Magadan: Difference between revisions
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|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Magadan.png |
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|holiday=July |
|holiday=July 14 |
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|federal_subject=[[Magadan Oblast]] |
|federal_subject=[[Magadan Oblast]] |
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|adm_ctr_of=Magadan Oblast |
|adm_ctr_of=Magadan Oblast |
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|inhabloc_cat=Town |
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|urban_okrug_jur=Magadan Urban Okrug |
|urban_okrug_jur=Magadan Urban Okrug |
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|leader_name=Vladimir Pechyony |
|leader_name=Vladimir Pechyony |
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|representative_body=[[Magadan |
|representative_body=[[Magadan Town Duma|Town Duma]] |
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|area_km2=180 |
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|pop_2010census=95925 |
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|pop_2010census_rank=178th |
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|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> |
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|pop_2002census=99399 |
|pop_2002census=99399 |
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|pop_2002census_rank=169th |
|pop_2002census_rank=169th |
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|postal_codes=685000 |
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|date=May 2010 |
|date=May 2010 |
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'''Magadan''' ({{lang-rus|Магада́н|p=məɡɐˈdan}}) is a [[port]] [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town |
'''Magadan''' ({{lang-rus|Магада́н|p=məɡɐˈdan}}) is a [[port]] [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Magadan Oblast]], [[Russia]], located on the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] in Nagayevo Bay in the [[Gulf of Tauisk]] and serving as a gateway to the [[Kolyma]] region. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=95,925|p2002=99,399|p1989=151,652}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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It was founded in 1929 on the site of an earlier settlement from the 1920s. From 1932 to 1953 it was the administrative center of the [[Dalstroy]] concern and its corrective labor camp system; it served as a port for exporting gold and other metals mined in the Kolyma region.<ref>{{cite book |author=Козлов, А. Г.|title=Магадан. Конспект прошлого|publisher=Магаданское книжное издательство (1989) ISBN 5-7581-0066-8|page=16}}</ref>. Its size and population grew quickly as facilities were rapidly developed for the expanding mining activities in the area. Town status was granted to it on July 14, 1939. |
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During the [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] era, Magadan was a major transit center for prisoners sent to labor camps. |
During the [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] era, Magadan was a major transit center for prisoners sent to labor camps. The operations of Dalstroy, a vast and brutal [[forced labor|forced-labor]] gold-mining concern, were the main economic driver of the town for many decades during the Soviet times. |
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On an official visit in May 1944, U.S. Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] failed to understand the true nature of Magadan.<ref>{{cite news| |
On an official visit in May 1944, U.S. Vice President [[Henry A. Wallace|Henry Wallace]] failed to understand the true nature of Magadan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_4_35/ai_99988630|work=Washington Monthly|title=Red scare: fifty years after his death, Stalin's crimes are still morally shocking and politically vexing|first=Bruce|last=Clark|year=2003}}</ref> The watchtowers had been temporarily taken down and the prisoners were locked up, while a model farm had been set up for his inspection.<ref>{{cite book |author=Tolstoy, Nikolai| title=The Secret Betrayal| publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons (1977) ISBN 0-684-15635-0 |page=133}}</ref> He took an instant liking to his secret policeman host, admired handiwork done by prisoners, and later glowingly pronounced the city "a [http://books.google.com/books?id=dvFxSQVSWm4C&pg=PA339&lpg=PA339&dq=magaden+henry+wallace+hudson+bay&source=bl&ots=tWhLR_qo0c&sig=x6bgJUV21-fkeWcUpV07mI6yQM4&hl=en&ei=04-PTsuuCOWzsAKU0siRAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false combination] of [[Tennessee Valley Authority|TVA]] and [[Hudson's Bay Company]]", which eight years later he apologized for not understanding the true situation. |
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Further details of this period are given in the article on [[Kolyma]]. |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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| ⚫ | |||
Ship building and fishing are the major industries. The town has a seaport (fully navigable from May to December) and a small international airport, [[Sokol Airport]]. There is also a small airport nearby, [[Magadan 13]]. The unpaved [[Kolyma Highway]] leads from Magadan to the rich gold-mining region of the upper [[Kolyma River]] and then on to [[Yakutsk]]. |
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| ⚫ | Magadan is very isolated. The nearest major city is [[Yakutsk]], {{convert|2000|km |
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| ⚫ | Magadan is very isolated. The nearest major city is [[Yakutsk]], {{convert|2000|km|sp=us}} away via an unpaved road which is best used in the winter, especially since there is no bridge over the [[Lena River]] at Yakutsk (the choices are: ferry from [[Nizhny Bestyakh]] in the summer, when the rest of the road may not be passable due to standing water, or over the ice in the dead of winter). |
