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{{Infobox monarch
⚫
#REDIRECT [[Maharana Pratap]]
| name = Rana Pratap Singh
| full nmae = Maharana Pratap Singh Sisodia
| title = The Ruler of Mewar
| image = [[File:RajaRaviVarma MaharanaPratap.jpg|150px]]
| reign = 1572–1597
| coronation = March 1, 1572
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| predecessor = [[Maharana Udai Singh|Udai Singh II]]
| successor = [[Amar Singh I]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur : c. 1503 - 1938|year=1994|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=9788125003335|page=83|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC}}</ref>
| consort = Maharani Ajabde Punwar <ref name=Rana04>{{cite book|last=Rana|first=Bhawan Singh|title=Maharana Pratap|year=2004|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=9788128808258|pages=28, 105 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K0UnRk-rRa4C}}</ref><br>(11 wives)
| spouse
= Maharani Ajabde Punwar
| issue = Amar Singh<br>Bhagwan Das<br>(17 sons)
| royal house = [[Sisodia]]
| father =[[Maharana Udai Singh]]
| mother = [[Maharani Jaiwanta Bai]]<ref name=Rana04/>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1540|05|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbhalgarh|Kumbhalgarh Fort]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1597|01|29|1540|05|09|df=y}}
| death_place =
| place of burial=
||Wife = maharani ajabde puwar}}
'''Rana Pratap Singh'''<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545844/Rana-Pratap-Singh Rana Pratap Singh Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> ({{audio|Maharana Pratap.ogg|pronunciation}}) (May 9, 1540 – January 29, 1597) also known as '''Maharana Pratap''' was a [[Rajput|Hindu Rajput]] [[Maharana|ruler]] of [[Mewar]], a region in north-western [[India]] in the present day state of [[Rajasthan]]. He belonged to the [[Sisodia]] clan of Rajputs.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=A History of Jaipur| year=1994|isbn=9788125003335|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Daryanani|first=Mohan B.|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps| year=1999|isbn=9788493110109|page=302}}</ref> In popular Indian culture, Pratap is considered to exemplify qualities like bravery and chivalry to which Rajputs aspire, especially in context of his opposition to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545844/Rana-Pratap-Singh Britannica referenced]</ref>

==Accession==

In 1568 during the reign of [[Maharana Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh]], Maharana Pratap's father, [[Jaimal and Patta|Chittor was conquered]] by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] after the third ''[[Jauhar]]'' at [[Chittor]].{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} However, Maharaja Udai Singh and the royal family of [[Mewar]] had left before the fort was captured and moved to the foothills of the [[Aravalli]] Range where Maharaja Udai Singh had already founded the city of [[Udaipur]] in 1559.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mathur|first=Pushparani|title=Costumes of the Rulers of Mewar|year=1994|isbn=9788170172932|page=22}}</ref> The Bhatiyani Queen wanted her son Jagmal to succeed Rana Udai Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Akbar|year=1980|isbn=9780706910766|page=135}}</ref> But the senior nobles wanted Pratap, the eldest son, to be their king as was customary. During the coronation ceremony, with Rawatji and other senior noble's help, Pratap Singh was made the king of Mewar.

===Conflict===
[[File:Chittorgarh Fort.jpg|left|thumb|x216px|text|[[Chittorgarh Fort]] which Rana wanted to reclaim. Also seen is [[Vijay Stambha]] along with [[Chittorgarh Fort#Gaumukh Reservoir|Gaumukh Reservoir]].]]

Nearly all of Pratap's fellow [[Rajput]] chiefs had meanwhile entered into the vassalage of the Mughals. Even Pratap's own brothers, [[Mir Shakti Singh|Shakti Singh]] and [[Sagar Singh]], served Akbar. Indeed, many Rajput chiefs, such as [[Raja Man Singh]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]] (later known as Maharaja of [[Jaipur]]) served as army commanders in [[Akbar]]'s armies and as members of his council. Akbar sent a total of six diplomatic missions to Pratap, seeking to negotiate the same sort of peaceful alliance that he had concluded with the other Rajput chiefs. Each time, however, Pratap politely refused to accept Akbar's suzerainty, arguing that the Sisodia Rajputs had never accepted any foreign ruler as their overlord, nor will he. It is worth noting that both these rulers' grandfathers, [[Rana Sanga]] and [[Babur]], had previously fought against each other. Thus the enmity was not only political, but was also a bit personal.

