2.2 – Virginia". United States Geological Survey. 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
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  19. ^ Gilliland, Donald (August 24, 2011). "Marcellus Shale drilling to blame for Virginia earthquake? No fracking way, industry officials say". The Patriot-News. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
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  35. ^ Gould, Pamela (August 24, 2011). "ALL SHOOK UP Two school divisions delay start of the school year after earthquake". Free Lance-Star; Fredericksburg, Virginia. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
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  38. ^ "D.C. monuments 'stable' after 5.9 magnitude quake, official says".
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  57. ^ Weckselblatt, Gary (August 24, 2011). "Bucks courthouse evacuated after quake strikes". The Intelligencer.
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  64. ^ a b c Gonzalez, John (August 24, 2011). "Earthquake Map: Why Michigan residents felt the Virginia Earthquake". MLive.com. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
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  66. ^ "NY gets tremors but no damage from quake in Va. damage" (August 23, 2011). Associated Press.
  67. ^ "Earthquake Causes Evacuation At New Haven Open". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
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  70. ^ "Earthquake Rattles Nerves in Akron Area". Akron Beacon Journal. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  71. ^ Manoloff, Dennis (August 23, 2011). "Shin-Soo Choo Homer in 9th Lifts Indians past Mariners, 7-5; Rumblings from Virginia Earthquake Felt in Bottom of 3rd". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 24, 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  72. ^ "Strong earthquake hits Canada, U.S. East Coast". Vancouver Sun. August 23, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  73. ^ "5.8 earthquake rattles Canada, eastern U.S." CBC News. August 23, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  74. ^ "National Zoo Animals React to the Earthquake". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  75. ^ Kang, Cecilia (August 23, 2011). "Facebook, Twitter report record earthquake messages". Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  76. ^ Montgomery, David (August 24, 2011). "Minutes after Virginia earthquake, it was on Wikipedia". Washington Post.
  77. ^ "'Hey East Coast, the entire West Coast is mocking you right now'". MSNBC. August 24, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  78. ^ "Post Quake, West Coast Teases East On Social Networks". CBS San Francisco. August 23, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
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