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| ⚫ | The principal sources of income for the local economy are gold mining and fisheries. Recently, gold production has declined<ref>[http://www.mineweb.net/whats_new/603909.htm Russian gold mine production declined |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The principal sources of income for the local economy are gold mining and fisheries. Recently, gold production has declined<ref>[http://www.mineweb.net/whats_new/603909.htm Russian gold mine production declined four tonnes in 2006], Mineweb, 31 January 2007</ref> although future prospects look good.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Fishing production, although improving from year to year, is still well below the allocated quotas, apparently as a result of an ageing fleet.<ref>[http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr124495e.html New Russian Fishing Quotas Distribution System, Strategis international market reports], 28 August 2004</ref> Other local industries include pasta and sausage plants and a distillery.<ref>[http://www.kommersant.com/p-52/r_396/Magadan_Region/ Magadan Region from Kommersant, Russia's Daily Online]. Retrieved 22 January 2007.</ref> Although farming is difficult owing to the harsh climate, there are many public and private farming enterprises. |
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==Long Way Round== |
==Long Way Round== |
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Magadan was the focal point of the [[Long Way Round]] motorcycle journey made by [[Ewan McGregor]], [[Charley Boorman]] and their team in 2004. Although their ultimate destination was [[New York]], they frequently noted how reaching Magadan was the ultimate measure of success or failure for their adventure. Despite encountering swollen rivers, broken bridges and virtually impassable roads as they traveled through [[Siberia]], they were ultimately able to ride the "[[Road of Bones]]" into Magadan, and flew from there to [[Anchorage, Alaska]] from where they continued to New York. Recalling his final day in Magadan before leaving for America, McGregor wrote: |
Magadan was the focal point of the [[Long Way Round]] motorcycle journey made by [[Ewan McGregor]], [[Charley Boorman]] and their team in 2004. Although their ultimate destination was [[New York]], they frequently noted how reaching Magadan was the ultimate measure of success or failure for their adventure. Despite encountering swollen rivers, broken bridges and virtually impassable roads as they traveled through [[Siberia]], they were ultimately able to ride the "[[Road of Bones]]" into Magadan, and flew from there to [[Anchorage, Alaska]] from where they continued to New York. Recalling his final day in Magadan before leaving for America, McGregor wrote: |
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:''"Magadan, Siberia. The place that had been in my thoughts and dreams for two years, like a mythical city forever beyond my reach. I wanted to capture it, somehow hold on to it and take a part of it with me when we began the long journey home."'' |
:''"Magadan, Siberia. The place that had been in my thoughts and dreams for two years, like a mythical city forever beyond my reach. I wanted to capture it, somehow hold on to it and take a part of it with me when we began the long journey home."'' |
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==Culture== |
==Culture and religion== |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The town has a number of cultural institutions including the Regional Museum of Anthropology, a geological museum, a regional library and a university. The town has the enormous new [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Cathedral Church of the Trinity, a recently completed [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Church of the Nativity (Magadan)|Church of the Nativity]] and the [[Mask of Sorrow]] memorial, a huge sculpture in memory of Stalin's victims, designed by [[Ernst Neizvestny]]. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The |
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==Climate== |
==Climate== |
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The [[climate]] of Magadan is [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''). Winters are prolonged and very cold, with up to six months of sub-zero [[temperatures]], so that the [[soil]] remains permanently frozen. [[Permafrost]] and [[tundra]] cover most of the region. The growing season is only one hundred days long. Average temperatures on the coast of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] range from −22 |
The [[climate]] of Magadan is [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfc''). Winters are prolonged and very cold, with up to six months of sub-zero [[temperatures]], so that the [[soil]] remains permanently frozen. [[Permafrost]] and [[tundra]] cover most of the region. The growing season is only one hundred days long. Average temperatures on the coast of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] range from {{convert|−22|C}} in January to {{convert|+12|C}} in July. Average temperatures in the interior range from {{convert|−38|C}} in January to {{convert|+16|C}} in July. |
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<div style="width:82%;"> |
<div style="width:82%;"> |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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|location |
|location=Magadan |
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|metric first |
|metric first=yes |
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|single line |
|single line=yes |
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|Jan record high C = 2.4 |
|Jan record high C = 2.4 |
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|Feb record high C = 2.5 |
|Feb record high C = 2.5 |
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| Line 155: | Line 124: | ||
|Dec record high C = 3.3 |
|Dec record high C = 3.3 |
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|year record high C = 26.0 |
