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{{Infobox_Company |
{{Infobox Provinces of Indonesia|
company_name = Exxon Mobil Corporation |
name = Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam|
company_logo = [[Image:Exxon Mobil Logo.svg|250px|center|]] |
country=Indonesia|
company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{NYSE|XOM}})|
logo=[[Image:Logo_Nad.jpg|130px]]|
company_slogan = "Taking on the world's toughest energy challenges" |
motto = Pancacita|
foundation = [[1999]] (merger) <br /> [[1911]] ([[Standard Oil of New Jersey]]) <br /> [[1911]] ([[Standard Oil of New York]]) <br /> [[1882]] ([[Standard Oil]]) |
capital=Banda Aceh|
location = [[Irving, Texas]], [[USA]] |
population=4,010,860|
key_people = [[Rex W. Tillerson]] (Chairman/CEO) |
area= 57,365.57 km&sup2;|
num_employees = 83,700 |
Time=[[Time in Indonesia|WIB]] ([[UTC+7]])
industry = [[List of petroleum companies|Oil and Gas]] |
|ethnicity = [[Acehnese]], Gayo, Alas, Aneuk Jamee, [[Malay people|Malay]], [[Javanese]], Kluet, [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]]
products = Fuels, Lubricants, [[Petrochemicals]] |
|religion = [[Islam]] (97.6%), [[Christianity]] (1.7%), [[Hindu]] (0.08%), [[Buddhism]] (0.55%)
revenue = $370.680 Billion [[United States dollar|USD]]([[2005]])|
|language = [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
net_income = {{profit}} $36.130 Billion [[United States dollar|USD]] ([[2005]])|
|governor=Dr. Ir. Mustafa Abubakar, MSi
|site=http://www.nad.go.id/
homepage = [http://www.exxonmobil.com/ www.exxonmobil.com]
|map=[[Image:IndonesiaAceh.png|325px]]|
}}
}}
'''Exxon Mobil Corporation''' or '''ExxonMobil''' ({{nyse|XOM}}) is the largest [[publicly traded]], integrated [[oil]] and [[natural gas|gas]] company in the world, formed on [[November 30]], [[1999]] by the merger of [[Exxon]] and [[Mobil]]. It is the sixth-largest company in the world as ranked by the [[Forbes Global 2000]] and the largest company in the U.S. as ranked by the [[Fortune 500]]. It is the largest of the six oil "supermajors," which also include [[BP|BP (formerly British Petroleum)]], [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[ConocoPhillips]] and [[Total S.A.|Total]]. It has the highest [[market value]] of any publicly traded company in the world, and in 2005 was the most profitable. Its operating profit in 2005 was $.08 per gallon of sales for a total of $36.13 billion (an all-time record for any publicly traded company), slightly less than the [[gross domestic product]] of [[Economy of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], while its revenues were slightly less than the GDP of [[Belgium]]. ExxonMobil is a component of the {{DJIA|Dow Jones Industrial Average}}.


The company is bifurcated into a "Downstream" division (marketing, refining, and retail operations) headquartered in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] (a Washington DC suburb), and an "Upstream" division (oil exploration, extraction, shipping, and wholesale operations) headquartered in [[Houston, Texas]]. Although most internal operations are divided along these lines, the company also has several smaller divisions such as Chemicals, Coal & Minerals, and Lubricants.
'''Aceh''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation]]: {{IPA|[ʔaˈtɕɛh]}}, pronounced approximately ''AH-chay'', but with [e], not [ei] at the end) is a [[Provinces of Indonesia|special territory]] (''daerah istimewa'') of [[Indonesia]], located on the northern tip of the island of [[Sumatra]]. Its full name is '''Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam'''. Past spellings of its name include ''Acheh'', ''Atjeh'' and ''Achin''.


