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A '''''hapa''''' is a person of mixed [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] heritage, especially with a partial Asian and/or Pacific Islander background.<ref>Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53-54</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html|title=The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|first1=Alana|last1=Folen|first2=Tina|last2=Ng|date=Spring 2007|accessdate=4 September 2013}} "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half Asian American"</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Dictionary definition of ''hapa'' |author= Grant Barrett |work= Double Tongued Dictionary |url= http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/hapa |accessdate= 21 July 2013 }}"hapa adj. racially mixed, esp. with an Asian racial background."</ref><ref>{cite web|url=http://aas.stanford.edu/journal/Old%20Paper%20Pages/agamble09.pdf |accessdate=23 September 2013 }}"Today, the term is commonly used to describe Asian Pacific Islanders of mixed race heritage."</ref>The term originates in [[Hawaii]] from the [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] word for "part" or "mixed".<ref>Gamble (2009), p. 2</ref><ref name="Cruz 2009 p. 723">Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723</ref> <ref>Gamble (2009), p. 2: "Today, the term is commonly used to describe Asian Pacific Islanders of mixed race heritage."; p. 14: "As well, in contemporary discourse, hapa is used to describe any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander heritage, not limited to part White heritage."</ref><ref>Huynh-Hohnbaum (2009), p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."</ref><ref>Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Today, Hapa is used to describe any person of mixed Asian Pacific American descent."</ref><ref>Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53-54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi and Heidenreich, 2005)."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html|title=The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|first1=Alana|last1=Folen|first2=Tina|last2=Ng|date=Spring 2007|accessdate=4 September 2013}} "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half Asian American."</ref><ref>Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 135: "In California, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."</ref>{{#tag:ref|"Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was a [[US Census]] classification prior to the [[2000 US Census]] subsequently separated into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards|title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity|author=Office of Management and Budget|publisher=US Government|date=30 October 1997|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
A '''''hapa''''' is a person of mixed [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] heritage.<ref>Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53–54</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html|title=The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|first1=Alana|last1=Folen|first2=Tina|last2=Ng|date=Spring 2007|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Dictionary definition of ''hapa'' |author= Grant Barrett |work= Double Tongued Dictionary |url= http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/hapa |accessdate= 21 July 2013 }}</ref> The term originates in [[Hawaii]] from the [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] word for "part" or "mixed".<ref>Gamble (2009), p. 2</ref><ref name="Cruz 2009 p. 723">Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723</ref> In [[Hawaii]], the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture.<ref>Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."</ref><ref>Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use Hapa to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."</ref> In [[California]], the term has recently been used to describe any person of part [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[Pacific Islands American|Pacific Islander]] descent, therefore there are two concurrent usages (one in [[Hawaii]], one in [[California]]).<ref>Gamble (2009), p. 2: "Today, the term is commonly used to describe Asian Pacific Islanders of mixed race heritage."; p. 14: "As well, in contemporary discourse, hapa is used to describe any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander heritage, not limited to part White heritage."</ref><ref>Huynh-Hohnbaum (2009), p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."</ref><ref>Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Today, Hapa is used to describe any person of mixed Asian Pacific American descent."</ref><ref>Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi and Heidenreich, 2005)."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html|title=The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|first1=Alana|last1=Folen|first2=Tina|last2=Ng|date=Spring 2007|accessdate=4 September 2013}} "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half Asian American."</ref><ref>Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 135: "In California, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."</ref>{{#tag:ref|"Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was a [[US Census]] classification prior to the [[2000 US Census]] subsequently separated into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards|title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity|author=Office of Management and Budget|publisher=US Government|date=30 October 1997|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Some see the use of the term as a misappropriation of [[Hawaiian culture]].<ref name="Cruz 2009 p. 723"/><ref>Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 138: "Prominent figures in the [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]], such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other “inappropriate” uses of the term."</ref><ref>Dariotis (2007)</ref><ref>Gamble (2009), p. 11</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==

Revision as of 21:46, 4 October 2013

A hapa is a person of mixed ethnic heritage.[1][2][3] The term originates in Hawaii from the Hawaiian word for "part" or "mixed".[4][5] In Hawaii, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture.[6][7] In California, the term has recently been used to describe any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander descent, therefore there are two concurrent usages (one in Hawaii, one in California).[8][9][10][11][12][13][nb 1] Some see the use of the term as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture.[5][15][16][17]