===Battle of Haldighati===
On June 21, 1576 (or June 18 in other calculations), the armies of Pratap and Akbar (led by Syed Hashim) met at [[Haldighati]], near the town of [[Gogunda]].

Pratap's army had a contingent of Afghan warriors led by his commander, Hakim Khan Sur. A small army of the Bhils, whom the Rana had befriended, also joined the battle against the Mughals. On the other hand, the Mughal forces led by Syed Hashim boasted of numerical superiority, which vastly outnumbered the Rajputs.

At first, the Rajputs by their sheer bravery of orchestrating a full frontal attack took the Mughals by surprise. However, the numerical superiority of the Mughals and the efficiency of their artillery soon began to tell. Seeing that the battle was favoring the opponents and with the huge amount of death of soldiers on the Rajput side, Pratap's generals prevailed upon him to flee the field so as to be able to fight another day. Myths indicate that to facilitate Pratap's escape, one of his lieutenants, a member of the [[Jhala]] clan, donned Pratap's distinctive garments and took his place in the battlefield. He was soon killed. Meanwhile, Pratap was able to successfully evade captivity and escape to the hills.

Pratap was riding his trusted horse, [[Chetak (horse)|Chetak]], which despite being seriously wounded and utterly exhausted, carried his master till about 2 miles away from the battle, eventually succumbing to its injuries while jumping a nallah (stream). It is said, that Pratap's younger brother Shakti Singh, who until then was fighting on behalf of the Mughal army, followed Pratap until this point, and upon a change of heart, gave him his own horse to escape away. The other lesser-known heroes of Haldighati were the Bhil Adivasis of the Aravallis, whose valour, knowledge of terrain and intensive arrow showers made the battle far from one-sided. In recognition of their extraordinary contribution to Rajputana and to protecting these lands, a Bhil stands alongside a Rajput on either side of the Royal Coat of Arms of Mewar.

The battle of Haldighati has commanded a lasting presence in Rajasthani folklore, and the persona of Pratap Singh, is celebrated in a folk song “O Neele Ghode raa Aswaar” [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvTwj3qAHVM] (O Rider of the Blue Horse)

With the large booty at his disposal, Pratap organized another attack and [[Battle of Dewar]] followed in which army of Mewar was victorious and Pratap was able to claim back much of the lost territories of [[Mewar]] and freed much of [[Rajasthan]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]] .<ref name=mp>{{cite book|title=Maharana Pratap By Bhawan Singh Rana|year=2005|page=80|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=K0UnRk-rRa4C&pg=PA80&lpg=PA80&dq=bhamashah+looted+mughal&source=bl&ots=kJdkAvfZAV&sig=n3gGH-qeWT1iLiMsb_H43xscapQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gSbRUZTREcXqrQen6oGoAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=bhamashah%20looted%20mughal&f=false}}</ref> The [[Bhil]] tribals of the Aravalli hills provided Pratap with their support during times of war and their expertise in living off the forests during times of peace.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mann|first=Rann Singh|title=Tribal Cultures and Change|year=1989|page=159|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9990056730}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rana Pratap had 11 wives his first wife was Maharani Ajabde Punwar, Him and Ajabde were known to love each other even before they were married. Ajabde studied astrology to develop a 100 year calendar for Maharana Prataps life. Maharana Pratap was married to Ajabde when he was 17. Maharani Ajabde was the favourite wife of Rana Pratap. Maharani Ajabde was the biggest support to Maharana Pratap during his hardship days. Maharana Pratap loved Maharani Ajabde throughout his life. Maharani ajabade was Maharana's true love and Maharana Pratap married to all other princesses because of political alliances. Ajabde gave birth to Amar Singh Who was the successor of Rana Pratap. <ref>{{cite book| last=Sharma|first=Dashrath|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From 1300 to 1761 A.D:Volume 2 of Rajasthan Through the Ages| year=1990|page=274}}</ref> He had 17 sons<ref>{{cite book| last=Meininger|first=Irmgard|title=Chittaurgarh| year=2000|isbn=9788124601501|page=38}}</ref> and 5 daughters. Of his children, [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]]<ref>{{cite book| last=Shashi|first=S.S|title=Encyclopaedia Indica:
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 100| year=1996|isbn=9788170418597|page=185}}</ref> was the eldest. Apart from Ajabde Punwar, he had 10 more wives <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiaopines.com/5-lesser-facts-maharana-pratap/ |title=5 Lesser Known Facts about Maharana Pratap|publisher=IndiaOpines |date=21 April 2014 |accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> – Solankhinipur Bai, Champabai Jhati, Jasobai Chauhan, Phool Bai Rathore, Shahmatibai Hada, Khichar Asha bai, Alamdebai Chauhan, Ratnawatibai parmar, Amarbai Rathore and Lakhabai. Maharani Ajabde was a learned and level headed person. She always led Maharana Pratap to make the right decisions using strategic wisdom and her core values. She was the love of his life.

