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The season's first tropical cyclone, [[Hurricane Arthur (2014)|Arthur]], developed on July&nbsp;1, ahead of the long-term climatological average of July&nbsp;9. Early on July&nbsp;3, the system intensified into a hurricane, preceding the climatological average of August&nbsp;10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/#bac|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=May 23, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> After continuing to steadily intensify, it moved ashore between [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]] and [[Cape Hatteras]] as a Category&nbsp;2 hurricane, becoming the first U.S. landfalling cyclone of that intensity since [[Hurricane Ike]] in [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season|2008]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Watkins|title=Arthur makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane|url=http://hurricanetrack.com/2014/07/03/arthur-makes-landfall-as-a-category-2-hurricane/|publisher=HurricaneTrack|work=HurricaneTrack|date=July 3, 2014|accessdate=July 4, 2014}}</ref> Upon moving inland, Arthur became the earliest known hurricane to strike the North Carolina coastline on record.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wes Hohenstein|title=Arthur hits NC with 100 mph winds, earliest strike in NC history|url=http://www.wncn.com/story/20647515/hurricane-arthur-will-effect-the-coast-tonight-but-be-gone-for-the-weekend|publisher=WNCN News|work=WNCN News|date=July 4, 2014|accessdate=July 4, 2014}}</ref>
The season's first tropical cyclone, [[Hurricane Arthur (2014)|Arthur]], developed on July&nbsp;1, ahead of the long-term climatological average of July&nbsp;9. Early on July&nbsp;3, the system intensified into a hurricane, preceding the climatological average of August&nbsp;10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/climo/#bac|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=May 23, 2014|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> After continuing to steadily intensify, it moved ashore between [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]] and [[Cape Hatteras]] as a Category&nbsp;2 hurricane, becoming the first U.S. landfalling cyclone of that intensity since [[Hurricane Ike]] in [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season|2008]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Watkins|title=Arthur makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane|url=http://hurricanetrack.com/2014/07/03/arthur-makes-landfall-as-a-category-2-hurricane/|publisher=HurricaneTrack|work=HurricaneTrack|date=July 3, 2014|accessdate=July 4, 2014}}</ref> Upon moving inland, Arthur became the earliest known hurricane to strike the North Carolina coastline on record.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wes Hohenstein|title=Arthur hits NC with 100 mph winds, earliest strike in NC history|url=http://www.wncn.com/story/20647515/hurricane-arthur-will-effect-the-coast-tonight-but-be-gone-for-the-weekend|publisher=WNCN News|work=WNCN News|date=July 4, 2014|accessdate=July 4, 2014}}</ref>


The [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] <small>(ACE)</small> index for the season as of 15:00&nbsp;UTC September&nbsp;19 is 35.5000 units.{{#tag:ref|The totals represent the sum of the squares for every tropical storm's intensity of over 33&nbsp;knots (38&nbsp;mph, 61&nbsp;km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at [[Talk:2014 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs]].|group="nb"}}
The [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] <small>(ACE)</small> index for the season as of 15:00&nbsp;UTC September&nbsp;19 is 35.5 units.{{#tag:ref|The totals represent the sum of the squares for every tropical storm's intensity of over 33&nbsp;knots (38&nbsp;mph, 61&nbsp;km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at [[Talk:2014 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs]].|group="nb"}}


==Storms==
==Storms==

Revision as of 09:02, 28 September 2014

2014 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJuly 1, 2014
Last system dissipatedSeason still active
Strongest storm
NameEdouard
 • Maximum winds115 mph (185 km/h)
 • Lowest pressure955 mbar (hPa; 28.2 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions6
Total storms5
Hurricanes4
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		1
Total fatalities14 total
Total damage$20.4 million (2014 USD)
Related article
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2012, 2013, 2014, Post-2014

The 2014 Atlantic hurricane season is an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season began on June 1 and will end on November 30; these dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin, though the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time. However, the first storm did not develop until a month after the official start of the season. Most notably, Hurricane Edouard became the first major hurricane to form in the North Atlantic basin since Sandy in 2012. Though Edouard never made landfall, two deaths were reported near the coast of Maryland due to strong rip currents.