Etymology

The term hapa comes from a Hawaiian Pidgin word that denotes a part or fragment of something, itself a loan from the English word half. When applied to people, this denotes that such people are of mixed descent. Mary Pukui and Samuel Ebert's Hawaiian Dictionary define hapa as: "of mixed blood, person of mixed blood as in hapa Hawaiʻi, part Hawaiian."[18]

Used without qualification, hapa is often taken to mean "part White," and is shorthand for hapa haole. The term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. Examples of this include:

Pukui states that the original meaning of the word haole was "foreigner". Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called haole.[21] In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese were traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.[22]

Hapa-haole also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune and styling are typically Hawaiian, but the lyrics are in English or mostly in English.[23]

Further reading

  • Fulbeck, Kip (2006). Part Asian, 100% Hapa. Chronicle Books. ISBN 9780811849593.

In 2001, artist Kip Fulbeck began traveling the United States to find and interview hapa participants for The Hapa Project. The accompanying book consists of hundreds Americans who are of varying ages and genders and mixed races, presumably of Asian/Pacific Islander descent. The participants have similar mugshot or passport type pictures which are expressionless, without make-up, and showing only the face from the shoulders up. Under each photograph is a hand-written response which uniquely answers the question, "What are you?"[24][25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53–54
  2. ^ Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina (Spring 2007). "The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  3. ^ Grant Barrett. "Dictionary definition of hapa". Double Tongued Dictionary. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  4. ^ Gamble (2009), p. 2
  5. ^ a b Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723
  6. ^ Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."
  7. ^ Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use Hapa to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."
  8. ^ Gamble (2009), p. 2: "Today, the term is commonly used to describe Asian Pacific Islanders of mixed race heritage."; p. 14: "As well, in contemporary discourse, hapa is used to describe any person of part Asian or Pacific Islander heritage, not limited to part White heritage."
  9. ^ Huynh-Hohnbaum (2009), p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word."
  10. ^ Bernstein and De la Cruz (2009), p. 723: "Today, Hapa is used to describe any person of mixed Asian Pacific American descent."
  11. ^ Ozaki and Johnston (2009), pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (Taniguchi and Heidenreich, 2005)."
  12. ^ Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina (Spring 2007). "The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans". University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 4 September 2013. "Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half Asian American."
  13. ^ Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 135: "In California, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."
  14. ^ Office of Management and Budget (30 October 1997), Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, US Government, retrieved 4 September 2013
  15. ^ Taniguchi and Heidenreich (2005), p. 138: "Prominent figures in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement, such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other “inappropriate” uses of the term."
  16. ^ Dariotis (2007)
  17. ^ Gamble (2009), p. 11
  18. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of hapa". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  19. ^ Easley (1995), p. 76: "'Hapa haole' is a commonly used phrase in Hawaii, employed by all Asian subgroups, but Hawaiian in origin. The phrase literally translates into "of part-white ancestry or origin.""
  20. ^ "Hapa Haole". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  21. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of haole". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  22. ^ Gerrit Parmele Judd IV (1961). Hawaii: an informal history. Collier Books. p. 136.
  23. ^ Kanahele, George S.; Berger, John, eds. (2012) [1979]. Hawaiian Music & Musicians (2nd ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: Mutual Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9781566479677. OCLC 808415079. {{cite book}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ http://www.union.edu/Resources/Campus/mandeville/exhibits/past/Hapa-Project-08/index.php
  25. ^ http://www.janm.org/exhibits/kipfulbeck/home/

Notes

  1. ^ "Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was a US Census classification prior to the 2000 US Census subsequently separated into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".[14]

Sources

Books
  • Huynh-Hohnbaum, Anh-Luu T. (2009). "Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders". In Chen, Wen-Chu; Yoo, Grace J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today. Vol. 1. Greenwood Pub Group. pp. 437–443. ISBN 978-0313347511. {{cite book}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |laydate=, |separator=, |author-name-separator=, |laysource=, |layurl=, |trans_title=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |trans_chapter=, |author-separator=, and |lastauthoramp= (help)
Journal articles
Articles

External links

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