==Final days==
Maharana Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident <ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|title=Maharana
Pratap|year=2005|isbn=978-8178710037|page=91}}</ref> at [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]], which served as his capital,<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |year=2005|isbn=8124110662|page=122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Niraj| first=Jaysimha| title= Splendour Of Rajasthani Painting|year=1991|isbn=8170172675|page=15}}</ref> on 29<ref>plaque at Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti, Udaipur</ref><ref>http://www.chittorgarh.com/maharana-pratap.asp</ref> January 1597, aged fifty-seven.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=R.K.|last=Bakshi|first=S.R.|title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|year=2008|isbn=9788176258418|page=46}}</ref> A [[chhatri]],
commemorating Pratap's funeral, exists at Chavand and is an important tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=rjudp3730001 |title=Maharana Pratap Ki Chhatri |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the arts |accessdate=19 March 2013}}</ref> It is recorded in historical annals that as he lay dying, Pratap made his son and successor, [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]], swear to maintain eternal conflict against the Mughals.<ref>{{cite book| last=Dutt |first=Romesh Chandra|title=Pratap Singh, the last of the Rajputs: a tale of Rajput courage and chivalry | year=1943| asin=B0006AVRDI | page=180}}</ref> Amar Singh submitted Mewar to Akbar.Amar Singh conditionally accepted Mughals as rulers. The subsequent treaty between [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] and Mughal King [[Jahangir]] had some obligations that fort of [[Chittor]] would not be repaired and Mewar would have to keep a contingent of 1000 horsed in the Mughal service.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sharma|first=Sri Ram|title=Maharana Raj Singh and his Times| year=1971| isbn=8120823982| page=14}}</ref> Besides Amar Singh would not have to be present at any of the Mughal Darbars.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nicoll| first=Fergus| title= Shah Jahan|year=2009|isbn=9780670083039|publisher=Penguin Books India|page=89}}</ref> At Amar Singh's laying down of arms, many members of Maharana Pratap's family of Sisodias, band of loyal Rajputs became disillusioned by the surrender and left Rajasthan. This group included Rathores, Deora Chauhans, Pariharas, Tanwars, Kacchwaha and Jhalas. They are called Rors and settled mostly in Haryana, with some in Uttar Pradesh.

