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==Criticism==
==Criticism==
[[File:Every6SecondsSomeoneContractsHIV.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A condom in the shape of an aids ribbon. Expert consensus is that [[Condom#In preventing STDs|condoms are a powerful way to prevent STD transmission]], and that [[abstinence-only sex education]] is ineffective.]]

The Church's stance has been criticized as unrealistic, ineffective and irresponsible by some public health officials and AIDS activists.<ref name=CNS.AIDS /><ref name="Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/oct/09/aids Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids]</ref><ref name="Partnerships in civil society">[http://www.unaids.org/fr/Partnerships/Civil+society/default.asp Partnerships in civil society]</ref>
The Church's stance has been criticized as unrealistic, ineffective and irresponsible by some public health officials and AIDS activists.<ref name=CNS.AIDS /><ref name="Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/oct/09/aids Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids]</ref><ref name="Partnerships in civil society">[http://www.unaids.org/fr/Partnerships/Civil+society/default.asp Partnerships in civil society]</ref> They often refer to empirical studies regarding the ability of [[Condom#In preventing STDs|condoms to prevent STDs]]; professional consensus is that, although condoms do not guarantee the perfect prevention of STD transmission<ref>{{cite web |last=Villhauer|first=Tanya |title=Condoms Preventing HPV? |publisher=University of Iowa Student Health Service/Health Iowa |date=2005-05-20|url=http://www.uistudenthealth.com/question/default.aspx?q=738|accessdate=2009-07-26 }}</ref>, condoms greatly reduce the risks of transmission.<ref name="planned parenthood">{{cite web |title=Condom|publisher=Planned Parenthood | year=2008|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/condom-10187.htm|accessdate=2007-11-19 }}</ref><ref name=DualProtection>{{cite journal|author=Cates, W., Steiner, M. J.|year=2002|title=Dual Protection Against Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: What Is the Best Contraceptive Approach?|journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases|volume=29|issue=3|pages=168–174|url=http://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/Fulltext/2002/03000/Dual_Protection_Against_Unintended_Pregnancy_and.7.aspx|doi=10.1097/00007435-200203000-00007|pmid=11875378}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Winer, R; Hughes, J; Feng, Q; O'Reilly, S; Kiviat, N; Holmes, K; Koutsky, L |title=Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa053284|journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=25 |pages=2645–54|year=2006 |pmid=16790697|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/25/2645|accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>
Other research focused on [[HIV/AIDS]] in particular and has reliably found more than an 80% drop in the risk of transmission<ref name="workshop">{{cite conference |last=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | authorlink = National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | coauthors = National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services |title=Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention|pages=13–15 |date=2001-07-20 |location=Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia|url=http://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/organization/dmid/documents/condomreport.pdf|format=PDF |accessdate=2010-09-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003255|author=Cayley, W.E. & Davis-Beaty, K.|year=2007|title=Effectiveness of Condoms in Reducing Heterosexual Transmission of HIV (Review)|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003255/frame.html|editor1-last=Weller|editor1-first=Susan C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), INFO Project|year=2007|title=Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers| publisher=INFO Project at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|url=http://www.infoforhealth.org/globalhandbook/index.shtml|page=200}}</ref>.
Researchers report that the primary challenge is getting people to use condoms all the time<ref name="badnews">{{cite journal |last=Nordenberg |first=Tamar|title=Condoms: Barriers to Bad News | journal = FDA Consumer magazine|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | month = March–April |year=1998|url=http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm126370.htm|accessdate=2007-06-07 }}</ref>.


[[Polly Toynbee]] has characterized the Vatican as "a modern, potent force for cruelty and hypocrisy", charging that the Church's ban on condoms has "caused the death of millions of Catholics and others in areas dominated by Catholic missionaries, in Africa and right across the world. In countries where 50% are infected, millions of very young AIDS orphans are today's immediate victims of the curia."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2007/mar/07030610.html |title=While Critics Blame Catholic Church for AIDS Deaths Stats Show Just the Opposite |date=2007-03-06 |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref>
[[Polly Toynbee]] has characterized the Vatican as "a modern, potent force for cruelty and hypocrisy", charging that the Church's ban on condoms has "caused the death of millions of Catholics and others in areas dominated by Catholic missionaries, in Africa and right across the world. In countries where 50% are infected, millions of very young AIDS orphans are today's immediate victims of the curia."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifesitenews.com/ldn/2007/mar/07030610.html |title=While Critics Blame Catholic Church for AIDS Deaths Stats Show Just the Opposite |date=2007-03-06 |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:17, 30 September 2011