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2014 season
Source Date Named Hurricanes Major Ref
Average (1981–2010) 12.1 6.4 2.7 [1]
Record high activity 28 15 7 [2]
Record low activity 4 2† 0† [2]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TSR December 12, 2013 14 6 3 [3]
WSI March 24, 2014 11 5 2 [4]
TSR April 7, 2014 12 5 2 [5]
CSU April 10, 2014 9 3 1 [6]
NCSU April 16, 2014 8–11 4–6 1–3 [7]
UKMET May 16, 2014 10* 6* N/A [8]
NOAA May 22, 2014 8–13 3–6 1–2 [9]
FSU COAPS May 29, 2014 5–9 2–6 1–2 [10]
CSU July 31, 2014 10 4 1 [11]
TSR August 5, 2014 9–15 4–8 1–3 [12]
NOAA August 7, 2014 7–12 3–6 0–2 [13]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Actual activity
 5 4 1
* June–November only
† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University (CSU); and separately by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) forecasters.

Klotzbach's team (formerly led by Gray) defined the average number of storms per season (1981 to 2010) as 12.1 tropical storms, 6.4 hurricanes, 2.7 major hurricanes (storms reaching at least Category 3 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale), and an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of 96.1.[14] NOAA defines a season as above-normal, near-normal or below-normal by a combination of the number of named storms, the number reaching hurricane strength, the number reaching major hurricane strength, and the ACE index.[15]

Pre-season forecasts

On December 13, 2013, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium consisting of experts on insurance, risk management, and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued their first outlook on seasonal hurricane activity during the 2014 season. In their report, the organization called for a near-normal year, with 14 (±4) tropical storms, 6 (±3) hurricanes, 3 (±2) intense hurricanes, and a cumulative ACE index of 106 (±58) units. The basis for such included slightly stronger than normal trade winds and slightly warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the Caribbean Sea and tropical North Atlantic.[3] A few months later, on March 24, 2014, Weather Services International (WSI), a subsidiary company of The Weather Channel, released their first outlook, calling for 11 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. Two factors—cooler-than-average waters in the eastern Atlantic, and the likelihood of an El Niño developing during the summer of 2014—were expected to negate high seasonal activity.[4]

On April 7, TSR issued their second extended-range forecast for the season, lowering the predicted numbers to 12 (±4) named storms, 5 (±3) hurricanes, 2 (±2) major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 75 (±57) units.[5] Three days later, CSU issued their first outlook for the year, predicting activity below the 1981–2010 average. Citing a likely El Niño of at least moderate intensity and cooler-than-average tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures, the organization predicted 9 named storms, 3 hurricanes, 1 major hurricane, and an ACE index of 55 units. The probability of a major hurricane making landfall on the United States or tracking through the Caribbean Sea was expected to be lower than average.[6]

On May 16, the United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO) issued a forecast of a slightly below-average season. It predicted 10 named storms with a 70% chance that the number would be between 7 and 13 and 6 hurricanes with a 70% chance that the number would be between 3 and 9. It also predicted an ACE index of 84 with a 70% chance that the index would be in the range 47 to 121.[8]


Seasonal summary

See also: Timeline of the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Bertha (2014)Hurricane Arthur (2014)Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

The season's first tropical cyclone, Arthur, developed on July 1, ahead of the long-term climatological average of July 9. Early on July 3, the system intensified into a hurricane, preceding the climatological average of August 10.[16] After continuing to steadily intensify, it moved ashore between Cape Lookout and Cape Hatteras as a Category 2 hurricane, becoming the first U.S. landfalling cyclone of that intensity since Hurricane Ike in 2008.[17] Upon moving inland, Arthur became the earliest known hurricane to strike the North Carolina coastline on record.[18]

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the season as of 15:00 UTC September 19 is 35.5 units.[nb 1]