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|220px|Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar on his horse ''Chetak'', commemorating the [[Battle of Haldighati]], Moti Magri, [[Udaipur]].]]Most important of Pratap Singh's legacy was in the military field – after Haldighati, he increasingly experimented and perfected [[guerrilla warfare]] and [[Horses in warfare#Light-weight|light horse]] tactics. His innovative military strategy- use of scorched earth, evacuation of entire populations along potential routes of enemy march, poisoning of wells, use of mountain forts in Aravallis, repeated plunder and devastation of enemy territories along with harassing raids on enemy baggage, communications and supply lines- helped him recapture most of [[Mewar]] by time of his death and enabled him to successfully tackled vastly stronger armies of Akbar. Harassing warfare perfected by Pratap Singh would in due course was adopted by Malik Ambar of Ahmednagar<ref>Medieval India – 1000 AD to 1740, L.P Sharma</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2013}} who taught and deployed local Marathas to fight invading Mughal armies, thus preparing them for future warfare against Mughals.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar}}
* [http://www.mewarindia.com Official Website for the Royal Family of Udaipur]

{{Authority control|VIAF=50031019}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Pratap, Maharana
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Pratap Singh Sisodia
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =Indian warrior king, 1500s
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 31, 1540
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kumbhalgarh]], Juni Kacheri, [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]
| DATE OF DEATH = January 29, 1597
| PLACE OF DEATH = Chavand
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap, Maharana}}
[[Category:Rajput rulers]]
[[Category:1540 births|Singh, Pratap]]
[[Category:1597 deaths|Singh, Pratap]]
⚫
[[Category:Maharana Pratap|*]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu warriors]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]
[[Category:Hunting accident deaths]]
[[Category:1568 in India]]

Revision as of 09:27, 7 September 2014

Rana Pratap Singh
The Ruler of Mewar
Reign1572–1597
CoronationMarch 1, 1572
PredecessorUdai Singh II
SuccessorAmar Singh I[2]
Born(1540-05-09)9 May 1540
Kumbhalgarh Fort, Rajasthan, India
Died29 January 1597(1597-01-29) (aged 56)
SpouseMaharani Ajabde Punwar
IssueAmar Singh
Bhagwan Das
(17 sons)
HouseSisodia
FatherMaharana Udai Singh
MotherMaharani Jaiwanta Bai[1]
ReligionHinduism

Rana Pratap Singh[3] (pronunciationⓘ) (May 9, 1540 – January 29, 1597) also known as Maharana Pratap was a Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar, a region in north-western India in the present day state of Rajasthan. He belonged to the Sisodia clan of Rajputs.[4][5] In popular Indian culture, Pratap is considered to exemplify qualities like bravery and chivalry to which Rajputs aspire, especially in context of his opposition to the Mughal emperor Akbar.[6]

Accession

In 1568 during the reign of Maharana Udai Singh, Maharana Pratap's father, Chittor was conquered by the Mughal Emperor Akbar after the third Jauhar at Chittor.[citation needed] However, Maharaja Udai Singh and the royal family of Mewar had left before the fort was captured and moved to the foothills of the Aravalli Range where Maharaja Udai Singh had already founded the city of Udaipur in 1559.[7] The Bhatiyani Queen wanted her son Jagmal to succeed Rana Udai Singh.[8] But the senior nobles wanted Pratap, the eldest son, to be their king as was customary. During the coronation ceremony, with Rawatji and other senior noble's help, Pratap Singh was made the king of Mewar.

Conflict

Chittorgarh Fort which Rana wanted to reclaim. Also seen is Vijay Stambha along with Gaumukh Reservoir.

Nearly all of Pratap's fellow Rajput chiefs had meanwhile entered into the vassalage of the Mughals. Even Pratap's own brothers, Shakti Singh and Sagar Singh, served Akbar. Indeed, many Rajput chiefs, such as Raja Man Singh of Amber (later known as Maharaja of Jaipur) served as army commanders in Akbar's armies and as members of his council. Akbar sent a total of six diplomatic missions to Pratap, seeking to negotiate the same sort of peaceful alliance that he had concluded with the other Rajput chiefs. Each time, however, Pratap politely refused to accept Akbar's suzerainty, arguing that the Sisodia Rajputs had never accepted any foreign ruler as their overlord, nor will he. It is worth noting that both these rulers' grandfathers, Rana Sanga and Babur, had previously fought against each other. Thus the enmity was not only political, but was also a bit personal.

Battle of Haldighati

On June 21, 1576 (or June 18 in other calculations), the armies of Pratap and Akbar (led by Syed Hashim) met at Haldighati, near the town of Gogunda.