The upstream division dominates the company's cashflow, accounting for approximately 70% of revenue. The company employs over 100,000 people worldwide with approximately 4,000 employees in its Fairfax downstream headquarters and 27,000 people in its Houston upstream headquarters.
In the past, Aceh was known for its political [[independence]] and fierce resistance to control by outsiders, including the former [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonists and the Indonesian government. From [[1976]] until the tsunami in [[2004]], Aceh was torn by a [[separatist]] conflict waged by the [[Free Aceh Movement]] against the [[Jakarta]] government rooted in issues over control of resources, and over cultural and religious issues. Aceh has substantial [[natural resource]]s, including [[petroleum|oil]] and [[LPG|gas]] - some estimates put Aceh gas reserves as being the largest in the world. Relative to most of Indonesia, it is a [[religious]]ly [[conservative]] area.


Overall corporate headquarters are located in [[Irving, Texas|Irving]], a suburb of [[Dallas, Texas]], a comparatively small office of a few hundred (primarily very senior) employees. The company markets products around the world under the brands of [[Exxon]], [[Mobil]], and [[Esso]]; it also owns hundreds of smaller subsidiaries such as [[Imperial Oil|Imperial Oil Limited]] (an oil retailer in Canada) and SeaRiver Maritime.
Aceh was the closest point of land to the [[epicenter]] of the massive [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], which triggered a [[tsunami]] that devastated much of the western coast of the region, including part of the capital of [[Banda Aceh]]. From 130,000 - 238,000 persons were dead or missing, with a further 500,000 plus being made homeless. This led to a [[peace agreement]] between the government of Indonesia and GAM, mediated by former [[Finland|Finnish]] president [[Martti Ahtisaari]], with the signing of a [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] on [[August 15]], 2005. As of June [[2006]], the peace has held.


The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it brought together once again the two largest companies of [[John D. Rockefeller]]'s [[Standard Oil]] trust, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey/Exxon and Standard Oil Company of New York/Mobil.
==Districts==
[Aceh Barat]
[Aceh Barat Daya]
[Aceh Besar]
[Aceh Jaya]
[Aceh Selatan]
[Aceh Singkil]
[Aceh Tamiang]
[Aceh Tengah]
[Aceh Tenggara]
[Aceh Timur]
[Aceh Utara]
[Bener Meriah]
[Bireuen]
[Gayo Lues]
[Nagan Raya]
[Pidie]
[Simeulue]
[City Banda Aceh]
[City Langsa]
[City Lhokseumawe]
[City Sabang]


In [[2005]], ExxonMobil replaced [[Wal-Mart]] as the world's largest [[publicly held]] corporation when measured by revenue, although Wal-Mart remains the largest by number of employees. (Both Wal-Mart and ExxonMobil are smaller than certain government-controlled corporations such as [[Saudi Aramco]].)
== History ==
[[Islam]] first entered [[Southeast Asia]] through Aceh in the [[8th century]]. The first Islamic Kingdom of Peureulak was established around [[850]] AD in what is today East Aceh district with Banda Khalifah as its [[capital]]. Then follows Samudra Pasai (from which the name Sumatara derives) in what is today North Aceh district, which was recorded by [[Marco Polo]] and [[Ibn Batutah]] during the reign of Sultan Malik uz Zahir.


==History==
The Kingdom of Aceh was established initially as a small [[Islam]]ic kingdom in what is today [[Banda Aceh ]] during the [[12th century]] AD. During its golden era, its territory and political influence expanded as far as Satun in southern [[Thailand]], [[Johor]] in [[Malay Peninsula]], and Siak in what is today [[Riau]] province. From the beginning of the [[16th century]], the Sultanate of Aceh was involved in an almost continuous power struggle first with [[Portugal]], then, from the [[18th century]], against [[Great Britain|British]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonial interests. At the end of the [[18th century]], Aceh had to give up its traditional territory of [[Kedah]] and Pinang on the Malay Peninsula to the British.
Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the [[John D. Rockefeller]] monopoly, [[Standard Oil]]. The reputation of Standard Oil in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida Tarbell's classic novel [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0486428214/sr=8-1/qid=1152583736/ref=sr_1_1/102-2592003-9404950?ie=UTF8 "The History of Standard Oil"] in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company.