Storms

Hurricane Arthur

Main article: Hurricane Arthur (2014)
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 1 – July 5
Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);
973 mbar (hPa)

On June 27, a non-tropical area of low pressure, whose potential genesis was first discussed by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) two days prior,[19] formed over South Carolina and moved into the southwestern Atlantic the next day.[20][21] Amid a generally conducive environment, the low steadily organized and gained tropical characteristics; in conjunction with satellite imagery and radar data, it was upgraded to a tropical depression at 03:00 UTC on July 1.[22] The depression was further upgraded to Tropical Storm Arthur nine hours later based on surface observations from Grand Bahama.[23] Steered northward in advance of a strong upper-level trough, the overall appearance of Arthur improved despite dry mid- to upper-level dry air. Data from two Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunter aircraft indicated the cyclone attained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 0900 UTC on July 3 and further intensified to reach Category 2 strength at 0100 UTC the next day.[24][25] After making landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina,[26] the storm accelerated northeastward while losing tropical characteristics; at 1200 UTC on July 5, the NHC declared Arthur as extratropical.[27]

As a developing cyclone, Arthur produced minor rainfall across the northwestern Bahamas.[28][29] A dozen swimmers required rescuing as a result of strong rip currents off the coastline of Florida.[30] Upon striking North Carolina on July 3, Arthur became the earliest known hurricane on record to make landfall there.[31] Maximum sustained winds peaked at 77 mph (124 km/h), with a peak gust of 101 mph (163 km/h), at Cape Lookout,[26] and Oregon Inlet recorded a peak storm surge of 4.5 ft (1.4 m).[32] At its height, Arthur knocked out power to 44,000 people across the state, triggering Duke Energy to deploy over 500 personnel to restore electricity.[33] Widespread rainfall totals of 6–8 in (150–200 mm) led to the inundation of numerous buildings in Manteo.[34] As the storm passed offshore New England, sustained winds of 47 mph (63 km/h) and gusts up to 63 mph (101 km/h) were observed. Observed rainfall totals over a half foot required the issuance of a flash flood emergency for New Bedford, Massachusetts, while several roads were shut down in surrounding locations.[35] After transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, Arthur knocked out power to more than 290,000 individuals across The Maritimes,[36] with damage to the electrical grid considered the worst since Hurricane Juan in Nova Scotia.[37] Hurricane-force gusts were observed in Nova Scotia, with tropical storm-force winds observed as far away as Quebec.[36]

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 21 – July 23
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1012 mbar (hPa)

On July 20, the NHC began monitoring a broad area of low pressure in association with a tropical wave located over the eastern Atlantic.[38] Despite initial forecasts of negligible development, shower and thunderstorm activity steadily increased as the system moved swiftly west to west-northwest. In accordance with data from a scatterometer pass and a continued trend in organization, advisories were initiated on a tropical depression at 21:00 UTC on July 21.[39] Over the subsequent two days, no change in strength was observed due to the presence of dry air and increasing wind shear;[40] by 1500 UTC on July 23, deep convection associated with the depression dissipated and the low-level circulation opened up into a trough. As a result, advisories on the storm were discontinued.[41]

Hurricane Bertha

Main article: Hurricane Bertha (2014)
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 1 – August 6
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
998 mbar (hPa)

The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave south of the Cape Verde Islands on July 26 for potential tropical cyclogenesis amid marginally favorable environmental conditions.[42][42] Succeeding an increase in deep convection, and in conjunction with data from an Air Force Reserve reconnaissance aircraft, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha at 03:00 UTC on August 1.[43] Curving west-northwestward around a subtropical ridge, Bertha moved through the northeastern Caribbean Sea as a disheveled cyclone before emerging into the southwestern Atlantic. Decreasing wind shear allowed for a period of rapid intensification and Bertha attained Category 1 hurricane intensity on August 4 despite an appearance uncharacteristic of one.[44] As an upper-level trough approached from the west, increased wind shear impinged on the cyclone once again, separating the low-level circulation completely from the association convection.[45] Early on August 6, Bertha became associated with a frontal boundary and was declared an extratropical cyclone while passing northeast of Bermuda.[46]

