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A '''spiritual practice''' or '''spiritual discipline''' (often including '''spiritual exercises''') is the regular or full-time performance of actions and activities undertaken for the purpose of cultivating [[Spirituality|spiritual development]]. A common metaphor used in the spiritual traditions of the worlds great religions is that of walking a path.<ref>In Islam [[Sharia]], in Indian religions [[Noble Eightfold Path|Marga]], in [[Taoism]] and [[Christianity]], [[The Way]] are examples.</ref> Therefore a spiritual practice moves a person along a path towards a goal. The goal is variously referred to as [[salvation]], [[Moksha|liberation]] or [[Theosis|union]] (with God). A person who walks such a path is sometimes referred to as a wayfarer or a [[pilgrim]]. |
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Pen island is a very special place, full of pens. |
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==Spiritual practices versus worship== |
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Some practices, like [[meditation]], [[yoga]] and [[vegetarianism]], are undertaken for a spiritual purpose. This tends to be thought to characterize [[Eastern world|Eastern]] [[religion]] more than [[Western world|Western]]. Perhaps this comes from the perception that Eastern religion is more marked than Western religion by [[mysticism]]. This perception might be true to some degree, but even Western religious traditions that eschew mystical practices often have many practices and rituals which could count as a 'spiritual practice.' |
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In any case, Western religions, speaking generally, tend to focus on professed theological ideas more than in the east. The Islamic [[salat]], for example, confesses the [[shahada]], and [[Prayer in Christianity|Christian prayer]] in its many forms often focuses on [[God]], God's character, [[Christ]], or the surroundings of the person praying. By contrast, [[Buddhist]] [[meditation]] focuses on deepening our experience and understanding of the mind or of Buddha, these things often being understood to be the same thing. In [[Zen]] practising [[koan]]s focuses on the contemplation of unsolvable paradoxes as a tool for the emptying of the mind or no-self ([[anatman]]). |
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It may be useful to the reader to compare and contrast the notion of spiritual practice with that of [[worship]], as well as the notions [[adoration]], [[veneration]], and [[prayer]]. |
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==Eastern practices== |
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===Hindu=== |
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In [[Hinduism]], the practice of cultivating spirituality is known as ''[[sadhana]]''. |
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''[[Japa]]'', the silent or audible repetition of a ''[[mantra]]'', is a common [[Hindu]] spiritual practice. |
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{{See also|yoga}} |
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[[Tantra|Tantric]] practices are shared in common between Hinduism and certain Buddhist (especially Tibetan Buddhist) schools, and involve the deliberate use of the mundane (worldly, physical or material) to access the supramundane (spiritual, energetic or mystical) realms. |
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===Buddhist=== |
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In [[Theravada]] Buddhism, the generic term for spiritual cultivation is ''[[bhavana]]''. The Pali word "yoga," central to many early Buddhist texts, has been often translated as "Spiritual Practice."<ref>{{Cite book | last=Fronsdal | first=Gil | authorlink=Gil Fronsdal | coauthors= Jack Kornfield| title=The Dhammapada: A New Translation of the Buddhist Classic with Annotations | year= 2005 | publisher=Shambhala | location= | isbn=1-59030-380-6 | pages =ix - xix }}</ref> In [[Zen]] Buddhism, [[meditation]] (called ''[[zazen]]''), the writing of poetry (especially ''[[haiku]]''), [[painting]], [[calligraphy]], [[flower arranging]], and the maintenance of [[Zen garden]]s are considered to be spiritual practices. The extensive [[Japanese Tea Ceremony|Japanese]] and [[Korean Tea Ceremony|Korean Tea Ceremonies]] are also considered spiritual. |
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===Martial arts=== |
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Some [[martial art]]s, like [[T'ai chi ch'uan]], [[Aikido]],<ref>Peter W. Boylan. [http://www.aikiweb.com/spiritual/boylan2.html Aikido as Spiritual Practice in the United States]. December 1999 thesis [[Western Michigan University]].</ref> and [[Jujutsu]], are considered spiritual practices by some of their practitioners. |
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==Abrahamic practices== |
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[[Abrahamic religions]] are practiced throughout the world. They share in common the Jewish patriarch [[Abraham]] and the [[Torah]] as an initial sacred text, although the degree to which the Torah is incorporated into religious beliefs varies between traditions. |
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===Islamic=== |
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Spiritual practice in Islam is practiced within [[salah]] (ritual prayer) during which Muslims subdue all thoughts and concentrate solely on [[Allah]]. Spiritual practices that are practised by [[Sufism|Sufis]] include [[fasting]], [[Dhikr]], [[Muraqaba]], [[Sufi whirling#Sama|Sama]] and [[Sufi whirling]]. |
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===Jewish=== |