Pratap's army had a contingent of Afghan warriors led by his commander, Hakim Khan Sur. A small army of the Bhils, whom the Rana had befriended, also joined the battle against the Mughals. On the other hand, the Mughal forces led by Syed Hashim boasted of numerical superiority, which vastly outnumbered the Rajputs.

At first, the Rajputs by their sheer bravery of orchestrating a full frontal attack took the Mughals by surprise. However, the numerical superiority of the Mughals and the efficiency of their artillery soon began to tell. Seeing that the battle was favoring the opponents and with the huge amount of death of soldiers on the Rajput side, Pratap's generals prevailed upon him to flee the field so as to be able to fight another day. Myths indicate that to facilitate Pratap's escape, one of his lieutenants, a member of the Jhala clan, donned Pratap's distinctive garments and took his place in the battlefield. He was soon killed. Meanwhile, Pratap was able to successfully evade captivity and escape to the hills.

Pratap was riding his trusted horse, Chetak, which despite being seriously wounded and utterly exhausted, carried his master till about 2 miles away from the battle, eventually succumbing to its injuries while jumping a nallah (stream). It is said, that Pratap's younger brother Shakti Singh, who until then was fighting on behalf of the Mughal army, followed Pratap until this point, and upon a change of heart, gave him his own horse to escape away. The other lesser-known heroes of Haldighati were the Bhil Adivasis of the Aravallis, whose valour, knowledge of terrain and intensive arrow showers made the battle far from one-sided. In recognition of their extraordinary contribution to Rajputana and to protecting these lands, a Bhil stands alongside a Rajput on either side of the Royal Coat of Arms of Mewar.

The battle of Haldighati has commanded a lasting presence in Rajasthani folklore, and the persona of Pratap Singh, is celebrated in a folk song “O Neele Ghode raa Aswaar” [1] (O Rider of the Blue Horse)

With the large booty at his disposal, Pratap organized another attack and Battle of Dewar followed in which army of Mewar was victorious and Pratap was able to claim back much of the lost territories of Mewar and freed much of Rajasthan from the Mughal rule .[9] The Bhil tribals of the Aravalli hills provided Pratap with their support during times of war and their expertise in living off the forests during times of peace.[10]

Personal life

Rana Pratap had 11 wives his first wife was Maharani Ajabde Punwar, Him and Ajabde were known to love each other even before they were married. Ajabde studied astrology to develop a 100 year calendar for Maharana Prataps life. Maharana Pratap was married to Ajabde when he was 17. Maharani Ajabde was the favourite wife of Rana Pratap. Maharani Ajabde was the biggest support to Maharana Pratap during his hardship days. Maharana Pratap loved Maharani Ajabde throughout his life. Maharani ajabade was Maharana's true love and Maharana Pratap married to all other princesses because of political alliances. Ajabde gave birth to Amar Singh Who was the successor of Rana Pratap. [11] He had 17 sons[12] and 5 daughters. Of his children, Amar Singh[13] was the eldest. Apart from Ajabde Punwar, he had 10 more wives [14] – Solankhinipur Bai, Champabai Jhati, Jasobai Chauhan, Phool Bai Rathore, Shahmatibai Hada, Khichar Asha bai, Alamdebai Chauhan, Ratnawatibai parmar, Amarbai Rathore and Lakhabai. Maharani Ajabde was a learned and level headed person. She always led Maharana Pratap to make the right decisions using strategic wisdom and her core values. She was the love of his life.

Final days

Maharana Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident [15] at Chavand, which served as his capital,[16][17] on 29[18][19] January 1597, aged fifty-seven.[20] A chhatri, commemorating Pratap's funeral, exists at Chavand and is an important tourist attraction.[21] It is recorded in historical annals that as he lay dying, Pratap made his son and successor, Amar Singh, swear to maintain eternal conflict against the Mughals.[22] Amar Singh submitted Mewar to Akbar.Amar Singh conditionally accepted Mughals as rulers. The subsequent treaty between Amar Singh and Mughal King Jahangir had some obligations that fort of Chittor would not be repaired and Mewar would have to keep a contingent of 1000 horsed in the Mughal service.[23] Besides Amar Singh would not have to be present at any of the Mughal Darbars.[24] At Amar Singh's laying down of arms, many members of Maharana Pratap's family of Sisodias, band of loyal Rajputs became disillusioned by the surrender and left Rajasthan. This group included Rathores, Deora Chauhans, Pariharas, Tanwars, Kacchwaha and Jhalas. They are called Rors and settled mostly in Haryana, with some in Uttar Pradesh.