Hurricane Cristobal

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 23 – August 29
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
970 mbar (hPa)

On August 11, a strong tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa.[47] After moving westward for several days and fluctuating in intensity, the system began to organize on August 20, to the east of the Lesser Antilles.[48] Prior to reaching Hispaniola, the system had the sustained winds of a tropical storm but did not have a well-defined surface circulation.[49] After its center moved north of Hispaniola, the storm intensified even further, as the storm turned to the northwest, delivering torrential rainfall to the island. On August 23, the tropical wave was declared a tropical depression, after the Hurricane Hunters found a closed low-level circulation and enough organization.[50] Early on August 24, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Cristobal. On August 25, Cristobal strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane;[51] after several days of continuous precipitation, 2 were drowned in Haiti, another 2 in the Dominican Republic, and another one in Turks and Caicos.[52] Although the storm never made landfall in mainland North America, 2 people were reported to have died on the East Coast of the United States due to rip currents stemming from the system. Cristobal transformed into a strong extratropical storm with hurricane force winds at 15:00 UTC on August 29, and later impacted Iceland on August 31 with minimal impact.[53][54]

Tropical Storm Dolly

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 1 – September 3
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1002 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave crossing the Yucatán Peninsula quickly strengthened after entering the Bay of Campeche, and was designated Tropical Depression Five at 21:00 UTC on September 1.[55] Data from an Air Force Reserve Hurricane Hunters reconnaissance flight indicated that the tropical depression had strengthened into Tropical Storm Dolly at 06:00 UTC on September 2.[56] Tropical Storm Dolly made landfall near Tampico, Mexico at 03:00 UTC on September 3.[57] At 15:00 UTC on September 3, Dolly dissipated after losing its well defined center of circulation over Eastern Mexico.[58]

Heavy rains from the storm triggered flooding that temporarily isolated three communities in Tampico. One fatality was attributed to the storm. The hardest hit area was Cabo Rojo where 210 homes were affected, 80 of which sustained damage.[59] Total losses to the road network in Tamaulipas reached 80 million pesos (US$6 million).[60] Structural damage amounted to 7 million pesos (US$500,000).[61]

Hurricane Edouard

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 11 – September 19
Peak intensity115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
955 mbar (hPa)

On September 7, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa and began to move towards the west-northwest. On September 12, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression Six. On September 15, Edouard was upgraded to a Category 1 and a few hours later it strengthened into a Category 2. Intensification gradually continued, and on September 16, Edouard intensified into a Category 3 storm, the first major hurricane of 2014, and the first major hurricane in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Sandy on 2012.

On September 17, two men drowned off the coast of Ocean City, Maryland due to strong rip currents.[62]

Storm names

The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2014. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2015. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2020 season. This is the same list used in the 2008 season with the exception of Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette, which replaced Gustav, Ike, and Paloma, respectively.

  • Arthur
  • Bertha
  • Cristobal
  • Dolly
  • Edouard
  • Fay (unused)
  • Gonzalo (unused)
  • Hanna (unused)
  • Isaias (unused)
  • Josephine (unused)
  • Kyle (unused)
  • Laura (unused)
  • Marco (unused)
  • Nana (unused)
  • Omar (unused)
  • Paulette (unused)
  • Rene (unused)
  • Sally (unused)
  • Teddy (unused)
  • Vicky (unused)
  • Wilfred (unused)

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed during the 2014 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s)(denoted by bold location names), damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2014 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2014 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
Arthur July 1 – July 5 Category 2 hurricane 100 (155) 973 The Bahamas, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada 13.9 1[63]
Two July 21 – July 23 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1012 None None None
Bertha August 1 – August 6 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 998 Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, United States East Coast, Western Europe Minimal 3[64]
Cristobal August 23 – August 29 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 970 Greater Antilles, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Bermuda, United States East Coast, Iceland Unknown 7[65]
Dolly September 1 – September 3 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1002 Mexico, Texas 6.5 1
Edouard September 11 – September 19 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 955 United States East Coast None 2
Season aggregates
6 systems July 1 – Currently active   115 (185) 955 $20.4 million 14  

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2014 Atlantic hurricane season.