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''Kavannah'' is the directing of the heart to achieve higher contemplative thoughts and attain inner strength. Perhaps the most elevated spiritual exercise for a Jew is known as ''Torah Lishmah'', the diligent study of the Torah. Reciting daily prayers (such as the [[Shema]] and [[Amidah]]), following dietary laws of [[kashrut]], observing [[Shabbat]], [[fasting]], and performing deeds of [[chesed|loving-kindness]] all assist in maintaining awareness of God. Various Jewish movements throughout history have encouraged a range of other spiritual practices. The [[Musar movement]], for example, encourages a variety of meditations, guided contemplations, and chanting exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mussarinstitute.org/wisdom-way.htm |title=The Mussar Way - Soul, Jewish contemplative practices and exercises |publisher=The Mussar Institute |date= |accessdate=2012-08-08}}</ref> |
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===Christian=== |
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Spiritual disciplines are patterns of behavior that, when practiced faithfully and regularly, draw you closer to the will of God and facilitate spiritual growth, thereby training, correcting, molding, and perfecting mental faculties and moral character in the observer. |
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In the Catholic tradition, spiritual disciplines may include: [[prayer]], fasting, acts of mercy, [[Sacraments]] (e.g., [[Baptism]] & [[Eucharist]]), [[monasticism]], [[chanting]], [[celibacy]], the use of [[prayer beads]], [[mortification of the flesh]], [[Christian meditation]], and ''[[Lectio Divina]]''. |
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For the Protestant Christian, spiritual disciplines are generally regarded to include any combination of the following, in moderation: celebration, chastity, confession, fasting, fellowship, frugality, giving, guidance, hospitality, humility, intimacy, meditation, prayer, reflection, self-control, servanthood, service, silence, simplicity, singing, slowing, solitude, study, submission, surrender, teaching, and worship. |
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The [[Religious Society of Friends]] (also known as the Quakers) practices silent worship, which is punctuated by vocal ministry. Quakers have little to no [[creed]] or [[doctrine]], and so their practices constitute a large portion of their group identity. |
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A well-known writer on Christian spiritual disciplines, Richard Foster, has emphasized that Christian meditation focuses not of the emptying of the [[mind]] or [[soul|self]], but rather on the filling up of the mind or self with God.<ref name=Foster>{{cite book | last = Foster | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Foster | year = 1998 | title = Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth | publisher = | location = [[San Francisco]] | isbn = 0-06-062839-1}}</ref> |
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===Baha'i=== |
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Prayer in the Bahá'í Faith refers to two distinct concepts: ''obligatory prayer'' and ''devotional prayer'' (general prayer). Both types of prayer are composed of reverent words which are addressed to [[God]],<ref name="walbridge">{{cite web | first = John | last = Walbridge | title = Prayer and worship | url = http://bahai-library.com/walbridge_encyclopedia_prayer_worship | accessdate = 2008-04-27}}</ref> and the act of prayer is one of the most important [[Bahá'í laws]] for individual discipline.<ref name="hatcher">{{cite book |last = Hatcher | first = W.S. |coauthors = & Martin, J.D. |year = 1998 |title = The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0-87743-264-3 | pages = 156–157}}</ref> |
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==Other practices== |
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===Stoic=== |
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[[Stoicism]] takes the view that [[philosophy]] is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a way of life and [[discourse]] involving constant practice and training (e.g., [[asceticism]]). |
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Stoic spiritual practices and exercises include [[contemplation]] of death and other events that are typically thought negative, training [[attention]] to remain in the present moment (similar to some forms of Eastern [[meditation]]), daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions, keeping a personal journal, and so on. Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder. |
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===New Age=== |
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[[New Age]] spirituality practices vary as do [[multiculturalism|diverse]] individuals and groups around the world. |
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[[Passage meditation]] was a practice recommended by [[Eknath Easwaran]] which involves the memorization and silent repetition of passages of [[scripture]] from the world's [[religion]]s. |
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[[Adidam]] (the name of both the religion and practice) taught by [[Adi Da Samraj]] uses an extensive group of spiritual practices including ceremonial invocation (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'') and body disciplines such as exercise, a modified [[yoga]], [[diet (nutrition)|dietary restrictions]] and bodily service. These are all rooted in a fundamental devotional practice of ''[[Guru]] [[bhakti]]'' based in self-understanding rather than conventional religious seeking. |
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The term [[Neotantra]] refers to a modern collection of practices and schools in the West that integrates the sacred with the sexual, and de-emphasizes the reliance on Gurus. |