Issues surrounding the Catholic Church and AIDS have become controversial in the past twenty years, primarily because many prominent religious leaders have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms for contraception or disease prevention. Many health workers and even some religious figures feel they are currently the only means to stop the epidemic. [citation needed] Other issues involve religious participation in global health care services and collaboration with secular organizations such as UNAIDS and the World Health Organization. Catholic organisations like Caritas already perform extensive social and educational work relating to AIDS, as for example the provision of services to 14,000 AIDS orphans in Namibia.[3]

Background

The sexual revolution of the 1960s precipitated Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae (On Human Life) which rejected the use of contraception, including sterilization, asserting that these work against the intimate relationship and moral order of husband and wife by directly opposing God's will.[1] It approved Natural Family Planning as a legitimate means to limit family size.[1] The assertion of Papal authority on this issue was an unusual departure from Conciliar authority which was the normal process of the Church Councils such as Vatican II.

Church teaching on the use of condoms

The use of condoms to prevent disease is a controversial issue, with Catholic theologians arguing both sides.[2][3][4] Unlike drugs and surgical procedures, however, the current consensus is that using condoms during sex is morally contraceptive and thus a sin.

While condoms might serve as an effective barrier to the transmission of HIV, condoms also impermissibly impede the procreative aspect of the sexual act which is understood by the Church to have a deeply theological meaning. As such, their use is forbidden. Theology aside, Church officials deny that their teaching against condom use is followed by those same people who flout Church teaching on illicit sexual activity, such as its absolute condemnation of anal intercourse between men.

A common position of Church leaders is that officially permitting condom use as a method of preventing disease could be interpreted as permitting fornication, which degrades and debases sex.

Condom controversy

The Church emphasizes "education towards sexual responsibility", focusing on partner fidelity rather than the use of condoms as the primary means of preventing the transmission of AIDS.[5] The Church's position is that all responsible sex must occur within the framework of a faithful, monogamous relationship. In addition, various members of the Church hierarchy have pointed out that condoms have a non-zero risk of transmitting AIDS.

There is some debate as to viruses being smaller than sperm cells however the general consensus of the scientific community is that condoms do prevent the transmission of AIDS most of the time. However, church officials argue that reliance on condoms to prevent transmission of AIDS can result in a false sense of security because of the problem of "leakage and breakage".

The Church is concerned that promotion of condom use will lead to irresponsible, risky sexual behavior (promiscuity and prostitution). Both individuals and governments could come to rely on condoms as the primary line of defense rather than emphasizing the need for "partner fidelity".

Pope John Paul II

John Paul II's position against artificial birth control, including the use of condoms to prevent the spread of HIV,[6] was harshly criticised by doctors and AIDS activists, who said that it led to countless deaths and millions of AIDS orphans.[7] Critics have also claimed that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems such as street children in South America.

On 15 November 1989, John Paul II addressed the 4th International Conference of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Health Care Workers[8] in the following terms : it seems profoundly damaging to the dignity of the human being, and for this reason morally illicit, to support a prevention of AIDS that is based on a recourse to means and remedies that violate an authentically human sense of sexuality, and which are a palliative to the deeper suffering which involve the responsibility of individuals and of society.[9] This was interpreted in May 1990 by the Roman Catholic bishops of Madagascar as a "solemn reminder" giving ground for their view that in the context of positions such as that of cardinal Lustiger who stated that it was a "lesser evil", "the condom remains a 'moral evil'".[9]

In September 1990, John Paul II visited the small town of Mwanza, in northern Tanzania, and gave a speech that many believe set the tone for the AIDS crisis in Africa. Being unequivocal, he told his audience that condoms were a sin in any circumstances. He lauded family values and praised fidelity and abstinence as the only true ways to combat the disease.[10]

In December 1995, the Pontifical Council for the Family issued guidelines saying that parents must also reject the promotion of so-called "safe sex" or "safer sex", a dangerous and immoral policy based on the deluded theory that the condom can provide adequate protection against AIDS.[11]

Pope Benedict XVI

In 1988 a debate within the Catholic Church over the use of condoms to prevent AIDS sparked an intervention from Rome. The Church in 1968 had already stated in Humanae Vitae that chemical and barrier methods of contraception went against Church teachings. The debate was over the different issue of whether or not condoms could be used, not as contraceptives, but as a means of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In 1987, the U. S. Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a document suggesting that education on the use of condoms could be an acceptable part of an anti-AIDS program.

