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| successor4=[[Siad Barre|Mohamed Siad Barre]]
| successor4=[[Siad Barre|Mohamed Siad Barre]]
| birth_date={{Birth date|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| birth_date={{Birth date|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Togdheer|Odweyne]], [[British Somaliland]]
| birth_place=[[Odweyne]], [[British Somaliland]]
| death_date={{death date and age|2002|5|3|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| death_date={{death date and age|2002|5|3|1928|8|15|mf=y}}
| death_place=[[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
| death_place=[[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
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'''Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal''' ({{lang-so|''Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal''}}, {{lang-ar|محمد الحاج ابراهيم ايغال}}) (born August 15, 1928 in [[Togdheer|Odweyne]], [[British Somaliland]] - died May 3, 2002 in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]) was a [[Somaliland|Somali]] politician. He was [[president]] (from 1993) of Republic of [[Somaliland]].
'''Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal''' ({{lang-so|''Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal''}}, {{lang-ar|محمد الحاج ابراهيم ايغال}}) (born August 15, 1928 in [[Togdheer|Odweyne]], [[British Somaliland]] - died May 3, 2002 in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]) was a [[Somalia|Somali]] politician. He was the Prime Minister of [[Somalia]] during the early and late 1960s. He also served as President of [[Somaliland]], a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as an [[States and regions of Somalia|autonomous region]] of Somalia.<ref name="Sqfirhbmsscf">[http://wardheernews.com/Articles_2010/June/Buh/29_Somaliland_recognition_&_the_HBM-SSC_Factor.html Somaliland’s Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor]</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Egal was born in Somalia in 1928 to a [[Habar Awal]] [[Isaaq]] family. He hails from the north western region of Somalia.
Egal was born in 1928 in the northwestern town of [[Odweyne]], then a part of the [[British Somaliland]] [[protectorate]]. He hailed from a [[Habar Awal]] [[Isaaq]] family.


==Career==
==Parliamentary offices==
===Civilian administration===
⚫
[[File:Prime_minister_egal_edna_white_house.jpg|thumb|left|Left to right: [[Muriel Humphrey Brown|Muriel Humphrey]], Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], First Lady [[Edna Adan]], President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], Prime Minister Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, and First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]], during an official visit to the United States.]]
Egal initially worked as an unofficial member of the former British Somaliland protectorate's Executive Council, and was the Leader of Government Business in the Legislative Council. For five days in June 1960, he served as the Prime Minister of the briefly-extant [[State of Somaliland]] (the former British Somaliland) during its planned transition to union with the [[Trust Territory of Somalia]] (the former [[Italian Somaliland]]) to form the Somali Republic.<ref name="Contini">Paolo Contini, ''The Somali Republic: an experiment in legal integration'', (Routledge, 1969), p.6.</ref>
Following Somalia's independence on July 1, 1960, Egal served as the nation's first Prime Minister. He would later work in various positions in the early civilian administration.
Between 1960 and 1962, Egal was the national Minister of Defense (1960–1962). He subsequently served as Education Minister (1962–1963), Prime Minister (1967–1969), and Ambassador to [[India]] (1976–1978).
Shortly after the assassination of Somalia's then President [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] on October 15, 1969, the newly-established [[Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)|Supreme Revolutionary Council]] (SRC) led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Salaad Gabeyre Kediye]] and Chief of Police [[Jama Korshel]] seized power.<ref name="Adam">Adam, p.226</ref> The SRC subsequently renamed the country the [[Somali Democratic Republic]],<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, ''The Cambridge history of Africa'', Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name="Grolierenc">''The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac'', Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,<ref name=Metz3>{{citation|last= Metz|first = Helen C. (ed.)|chapter=Coup d'Etat|title=''Somalia: A Country Study''|year=1992|chapter-url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0031)|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|accessdate= October 21, 2009}}.</ref> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<ref name="Pjdlfw">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, ''The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy'', (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref> Egal was among the politicians detained by the SRC for his prominent role in the nation's early government.


When the Barre regime eventually collapsed in 1991 with the start of the [[Somali Civil War|civil war]], local leaders in northwestern Somalia unilaterally declared the region independent. Although Egal initially opposed their self-proclaimed secession, he was elected president of the new Somaliland polity two years later by a regional council of elders.
⚫
[[Image:Prime_minister_egal_edna_white_house.jpg|thumb|left|Left to right: [[Muriel Humphrey Brown|Muriel Humphrey]], Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]], First Lady [[Edna Adan]], President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, and First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]], during a visit by Egal to the United States.]]


===President of Somaliland===
In June 1960 Egal was [[Prime minister]] of the newly independent [[State of Somaliland]], which merged five days later with the former Italian Trust Territory to form [[Somalia]] to become the first [[Prime minister]] of [[Somalia]]. Then after, he served as Somalia's defense minister (1960–1962), Education Minister (1962–1963), [[Prime minister]] (1967–1969), and ambassador to [[India]] (1976–1978), although he was imprisoned twice under Barre dictatorship. When the [[Somali Democratic Republic]] collapsed in 1991, Somaliland unilaterally declared independent status; although he initially opposed its secession, two years later Egal was elected president by a council of Elders.
During his tenure as President of Somaliland, Egal managed to disarm local rebel groups, stabilized the northwestern Somaliland region's economy, and established informal trade ties with foreign countries. He also introduced the [[Somaliland shilling]], passport and [[Flag of Somaliland|flag]]. In addition, Egal helped create the [[Military of Somaliland|Somaliland army]], one of the more effective armed forces in Somalia.

==Presidential tenure==

Egal managed to disarm rebel groups, stabilized the north western region and economy of [[Somaliland]], successfully managed to establish bilateral trade with foreign countries, introduce Somaliland new currency the [[Somaliland shilling]], as well as the Somaliland passport and Somaliland national flag and creating the most successful and powerful armed police and military force in Somalia.