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Recent and evolving spiritual practices in the West have also explored the integration of aboriginal instruments such as the [[Didgeridoo]], extended chanting as in [[Kirtan]], or other [[breathwork]] taken outside of the context of Eastern lineages or spiritual beliefs, such as Quantum Light Breath <ref>{{cite book | last = Pilarzyk | first = Tom | title = Yoga Beyond Fitness: Getting More Than Exercise from an Ancient Spiritual Practice | publisher = Quest Books | year = 2008 | page = 64| isbn = 0-8356-0863-8}}</ref> |
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The themes of love and service run throughout the spiritual practices prescribed by [[Meher Baba]], some of which were enumerated by him in the following list: "The [first] is personally serving a Sadguru and complete surrenderance to him. The second is constant meditation on the divine name. The third is selfless service, and the fourth is the offering of worship (prayer)."<ref>Kalchuri, Bhau (1986). ''Lord Meher: Meher Prabhu''. '''3'''. Myrtle Beach: Manifestation, Inc. p. 802.</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Spirituality}} |
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*[[Devotional literature]] |
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*[[Sadhana]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
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* {{cite book |
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| author = Foster, Richard J. |
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|authorlink = Richard J. Foster |
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| year = 1998 |
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| title = Celebration of Discipline |
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| publisher = HarperSanFrancisco |
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| isbn = 0-06-062839-1 |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Spiritual Practice}} |
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[[Category:Spirituality|Practice, spiritual]] |
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[[Category:Spiritual practice]] |
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[[Category:Yoga]] |
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[[cy:Ymarfer ysbrydol]] |
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[[it:Disciplina spirituale]] |
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[[pt:Prática espiritual]] |
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[[yi:עבודת ה']] |
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Revision as of 05:32, 14 September 2012
A spiritual practice or spiritual discipline (often including spiritual exercises) is the regular or full-time performance of actions and activities undertaken for the purpose of cultivating spiritual development. A common metaphor used in the spiritual traditions of the worlds great religions is that of walking a path.[1] Therefore a spiritual practice moves a person along a path towards a goal. The goal is variously referred to as salvation, liberation or union (with God). A person who walks such a path is sometimes referred to as a wayfarer or a pilgrim.
Spiritual practices versus worship
Some practices, like meditation, yoga and vegetarianism, are undertaken for a spiritual purpose. This tends to be thought to characterize Eastern religion more than Western. Perhaps this comes from the perception that Eastern religion is more marked than Western religion by mysticism. This perception might be true to some degree, but even Western religious traditions that eschew mystical practices often have many practices and rituals which could count as a 'spiritual practice.'
In any case, Western religions, speaking generally, tend to focus on professed theological ideas more than in the east. The Islamic salat, for example, confesses the shahada, and Christian prayer in its many forms often focuses on God, God's character, Christ, or the surroundings of the person praying. By contrast, Buddhist meditation focuses on deepening our experience and understanding of the mind or of Buddha, these things often being understood to be the same thing. In Zen practising koans focuses on the contemplation of unsolvable paradoxes as a tool for the emptying of the mind or no-self (anatman).
It may be useful to the reader to compare and contrast the notion of spiritual practice with that of worship, as well as the notions adoration, veneration, and prayer.
Eastern practices
Hindu
In Hinduism, the practice of cultivating spirituality is known as sadhana.
Japa, the silent or audible repetition of a mantra, is a common Hindu spiritual practice.
Tantric practices are shared in common between Hinduism and certain Buddhist (especially Tibetan Buddhist) schools, and involve the deliberate use of the mundane (worldly, physical or material) to access the supramundane (spiritual, energetic or mystical) realms.
Buddhist
In Theravada Buddhism, the generic term for spiritual cultivation is bhavana. The Pali word "yoga," central to many early Buddhist texts, has been often translated as "Spiritual Practice."[2] In Zen Buddhism, meditation (called zazen), the writing of poetry (especially haiku), painting, calligraphy, flower arranging, and the maintenance of Zen gardens are considered to be spiritual practices. The extensive Japanese and Korean Tea Ceremonies are also considered spiritual.
Martial arts
Some martial arts, like T'ai chi ch'uan, Aikido,[3] and Jujutsu, are considered spiritual practices by some of their practitioners.
Abrahamic practices
Abrahamic religions are practiced throughout the world. They share in common the Jewish patriarch Abraham and the Torah as an initial sacred text, although the degree to which the Torah is incorporated into religious beliefs varies between traditions.
Islamic
Spiritual practice in Islam is practiced within salah (ritual prayer) during which Muslims subdue all thoughts and concentrate solely on Allah. Spiritual practices that are practised by Sufis include fasting, Dhikr, Muraqaba, Sama and Sufi whirling.