In response, Cardinal Ratzinger stated that such an approach "would result in at least the facilitation of evil" – not merely its toleration. For the full text of the letter, see: On "The Many Faces of AIDS" (See also Karol Wojtyla's Love and Responsibility). Critics argue that Ratzinger's approach would lead to increases in the frequency of HIV/AIDS infections, while many Catholics dispute this and emphasize the value of faithful relationships or chastity, as it is scientifically impossible to contract the disorder without having sex with an infected person, unless via some other means such as a blood transfusion or sharing a needle.

In 2005, the Pope listed several ways to combat the spread of HIV, including chastity, fidelity in marriage and anti-poverty efforts; he also rejected the use of condoms.[12]

In March 2009, the Pope was sharply criticized[13] after he stated that “if there is no human dimension, if Africans do not help [by responsible behaviour], the problem cannot be overcome by the distribution of prophylactics: on the contrary, they increase it" and reiterated his view that "the solution must have two elements: firstly, bringing out the human dimension of sexuality, that is to say a spiritual and human renewal that would bring with it a new way of behaving towards others, and secondly, true friendship offered above all to those who are suffering, a willingness to make sacrifices and to practise self-denial, to be alongside the suffering.”[14] In that same month, a senior research scientist at the Harvard School of Public Health, Mr. Edward C. Green, penned an article entitled "The Pope May Be Right" in which he stated that while "in theory, condom promotions ought to work everywhere...that's not what the research in Africa shows." The writer also indicated that strategies that worked in Africa were "Strategies that break up these multiple and concurrent sexual networks -- or, in plain language, faithful mutual monogamy or at least reduction in numbers of partners, especially concurrent ones." [15]

In 2010 comments the Pope made in an interview with journalist Peter Seewald regarding condom use attracted attention in the media. In the context of an extended discussion on the help the Church is giving AIDs victims and the need to fight the banalization of sexuality, and in response to the charge that "It is madness to forbid a high-risk population to use condoms", Pope Benedict stated:

There may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom, where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralization, a first assumption of responsibility, on the way toward recovering an awareness that not everything is allowed and that one cannot do whatever one wants. But it is not really the way to deal with the evil of HIV infection. That can really lie only in a humanization of sexuality. She of course does not regard [the use of condoms] as a real or moral solution, but, in this or that case, there can be nonetheless, in the intention of reducing the risk of infection, a first step in a movement toward a different way, a more human way, of living sexuality.[16]

.

This explanation was interpreted by many as a change of tact by the Vatican[17] which necessitated a clarification from the Vatican that "the pope does not morally justify the disordered exercise of sexuality, but maintains that the use of the condom to diminish the danger of infection may be “a first assumption of responsibility”, as opposed to not using the condom and exposing the other person to a fatal risk.[18]

Episcopal conferences

Despite the Vatican’s intransigence regarding the acceptability of condoms for the purpose of preventing transmission of the HIV/AIDS virus, a number of episcopal conferences have suggested that condom use may be acceptable in some circumstances to prevent AIDS. One of the first episcopal conferences to take such a stance was the French Bishops Council which asserted in 1989 that, “The whole population and especially the young should be informed of the risks. Prophylactic measures exist.” In 1996, the Social Commission of the French Bishops' Conference said that condom use “can be understood in the case of people for whom sexual activity is an ingrained part of their lifestyle and for whom [that activity] represents a serious risk.”[19] In 1993, the German Bishops Conference noted: “In the final analysis, human conscience constitutes the decisive authority in personal ethics... consideration must be given...to the spread of AIDS. It is a moral duty to prevent such suffering, even if the underlying behavior cannot be condoned in many cases...The church...has to respect responsible decision-making by couples.”[20]

Dissent in the Church

Carlo Maria Martini

In April 2006, in response to a very specific question from the bioethicist Ignazio Marino, Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini opined that in certain cases, the usage of condoms might be allowable stating, "The use of condoms can, in certain situations, be a lesser evil".[21] He stressed the particular case of married couples where one has HIV or AIDS.[22] But he quickly noted that it's one thing the principle of the lesser evil in such cases, and quite another the subject who has to convey those things publicly, thus it is not up to the Church authorities to support condom use publicly, because of "the risk of promoting an irresponsible attitude". The Church is more likely to support other morally sustainable means, such as abstinence.[23]

Godfried Danneels

Cardinal Godfried Danneels is seen as one of the leaders of the "reformist party" within the Church. For instance, he has said that, although abstinence is preferable, condoms are acceptable as a means of preventing AIDS. In an interview with the Dutch Catholic broadcaster RKK, he said: "When someone is HIV positive and his partner says 'I want to have sexual relations with you', he doesn't have to do that, if you ask me. But, when he does, he has to use a condom, because otherwise he adds to a sin against the sixth commandment (thou shalt not commit adultery) a sin against the fifth (thou shalt not kill)." He added: "This comes down to protecting yourself in a preventive manner against a disease or death. It cannot be entirely morally judged in the same manner as a pure method of birth control."