Legacy

Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar on his horse Chetak, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, Moti Magri, Udaipur.

Most important of Pratap Singh's legacy was in the military field – after Haldighati, he increasingly experimented and perfected guerrilla warfare and light horse tactics. His innovative military strategy- use of scorched earth, evacuation of entire populations along potential routes of enemy march, poisoning of wells, use of mountain forts in Aravallis, repeated plunder and devastation of enemy territories along with harassing raids on enemy baggage, communications and supply lines- helped him recapture most of Mewar by time of his death and enabled him to successfully tackled vastly stronger armies of Akbar. Harassing warfare perfected by Pratap Singh would in due course was adopted by Malik Ambar of Ahmednagar[25][page needed] who taught and deployed local Marathas to fight invading Mughal armies, thus preparing them for future warfare against Mughals.

References

  1. ^ a b Rana, Bhawan Singh (2004). Maharana Pratap. Diamond Pocket Books. pp. 28, 105. ISBN 9788128808258.
  2. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur : c. 1503 - 1938. Orient Longman. p. 83. ISBN 9788125003335.
  3. ^ Rana Pratap Singh Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994). A History of Jaipur. p. 48. ISBN 9788125003335.
  5. ^ Daryanani, Mohan B. (1999). Who's who on Indian Stamps. p. 302. ISBN 9788493110109.
  6. ^ Britannica referenced
  7. ^ Mathur, Pushparani (1994). Costumes of the Rulers of Mewar. p. 22. ISBN 9788170172932.
  8. ^ Lal, Muni (1980). Akbar. p. 135. ISBN 9780706910766.
  9. ^ Maharana Pratap By Bhawan Singh Rana. 2005. p. 80.
  10. ^ Mann, Rann Singh (1989). Tribal Cultures and Change. Mittal Publications. p. 159. ISBN 9990056730.
  11. ^ Sharma, Dashrath (1990). Rajasthan Through the Ages: From 1300 to 1761 A.D:Volume 2 of Rajasthan Through the Ages. p. 274.
  12. ^ Meininger, Irmgard (2000). Chittaurgarh. p. 38. ISBN 9788124601501.
  13. ^ Shashi, S.S (1996). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 100. p. 185. ISBN 9788170418597. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 22 (help)
  14. ^ "5 Lesser Known Facts about Maharana Pratap". IndiaOpines. 21 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  15. ^ Sharma, Sri Ram (2005). Maharana Pratap. p. 91. ISBN 978-8178710037. {{cite book}}: line feed character in |title= at position 9 (help)
  16. ^ Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. p. 122. ISBN 8124110662.
  17. ^ Niraj, Jaysimha (1991). Splendour Of Rajasthani Painting. p. 15. ISBN 8170172675.
  18. ^ plaque at Maharana Pratap Smarak Samiti, Udaipur
  19. ^ http://www.chittorgarh.com/maharana-pratap.asp
  20. ^ Bakshi, S.R. (2008). Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.). p. 46. ISBN 9788176258418.
  21. ^ "Maharana Pratap Ki Chhatri". Indira Gandhi National Centre for the arts. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  22. ^ Dutt, Romesh Chandra (1943). Pratap Singh, the last of the Rajputs: a tale of Rajput courage and chivalry. p. 180. ASIN B0006AVRDI.
  23. ^ Sharma, Sri Ram (1971). Maharana Raj Singh and his Times. p. 14. ISBN 8120823982.
  24. ^ Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan. Penguin Books India. p. 89. ISBN 9780670083039.
  25. ^ Medieval India – 1000 AD to 1740, L.P Sharma
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