|year record high C = 26.0 |
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|Jan high C = |
|Jan high C = −14.3 |
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|Feb high C = |
|Feb high C = −11.9 |
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|Mar high C = |
|Mar high C = −8.4 |
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|Apr high C = |
|Apr high C = −1.8 |
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|May high C = 4.7 |
|May high C = 4.7 |
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|Jun high C = 11.2 |
|Jun high C = 11.2 |
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| Line 165: | Line 134: | ||
|Sep high C = 10.2 |
|Sep high C = 10.2 |
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|Oct high C = 1.5 |
|Oct high C = 1.5 |
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|Nov high C = |
|Nov high C = −8.4 |
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|Dec high C = |
|Dec high C = −13.0 |
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|year high C = 0.0 |
|year high C = 0.0 |
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|Jan low C = |
|Jan low C = −18.7 |
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|Feb low C = |
|Feb low C = −17.3 |
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|Mar low C = |
|Mar low C = −15.0 |
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|Apr low C = |
|Apr low C = −7.7 |
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|May low C = |
|May low C = −0.9 |
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|Jun low C = 5.0 |
|Jun low C = 5.0 |
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|Jul low C = 9.2 |
|Jul low C = 9.2 |
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|Aug low C = 9.5 |
|Aug low C = 9.5 |
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|Sep low C = 4.7 |
|Sep low C = 4.7 |
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|Oct low C = |
|Oct low C = −3.5 |
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|Nov low C = |
|Nov low C = −13.1 |
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|Dec low C = |
|Dec low C = −17.2 |
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|year low C = |
|year low C = −5.4 |
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|Jan record low C = |
|Jan record low C = −34.6 |
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|Feb record low C = |
|Feb record low C = −33.3 |
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|Mar record low C = |
|Mar record low C = −30.8 |
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|Apr record low C = |
|Apr record low C = −23.5 |
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|May record low C = |
|May record low C = −10.8 |
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|Jun record low C = |
|Jun record low C = −3.0 |
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|Jul record low C = 2.0 |
|Jul record low C = 2.0 |
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|Aug record low C = |
|Aug record low C = −1.0 |
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|Sep record low C = |
|Sep record low C = −6.3 |
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|Oct record low C = |
|Oct record low C = −21.6 |
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|Nov record low C = |
|Nov record low C = −26.9 |
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|Dec record low C = |
|Dec record low C = −30.7 |
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|year record low C = |
|year record low C = −34.6 |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 16 |
|Jan precipitation mm = 16 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 14 |
|Feb precipitation mm = 14 |
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|year sun = |
|year sun = |
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|source 1 = Погода и Климат<ref>{{cite web |
|source 1 = Погода и Климат<ref>{{cite web |
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| |
|url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/25913.htm |
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| |
|title = КЛИМАТ МАГАДАНА | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | publisher = Погода и Климат |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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|source 2 = Hong Kong Observatory (sunshine)<ref>{{cite web |
|source 2 = Hong Kong Observatory (sunshine)<ref>{{cite web |
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| |
|url = http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/russia/magadan_e.htm |
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| |
|title = Climatological Normals of Magadan | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | publisher = Hong Kong Observatory |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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|date=August 2010 |
|date=August 2010 |
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<div> |
<div> |
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== |
==Notable people== |
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*[[Nikolai Getman]] (1917–2004), Ukrainian artist |
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*[[Nikolai Getman]] (1917–2004), Ukrainian artist, remembered for his paintings depicting the horrors of the Kolyma GULAG camps. He organized the Magadan Artists' Union and was director of the Magadan section of the Arts Foundation of the RSFSR from 1963 to 1966. |
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*[[Vadim Kozin]] (1903–1994), |
*[[Vadim Kozin]] (1903–1994), Russian tenor |
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*[[Nina Lugovskaya]] (1918–1993), Russian artist |
*[[Nina Lugovskaya]] (1918–1993), Russian artist |
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*[[Valentin Tsvetkov]] (1948–2002), former governor of Magadan Oblast |