Jean-Marie Lustiger

Although he fully endorsed John Paul II's views on bioethics, Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger considered the use of condoms to be acceptable if one of the partners had HIV.[24]

Kevin Dowling

Bishop Kevin Dowling believes that the Catholic Church should reverse its position on the use of condoms to prevent HIV transmission.[25]

Dowling first announced his position on condom use in 2001, in a response to a question by a Catholic news agency reporter during a bishops' conference in southern Africa. After stating that the bishop's conference had not taken a position on condom use, Dowling was asked for his personal opinion, and said that he believed condoms should be used to prevent the spread of HIV.

Following this, he received a number of rebukes from the South African papal nuncio. The bishop's conference condemned his words, describing condoms as "an immoral and misguided weapon" in the fight against HIV, and argued that condom use could even encourage the spread of HIV by promoting extramarital sex.[26]

Catholics for Choice

Catholics for Choice, a dissident group, maintains that condom use will prevent the spread of AIDS, since couples will have sex despite Vatican prohibition.[27] Two bishops share the beliefs of Condoms4Life,[28][29] and have come out in support of condom use when one partner has AIDS, arguing the Roman Catholic Church's official position on this issue is unconscionable.[27]

Criticism

A condom in the shape of an aids ribbon. Expert consensus is that condoms are a powerful way to prevent STD transmission, and that abstinence-only sex education is ineffective.

The Church's stance has been criticized as unrealistic, ineffective and irresponsible by some public health officials and AIDS activists.[5][30][31] They often refer to empirical studies regarding the ability of condoms to prevent STDs; professional consensus is that, although condoms do not guarantee the perfect prevention of STD transmission[32], condoms greatly reduce the risks of transmission.[33][34][35] Other research focused on HIV/AIDS in particular and has reliably found more than an 80% drop in the risk of transmission[36][37][38]. Researchers report that the primary challenge is getting people to use condoms all the time[39].

Polly Toynbee has characterized the Vatican as "a modern, potent force for cruelty and hypocrisy", charging that the Church's ban on condoms has "caused the death of millions of Catholics and others in areas dominated by Catholic missionaries, in Africa and right across the world. In countries where 50% are infected, millions of very young AIDS orphans are today's immediate victims of the curia."[40]

NGOs

UNAIDS has collaborated with the Roman Catholic Church, especially Caritas Internationalis, in the fight against AIDS, something which many people only realised after a December 2005 message by Pope Benedict XVI.[31] However, it indicated in a 2009 communiqué that it did not agree that condoms were unhelpful in AIDS prevention.[41]

In 2003, the WHO denounced statements by the Roman Curia's health department, saying: "These incorrect statements about condoms and HIV are dangerous when we are facing a global pandemic which has already killed more than 20 million people, and currently affects at least 42 million." [30]