==Death==
==Death==
Egal died in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] while undergoing surgery at a military hospital. His three sons laid him to rest next to his father in accordance with his last wishes. He was buried at the port city of [[Berbera]]. He was given a [[state funeral]] in which around 4,000 Somalis mourned and attended the service. [[Dahir Riyale Kahin]] was inaugurated as the new leader after Egal's death. During which, the parliament declared seven days of mourning, however [[flag of Somaliland|flags]] were not flying at half-staff because the emblem includes the ''[[Shahadah]]'', [[Islam]]'s holiest words. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1970340.stm]</ref>
Egal died in [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]] while undergoing surgery at a military hospital. His body was returned to Somalia for a [[state funeral]], whereafter his three sons laid him to rest next to his father, in accordance with his last wishes. Around 4,000 mourners reportedly attended his burial in [[Berbera]], and the regional parliament declared seven days of mourning. However, Somaliland flags did not fly at half-staff since the emblem on them includes the ''[[Shahadah]]'', [[Islam]]'s holiest words. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1970340.stm]</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:32, 8 May 2012

Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal
محمد الحاج ابراهيم عقال
2nd President of Somaliland
In office
May 16, 1993 – May 3, 2002
Vice PresidentAbdirahman Aw Ali Farah (1993-1997)
Yusuf Yasin (1997-2002)
Preceded byAbdurahman Ali Tuur
Succeeded byDahir Riyale Kahin
Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland
In office
June 26, 1960 – July 1, 1960
Preceded bySir Douglas Hall (as Governor)
Succeeded by(none)
1st Prime Minister of Somalia
In office
July 1, 1960 – July 12, 1960
Preceded by(none)
Succeeded byAbdirashid Ali Shermarke
4th Prime Minister of Somalia
In office
July 15, 1967 – November 1, 1969
Preceded byAbdirizak Haji Hussein
Succeeded byMohamed Siad Barre
Personal details
Born(1928-08-15)August 15, 1928
Odweyne, British Somaliland
DiedMay 3, 2002(2002-05-03) (aged 73)
Pretoria, South Africa
Political partyUDUB
Spouse(s)(1) Edna Adan
(2) Asha Saeed Aabi
(3) Kaltum Haji Dahir

Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ([Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help), Arabic: محمد الحاج ابراهيم ايغال) (born August 15, 1928 in Odweyne, British Somaliland - died May 3, 2002 in Pretoria, South Africa) was a Somali politician. He was the Prime Minister of Somalia during the early and late 1960s. He also served as President of Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia.[1]

Biography

Egal was born in 1928 in the northwestern town of Odweyne, then a part of the British Somaliland protectorate. He hailed from a Habar Awal Isaaq family.

Career

Civilian administration

File:Prime minister egal edna white house.jpg
Left to right: Muriel Humphrey, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, First Lady Edna Adan, President Lyndon B. Johnson, Prime Minister Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, and First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, during an official visit to the United States.

Egal initially worked as an unofficial member of the former British Somaliland protectorate's Executive Council, and was the Leader of Government Business in the Legislative Council. For five days in June 1960, he served as the Prime Minister of the briefly-extant State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) during its planned transition to union with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic.[2] Following Somalia's independence on July 1, 1960, Egal served as the nation's first Prime Minister. He would later work in various positions in the early civilian administration. Between 1960 and 1962, Egal was the national Minister of Defense (1960–1962). He subsequently served as Education Minister (1962–1963), Prime Minister (1967–1969), and Ambassador to India (1976–1978). Shortly after the assassination of Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke on October 15, 1969, the newly-established Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) led by Lieutenant Colonel Salaad Gabeyre Kediye and Chief of Police Jama Korshel seized power.[3] The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[4][5] arrested members of the former civilian government, banned political parties,[6] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.[7] Egal was among the politicians detained by the SRC for his prominent role in the nation's early government.

When the Barre regime eventually collapsed in 1991 with the start of the civil war, local leaders in northwestern Somalia unilaterally declared the region independent. Although Egal initially opposed their self-proclaimed secession, he was elected president of the new Somaliland polity two years later by a regional council of elders.

President of Somaliland

During his tenure as President of Somaliland, Egal managed to disarm local rebel groups, stabilized the northwestern Somaliland region's economy, and established informal trade ties with foreign countries. He also introduced the Somaliland shilling, passport and flag. In addition, Egal helped create the Somaliland army, one of the more effective armed forces in Somalia.

Death

Egal died in Pretoria, South Africa while undergoing surgery at a military hospital. His body was returned to Somalia for a state funeral, whereafter his three sons laid him to rest next to his father, in accordance with his last wishes. Around 4,000 mourners reportedly attended his burial in Berbera, and the regional parliament declared seven days of mourning. However, Somaliland flags did not fly at half-staff since the emblem on them includes the Shahadah, Islam's holiest words. [8]

References

  1. ^ Somaliland’s Quest for International Recognition and the HBM-SSC Factor
  2. ^ Paolo Contini, The Somali Republic: an experiment in legal integration, (Routledge, 1969), p.6.
  3. ^ Adam, p.226
  4. ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge history of Africa, Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.
  5. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac, Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.
  6. ^ Metz, Helen C. (ed.) (1992), "Coup d'Etat", Somalia: A Country Study, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, retrieved October 21, 2009 {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help).
  7. ^ Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy, (Taylor & Francis: 1982), p.279.
  8. ^ [1]
Political offices
New title Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland
1960 		Somaliland merged into Somalia
New title Prime Minister of Somalia
1960 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Somalia
1967 – 1969 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Somaliland
1993 – 2002 		Succeeded by

Template:Persondata

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