Jewish
Kavannah is the directing of the heart to achieve higher contemplative thoughts and attain inner strength. Perhaps the most elevated spiritual exercise for a Jew is known as Torah Lishmah, the diligent study of the Torah. Reciting daily prayers (such as the Shema and Amidah), following dietary laws of kashrut, observing Shabbat, fasting, and performing deeds of loving-kindness all assist in maintaining awareness of God. Various Jewish movements throughout history have encouraged a range of other spiritual practices. The Musar movement, for example, encourages a variety of meditations, guided contemplations, and chanting exercises.[4]
Christian
Spiritual disciplines are patterns of behavior that, when practiced faithfully and regularly, draw you closer to the will of God and facilitate spiritual growth, thereby training, correcting, molding, and perfecting mental faculties and moral character in the observer.
In the Catholic tradition, spiritual disciplines may include: prayer, fasting, acts of mercy, Sacraments (e.g., Baptism & Eucharist), monasticism, chanting, celibacy, the use of prayer beads, mortification of the flesh, Christian meditation, and Lectio Divina.
For the Protestant Christian, spiritual disciplines are generally regarded to include any combination of the following, in moderation: celebration, chastity, confession, fasting, fellowship, frugality, giving, guidance, hospitality, humility, intimacy, meditation, prayer, reflection, self-control, servanthood, service, silence, simplicity, singing, slowing, solitude, study, submission, surrender, teaching, and worship.
The Religious Society of Friends (also known as the Quakers) practices silent worship, which is punctuated by vocal ministry. Quakers have little to no creed or doctrine, and so their practices constitute a large portion of their group identity.
A well-known writer on Christian spiritual disciplines, Richard Foster, has emphasized that Christian meditation focuses not of the emptying of the mind or self, but rather on the filling up of the mind or self with God.[5]
Baha'i
Prayer in the Bahá'í Faith refers to two distinct concepts: obligatory prayer and devotional prayer (general prayer). Both types of prayer are composed of reverent words which are addressed to God,[6] and the act of prayer is one of the most important Bahá'í laws for individual discipline.[7]
Other practices
Stoic
Stoicism takes the view that philosophy is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, it is a way of life and discourse involving constant practice and training (e.g., asceticism).
Stoic spiritual practices and exercises include contemplation of death and other events that are typically thought negative, training attention to remain in the present moment (similar to some forms of Eastern meditation), daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions, keeping a personal journal, and so on. Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self-reminder.
New Age
New Age spirituality practices vary as do diverse individuals and groups around the world.
Passage meditation was a practice recommended by Eknath Easwaran which involves the memorization and silent repetition of passages of scripture from the world's religions.
Adidam (the name of both the religion and practice) taught by Adi Da Samraj uses an extensive group of spiritual practices including ceremonial invocation (puja) and body disciplines such as exercise, a modified yoga, dietary restrictions and bodily service. These are all rooted in a fundamental devotional practice of Guru bhakti based in self-understanding rather than conventional religious seeking.
The term Neotantra refers to a modern collection of practices and schools in the West that integrates the sacred with the sexual, and de-emphasizes the reliance on Gurus.
Recent and evolving spiritual practices in the West have also explored the integration of aboriginal instruments such as the Didgeridoo, extended chanting as in Kirtan, or other breathwork taken outside of the context of Eastern lineages or spiritual beliefs, such as Quantum Light Breath [8]
The themes of love and service run throughout the spiritual practices prescribed by Meher Baba, some of which were enumerated by him in the following list: "The [first] is personally serving a Sadguru and complete surrenderance to him. The second is constant meditation on the divine name. The third is selfless service, and the fourth is the offering of worship (prayer)."[9]
See also
Notes
- ^ In Islam Sharia, in Indian religions Marga, in Taoism and Christianity, The Way are examples.
- ^ Fronsdal, Gil (2005). The Dhammapada: A New Translation of the Buddhist Classic with Annotations. Shambhala. pp. ix–xix. ISBN 1-59030-380-6.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Peter W. Boylan. Aikido as Spiritual Practice in the United States. December 1999 thesis Western Michigan University.
- ^ "The Mussar Way - Soul, Jewish contemplative practices and exercises". The Mussar Institute. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
- ^ Foster, Richard J. (1998). Celebration of Discipline: The Path to Spiritual Growth. San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-062839-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Walbridge, John. "Prayer and worship". Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Hatcher, W.S. (1998). The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 156–157. ISBN 0-87743-264-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Pilarzyk, Tom (2008). Yoga Beyond Fitness: Getting More Than Exercise from an Ancient Spiritual Practice. Quest Books. p. 64. ISBN 0-8356-0863-8.
- ^ Kalchuri, Bhau (1986). Lord Meher: Meher Prabhu. 3. Myrtle Beach: Manifestation, Inc. p. 802.
References
- Foster, Richard J. (1998). Celebration of Discipline. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-062839-1.