Notes

  1. ^ The totals represent the sum of the squares for every tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at Talk:2014 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs.

References

  1. ^ "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 9, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  2. ^ a b "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (December 12, 2013). "Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2014" (PDF). University College London. Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Jon Erdman (March 24, 2014). "2014 Hurricane Season Outlook: Another Quiet Season Possible for Atlantic". Weather Services International. The Weather Channel. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  5. ^ a b Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (April 7, 2014). "April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2014" (PDF). University College London. Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Phillip J. Klotzbach; William M. Gray (April 10, 2014). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2014" (PDF). Colorado State University. Colorado State University. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  7. ^ Lian Xie (April 16, 2014). "Expect Relatively Quiet Hurricane Season, NC State Researchers Say". North Carolina State University. North Carolina State University. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  8. ^ a b North Atlantic Tropical Storm Seasonal Forecast 2014 (Report). Exeter, England. May 16, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  9. ^ NOAA predicts near-normal or below-normal 2014 Atlantic hurricane season. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 22, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
  10. ^ "FSU COAPS Atlantic Hurricane Season Forecast". Florida State University Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies. Florida State University. May 22, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help)
  11. ^ "FORECAST OF ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE ACTIVITY AND LANDFALL STRIKE PROBABILITY FOR 2014" (PDF). Colorado State University. July 31, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  12. ^ "August Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2014". Tropical Storm Risk. August 5, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  13. ^ "NOAA's updated Atlantic hurricane season outlook calls for an increased chance". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  14. ^ Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray (December 10, 2008). "Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and U.S. Landfall Strike Probability for 2009". Colorado State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "NOAA's Atlantic Hurricane Season Classifications". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Hurricane Center. May 22, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  16. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  17. ^ Mike Watkins (July 3, 2014). "Arthur makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane". HurricaneTrack. HurricaneTrack. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  18. ^ Wes Hohenstein (July 4, 2014). "Arthur hits NC with 100 mph winds, earliest strike in NC history". WNCN News. WNCN News. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  19. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (June 25, 2014). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  20. ^ Eric S. Blake (June 27, 2014). Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  21. ^ Robbie J. Berg (June 28, 2014). Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  22. ^ Daniel P. Brown (July 1, 2014). Tropical Depression One Discussion Number 1. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  23. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (July 1, 2014). Tropical Storm Arthur Discussion Number 3. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  24. ^ Michael J. Brennan (July 3, 2014). Hurricane Arthur Discussion Number 10. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  25. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (July 3, 2014). Hurricane Arthur Intermediate Advisory Number 12B. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  26. ^ a b Jack L. Beven; Eric S. Blake (July 3, 2014). "Hurricane Arthur Tropical Cyclone Update". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  27. ^ Daniel P. Brown; Richard J. Pasch (July 5, 2014). Post-Tropical Cyclone Arthur Discussion Number 12. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  28. ^ "Weather History for Freeport, Bahamas: June 30, 2014". Weather Underground. June 30, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  29. ^ "Weather History for Freeport, Bahamas: July 1, 2014". Weather Underground. July 1, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  30. ^ "Tropical Storm Arthur Strengthens off Florida". Newsmax. The Associated Press. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  31. ^ Andrew Kennedy and Anne Blythe (July 3, 2014). "Category 2 Hurricane Arthur pummeling coastal sounds, Outer Banks". The News & Observer. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