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*[[Valentin Tsvetkov]] (1948–2002), former governor (from 1996) of Magadan Oblast, gunned down in Moscow in October 2002, apparently for issues involving [[Individual fishing quota|fish quotas]].<ref>[http://www.kommersant.com/p689711/r_500/Killers_of_Magadan_Governor_Found_in_Spain/ Killers of Magadan Governor Found in Spain], Kommersant, 13 July 2006</ref> |
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*[[Yelena Välbe]] ( |
*[[Yelena Välbe]] (b. 1968), Olympic cross-country skier |
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*[[Pavel Vinogradov]] |
*[[Pavel Vinogradov]], Russian cosmonaut |
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==Sister cities== |
==Sister cities== |
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*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], United States |
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]], [[United States]] |
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*{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Jelgava]], Latvia |
*{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Jelgava]], [[Latvia]] |
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*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tonghua]], [[Jilin]], |
*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tonghua]], [[Jilin]], [[China]] |
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==Footnotes== |
==Footnotes== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Magadan}} |
{{Commons category|Magadan}} |
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*[http://kolymskiy.narod.ru/Magadan_F.html Map of Magadan |
*[http://kolymskiy.narod.ru/Magadan_F.html Map of Magadan] {{ru icon}} |
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*[http://lifekino.ru/component/content/article/3-films/246-the-road-up-to-the-kolyma-river-eng/ The road up to the Kolyma river.] Documentary: repressed in Magadan recall. To watch video. |
*[http://lifekino.ru/component/content/article/3-films/246-the-road-up-to-the-kolyma-river-eng/ The road up to the Kolyma river.] Documentary: repressed in Magadan recall. To watch video. |
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[[Category:Magadan| ]] |
[[Category:Magadan| ]] |
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[[Category:Cities and towns in Magadan Oblast]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1929]] |
[[Category:Populated places established in 1929]] |
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[[Category:Populated coastal places in Russia]] |
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Russia]] |
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Revision as of 14:48, 8 December 2011
- Some old Greek Bible manuscripts have "Magadan" for one of the places in Palestine usually known as Magdala.
Magadan
Магадан | |
|---|---|
 Magadan seen from the local mountains | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Magadan  | |
  Magadan Location of Magadan  Magadan Magadan (Magadan Oblast) | |
| Coordinates: 59°34′0″N 150°48′0″E / 59.56667°N 150.80000°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Magadan Oblast |
| Founded | 1930s |
| Government | |
| • Body | Town Duma |
| • Mayor | Vladimir Pechyony |
| Area | |
| • Total | 180 km2 (70 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 70 m (230 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 95,925 |
| • Estimate (2018)[2] | 92,782 (−3.3%) |
| • Rank | 178th in 2010 |
| • Density | 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) |
| • Capital of | Magadan Oblast |
| • Urban okrug | Magadan Urban Okrug |
| Time zone | UTC+11 (MSK+8  [3]) |
| Postal code(s)[4] | 685000 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4132 |
| OKTMO ID | 44701000001 |
| Town Day | July 14 |
| Website | www |
Magadan (Russian: Магада́н, IPA: [məɡɐˈdan]) is a port town and the administrative center of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Sea of Okhotsk in Nagayevo Bay in the Gulf of Tauisk and serving as a gateway to the Kolyma region. Population: 95,925 (2010 Russian census);[1] 99,399 (2002 Census);[5] 151,652 (1989 Soviet census).[6]
History
It was founded in 1929 on the site of an earlier settlement from the 1920s. From 1932 to 1953 it was the administrative center of the Dalstroy concern and its corrective labor camp system; it served as a port for exporting gold and other metals mined in the Kolyma region.[7]. Its size and population grew quickly as facilities were rapidly developed for the expanding mining activities in the area. Town status was granted to it on July 14, 1939.
During the Stalin era, Magadan was a major transit center for prisoners sent to labor camps. The operations of Dalstroy, a vast and brutal forced-labor gold-mining concern, were the main economic driver of the town for many decades during the Soviet times.
On an official visit in May 1944, U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace failed to understand the true nature of Magadan.[8] The watchtowers had been temporarily taken down and the prisoners were locked up, while a model farm had been set up for his inspection.[9] He took an instant liking to his secret policeman host, admired handiwork done by prisoners, and later glowingly pronounced the city "a combination of TVA and Hudson's Bay Company", which eight years later he apologized for not understanding the true situation.
Economy
Ship building and fishing are the major industries. The town has a seaport (fully navigable from May to December) and a small international airport, Sokol Airport. There is also a small airport nearby, Magadan 13. The unpaved Kolyma Highway leads from Magadan to the rich gold-mining region of the upper Kolyma River and then on to Yakutsk.
Magadan is very isolated. The nearest major city is Yakutsk, 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi) away via an unpaved road which is best used in the winter, especially since there is no bridge over the Lena River at Yakutsk (the choices are: ferry from Nizhny Bestyakh in the summer, when the rest of the road may not be passable due to standing water, or over the ice in the dead of winter).