ACT UP activism

There was a widespread belief among the ACT UP members that O'Connor constituted a menace to people with AIDS. Michael Petrelis, a founding member of ACT UP, was arrested along with 110 others. "We will not be silent,", he screamed before his arrest. "We will fight O'Connor's bigotry".[42] Later, he indicated that the group "came to St. Patrick's in 1989 to repel the church's destructive intrusion into public policies concerning AIDS, gay civil rights and women's reproductive rights." [43][44]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Paul VI, Pope (1968). "Humanae Vitae". Vatican. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  2. ^ James T. Bretzke, S.J. (26 March,). "The Lesser Evil". America Magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  3. ^ Guevin, Benedict (Spring 2005). "Debate: On the Use of Condoms to Prevent Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly: 35–48. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ May, William E. (Summer/Fall 2007). "The Theological Significance of Consummation of Marriage, Contraception, Using Condoms to Prevent HIV, and Same-Sex Unions". Josephinum Journal of Theology. 14 (2). Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Catholic Library Association: 207–217. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ a b Thavis, John (2009-03-18). "Pope's condom comments latest chapter in sensitive church discussion". Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  6. ^ "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use". © 2006, 2009 Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ "Top Catholics Question Condom Ban". © 2005, 2009 International Herald Tribune. 16 April 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ Discorso di Giovanni Paolo II al partecipanti alla Conferenza Internazionale promossa dal Pontifico Consiglo per la Pastorale degli Operatori Sanitari, Vatican website
  9. ^ a b Episcopal Conference of Madagascar, "AIDS: Imminent Danger for Man Today, for the Family and Society", 14 may 1990, in "Speak Out on HIV & AIDS: Our prayer is always full of hope", by the Catholic Bishops of Africa and Madagascar, Paulines Publications Africa, Nairobi, 2004, p.32
  10. ^ John Paul’s 1990 speech ‘sentenced millions to die’
  11. ^ Pontifical Council for the Family The Truth and Meaning of Human Sexuality
  12. ^ BBC News. (2005) Pope rejects condoms for Africa. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4081276.stm
  13. ^ Butt, Riazat. "Pope claims condoms could make African Aids crisis worse." The Guardian. 17 March 2009. 17 March 2009.
  14. ^ Benedict XVI, Interview during his fight to Africa, 17 March 2009
  15. ^ Washington Post. Green, Edw. C. "The Pope may be right." 29 March 2009.
  16. ^ [1]
  17. ^ Quinn, Ben (20 November 2010). "Pope signals shift away from Catholic church's prohibition of condoms". The Guardian. London.
  18. ^ [2]}}
  19. ^ French Bishops Council, “AIDS: Society in Question,” 1996.
  20. ^ German Bishops Conference, “Bevölkerungs-wachstum und Entwicklungsforderung (Population Policy and Development),” 1993.
  21. ^ Time Magazine, May 1, 2006.
  22. ^ BBC. Cardinal backs limited condom use April 21, 2006
  23. ^ L'Espresso. When Does Life Begin? Cardinal Martini Replies May 20, 2006
  24. ^ TERRAS, Christian. Revue Golias, online publication
  25. ^ Lindow, Megan (2005). "European Heroes 2005: Lives in the Balance". Time. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  26. ^ Nolen, Stephanie (7 April 2007). "South African bishop defies Vatican on condoms". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  27. ^ a b Reformers Turn Up Heat on Church
  28. ^ French Bishop Supports Some Use of Condoms to Prevent AIDS
  29. ^ One South African Bishop Supports Condoms To Prevent AIDS
  30. ^ a b Vatican: condoms don't stop Aids
  31. ^ a b Partnerships in civil society
  32. ^ Villhauer, Tanya (2005-05-20). "Condoms Preventing HPV?". University of Iowa Student Health Service/Health Iowa. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  33. ^ "Condom". Planned Parenthood. 2008. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  34. ^ Cates, W., Steiner, M. J. (2002). "Dual Protection Against Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: What Is the Best Contraceptive Approach?". Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 29 (3): 168–174. doi:10.1097/00007435-200203000-00007. PMID 11875378.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ Winer, R; Hughes, J; Feng, Q; O'Reilly, S; Kiviat, N; Holmes, K; Koutsky, L (2006). "Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women". N Engl J Med. 354 (25): 2645–54. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa053284. PMID 16790697. Retrieved 2007-04-07.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2001-07-20). Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention (PDF). Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 2010-09-22. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Cayley, W.E. & Davis-Beaty, K. (2007). Weller, Susan C (ed.). "Effectiveness of Condoms in Reducing Heterosexual Transmission of HIV (Review)". John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003255. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research (WHO/RHR) & Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (CCP), INFO Project (2007). Family Planning: A Global Handbook for Providers. INFO Project at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. p. 200.
  39. ^ Nordenberg, Tamar (1998). "Condoms: Barriers to Bad News". FDA Consumer magazine. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2007-06-07. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  40. ^ "While Critics Blame Catholic Church for AIDS Deaths Stats Show Just the Opposite". 2007-03-06. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  41. ^ La Croix article
  42. ^ Deparle, Jason (11 December 1989). "111 Held in St. Patrick's AIDS Protest". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 January 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help).
  43. ^ "Stop the Church". ACT UP. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  44. ^ Shaw, Randy (2001). The Activist's Handbook. University of California. pp. 222–4. ISBN 978-0520229280. The Cardinal O'Connor action requires more careful scrutiny. ACT UP knew going in that the event would be unlikely to influence its target... Yet...Cardinal O'Connor had injected himself and the church he controlled into a political dispute in opposition to ACT UP's agenda. National media coverage of the action ignored O'Connor's actual role in fomenting anti-gay, anti-abortion, anti-ACT UP political advocacy. " Because of the media coverage, "the action came to be perceived as an attack on a religious ceremony rather than on a political advocate. " Factors in ACT UP's decision to proceed with the demonstration despite knowing that the media would side with O'Connor took into account "his vocal opposition to any education about safe sex, AIDS, or condoms in schools," which "increased public health risks. These were political rather than religious stances. Having assumed the role of a politician, the Cardinal became fair game for direct political action. ACT UP could not allow a political opponent to avoid confrontation by disguising his political message as religious teaching. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 817 (help)
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