  32. ^ "Post Tropical Cyclone Report for Hurricane Arthur". Newport/Morehead, North Carolina National Weather Service. July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  33. ^ Alexander Smith (July 4, 2014). "Hurricane Arthur Makes East Coast Landfall, 44,000 Without Power". NBC News. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  34. ^ David Zucchino (July 4, 2014). "Hurricane Arthur heads north, out to sea after hitting North Carolina". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  35. ^ "Hurricane Arthur Causes Flooding On Cape Cod, South Coast". CBS Boston. July 4, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
  36. ^ a b Intermediate Tropical Cyclone Information Statement for Post-Tropical Cyclone Arthur. Canadian Hurricane Center (Report). Environment Canada. July 6, 2014. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  37. ^ "Storm Arthur damage 'as bad as Hurricane Juan'". CBC News. July 7, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  38. ^ John P. Cangialosi; Michael J. Brennan (July 20, 2014). "Tropical Weather Outlook" (TXT). National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  39. ^ Michael J. Brennan (July 21, 2014). "Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  40. ^ Daniel P. Brown (July 23, 2014). "Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  41. ^ Eric S. Blake (July 23, 2014). "Tropical Depression Two Discussion Number 8". National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  42. ^ a b Stacy R. Stewart (July 26, 2014). Tropical Weather Outlook (.TXT). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  43. ^ Stacy R. Stewart (July 31, 2014). Tropical Storm Bertha Discussion Number 1. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  44. ^ Richard J. Pasch (July 31, 2014). Hurricane Bertha Discussion Number 15. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  45. ^ Richard J. Pasch (July 31, 2014). Tropical Storm Bertha Discussion Number 19. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  46. ^ Lixion A. Avila (August 6, 2014). Post-Tropical Cyclone Discussion Number 23. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  47. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201408111722&basin=atl&fdays=2
  48. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201408202345&basin=atl&fdays=2
  49. ^ "Disturbio tropical tiene vientos de tormenta; aguaceros se extenderán sobre todo el país" (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Diario Libre. 22 August 2014. The tropical disturbance [...] has tropical storm force winds, according to the Hurricane Center based in Miami (NHC), the agency says, that it does not declare the tropical storm warning because the system "does not have a well-defined surface circulation level in right now."
  50. ^ Michael Brennan (August 23, 2014). Tropical Depression Four Public Advisory Number 1. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  51. ^ Richard Pasch (August 25, 2014). Hurricane Cristobal Update Statement. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
  52. ^ "Hurricane Cristobal Kills 5 in the Caribbean, Moves North". Weather Underground. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  53. ^ Daniel Brown (August 29, 2014). Post-Tropical Cyclone Cristobal Advisory Number 24. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  54. ^ Matt Eliason (September 2, 2014). Ex-Hurricane Cristobal Causes Adverse Weather In Iceland As A “Tropical Cyclone” (Report). Iceland Magazine. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  55. ^ Richard Pasch (September 1, 2014). Tropical Depression Five Public Advisory Number 1. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  56. ^ Stacy R. Stewart; Robbie Berg (September 2, 2014). Tropical Storm Dolly Intermediate Advisory Number 2A. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 2, 2014.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ Daniel Brown (September 2, 2014). Tropical Storm Dolly Public Advisory Number 6. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  58. ^ Richard Pasch (September 3, 2014). Remnants of Dolly Public Advisory Number 8. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  59. ^ Miriam Vallejano (September 3, 2014). "Deja Dolly 1 muerto, 3 comunidades aisladas y daños en Tampico Alto" (in Spanish). Conexión Total. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  60. ^ Armando Castillo (September 18, 2014). "Estiman en 80 millones daños en red carretera" (in Spanish). La Verdad de Tamaulipas. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  61. ^ "Estiman en 7 mdp daños en El Mante por "Dolly"" (in Spanish). Milenio. September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  62. ^ "Strong Rip Currents Kill Two Men in Ocean City". NBC4 Washington. September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
  63. ^ "Arthur power outage may have contributed to Woodstock death". CBC News. July 9, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  64. ^ "Hurricane Bertha claims UK victim: Yachtsman killed after being hit in the head by boat's boom as he sailed in gale-force winds". August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  65. ^ "Hurricane Cristobal Kills 7: Two Swimmers Die in Rip Currents Off U.S. East Coast". August 28, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
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