The principal sources of income for the local economy are gold mining and fisheries. Recently, gold production has declined[10] although future prospects look good.[citation needed] Fishing production, although improving from year to year, is still well below the allocated quotas, apparently as a result of an ageing fleet.[11] Other local industries include pasta and sausage plants and a distillery.[12] Although farming is difficult owing to the harsh climate, there are many public and private farming enterprises.
Long Way Round
Magadan was the focal point of the Long Way Round motorcycle journey made by Ewan McGregor, Charley Boorman and their team in 2004. Although their ultimate destination was New York, they frequently noted how reaching Magadan was the ultimate measure of success or failure for their adventure. Despite encountering swollen rivers, broken bridges and virtually impassable roads as they traveled through Siberia, they were ultimately able to ride the "Road of Bones" into Magadan, and flew from there to Anchorage, Alaska from where they continued to New York. Recalling his final day in Magadan before leaving for America, McGregor wrote:
- "Magadan, Siberia. The place that had been in my thoughts and dreams for two years, like a mythical city forever beyond my reach. I wanted to capture it, somehow hold on to it and take a part of it with me when we began the long journey home."
Culture and religion
The town has a number of cultural institutions including the Regional Museum of Anthropology, a geological museum, a regional library and a university. The town has the enormous new Orthodox Cathedral Church of the Trinity, a recently completed Roman Catholic Church of the Nativity and the Mask of Sorrow memorial, a huge sculpture in memory of Stalin's victims, designed by Ernst Neizvestny.
Climate
The climate of Magadan is subarctic (Köppen climate classification Dfc). Winters are prolonged and very cold, with up to six months of sub-zero temperatures, so that the soil remains permanently frozen. Permafrost and tundra cover most of the region. The growing season is only one hundred days long. Average temperatures on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk range from −22 °C (−8 °F) in January to +12 °C (54 °F) in July. Average temperatures in the interior range from −38 °C (−36 °F) in January to +16 °C (61 °F) in July.
| Climate data for Magadan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.2 (68.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
6.6 (43.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.3 (6.3) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−13 (9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −18.7 (−1.7) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
−15 (5) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.6 (−30.3) |
−33.3 (−27.9) |
−30.8 (−23.4) |
−23.5 (−10.3) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−3 (27) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−1 (30) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−26.9 (−16.4) |
−30.7 (−23.3) |
−34.6 (−30.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16 (0.6) |
14 (0.6) |
12 (0.5) |
31 (1.2) |
36 (1.4) |
49 (1.9) |
63 (2.5) |
83 (3.3) |
74 (2.9) |
76 (3.0) |
51 (2.0) |
22 (0.9) |
527 (20.7) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0.1 | 92.7 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 11 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 13 | 17 | 15 | 115.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63 | 62 | 62 | 70 | 77 | 81 | 85 | 81 | 75 | 68 | 63 | 63 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 74.4 | 127.1 | 226.3 | 228.0 | 198.4 | 216.0 | 182.9 | 170.5 | 147.0 | 130.2 | 81.0 | 40.3 | 1,822.1 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат[13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sunshine)[14] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
- Nikolai Getman (1917–2004), Ukrainian artist
- Vadim Kozin (1903–1994), Russian tenor
- Nina Lugovskaya (1918–1993), Russian artist
- Valentin Tsvetkov (1948–2002), former governor of Magadan Oblast
- Yelena Välbe (b. 1968), Olympic cross-country skier
- Pavel Vinogradov, Russian cosmonaut
Sister cities
Footnotes
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ a b Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Cite error: The named reference "PopCensus" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Козлов, А. Г. Магадан. Конспект прошлого. Магаданское книжное издательство (1989) ISBN 5-7581-0066-8. p. 16.
- ^ Clark, Bruce (2003). "Red scare: fifty years after his death, Stalin's crimes are still morally shocking and politically vexing". Washington Monthly.
- ^ Tolstoy, Nikolai. The Secret Betrayal. Charles Scribner's Sons (1977) ISBN 0-684-15635-0. p. 133.
- ^ Russian gold mine production declined four tonnes in 2006, Mineweb, 31 January 2007
- ^ New Russian Fishing Quotas Distribution System, Strategis international market reports, 28 August 2004
- ^ Magadan Region from Kommersant, Russia's Daily Online. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
- ^ "КЛИМАТ МАГАДАНА". Погода и Климат. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Magadan". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
Bibliography
- McGregor, E & Boorman, C: Long Way Round. Time Warner Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7515-3680-6
- David J. Nordlander: Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s, Slavic Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 791–812
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magadan.
- Map of Magadan Template:Ru icon
- The road up to the Kolyma river. Documentary: repressed in Magadan recall. To watch video.