By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were [[Standard Oil of New Jersey|Jersey Standard]], which eventually became Exxon, and [[Socony]] ("Standard Oil Company of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.
By the early nineteenth century, however, Aceh had become an increasingly influential power due to its strategic location for controlling regional trade. In the [[1820]]s it was the producer of over half the world's supply of [[black pepper]]. The pepper trade produced new wealth for the sultanate, but also for the rulers of many smaller nearby ports that had been under Aceh's control, but were now able to assert more [[independence]]. These changes initially threatened Aceh's integrity, but a new sultan [[Tuanku Ibrahim]], who controlled the kingdom from [[1838]] to [[1870]], aggressively, and successfully, reasserted power over nearby ports.<ref name="ricklefs2001p185">Ricklefs, M.C. (2001) ''A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p185-188.</ref>


In the same year, the nation's [[kerosene]] output was eclipsed for the first time by [[gasoline]]. The growing [[automobile|automotive]] market inspired the product [[trademark]] Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920.
Under the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]] the British ceded their colonial possessions on Sumatra to the Dutch. In the treaty, the British described Aceh as one of their possessions, although they had no actual control over the sultanate. Initially, under the agreement the Dutch agreed to respect Aceh's independence. In [[1871]], however, the British dropped previous opposition to a Dutch invasion of Aceh, possibly to prevent [[France]] or the [[United States]] from gaining a foothold in the region. Although neither the Dutch nor the British knew the specifics, there had been rumors since the [[1850]]s that Aceh had been in communication with rulers of France and of the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="ricklefs2001p185"/>


Over the next decade, both companies grew significantly. Jersey Standard acquired a 50 percent share in [http://www.humble-inc.com/humblehistory.htm Humble Oil & Refining Co.], a [[Texas]] oil producer. Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in [[Magnolia Petroleum Co.]], a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter. In [[1931]], Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right.
=== The Aceh War ===
The Dutch colonial government [[declaration of war|declared war]] on Aceh on [[26 March]] [[1873]]; the apparent immediate trigger for their invasion was discussions between representatives of Aceh and the [[United States]] in [[Singapore]] during early [[1873]].<ref name="ricklefs2001p185"/> An expedition under Major General Köhler was sent out in [[1874]], which was able to occupy most of the coastal areas. It was the intention of the Dutch to attack and take the Sultan's palace, which would also lead to the occupation of the entire country. The Sultan requested and possibly received military aid from [[Italy]] and the [[United Kingdom]] in Singapore: in any case the Aceh army was rapidly modernized, and Aceh soldiers managed to kill Köhler (a monument of this achievement has been built inside Grand Mosque of Banda Aceh). Köhler made some grave tactical errors and the reputation of the Dutch was severely harmed.


In the [[Asia]]-[[Pacific]] region, Jersey Standard had oil production and refineries in [[Indonesia]] but no marketing network. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the region into a 50-50 joint venture. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from [[East Africa]] to [[New Zealand]], before it was dissolved in 1962.
A second expedition led by General Van Swieten managed to capture the ''[[kraton]]'' (sultan's [[palace]]): the Sultan had however been warned, and had escaped capture. Intermittent [[guerrilla]] warfare continued in the region for ten years, with many victims on both sides. Around [[1880]] the Dutch strategy changed, and rather than continuing the war, they now concentrated on defending areas they already controlled, which were mostly limited to the capital city (modern [[Banda Aceh]]), and the [[harbour]] town of Ulee Lheue. On [[13 October]] [[1880]] the colonial government declared the war as over, but continued spending heavily to maintain control over the areas it occupied.


Mobil Chemical Company was established in [[1960]]. As of 1999 its principal products included basic [[olefin]]s and [[aromatic]]s, [[ethylene glycol]] and [[polyethylene]]. The company produced synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, [[propylene]] packaging films and [[catalysis|catalysts]]. Exxon Chemical Company became a worldwide organization in 1965 and in 1999 was a major producer and marketer of olefins, aromatics, polyethylene and [[polypropylene]] along with specialty lines such as [[elastomer]]s, [[plasticizer]]s, [[solvent]]s, process fluids, [[oxo alcohol]]s and [[adhesive]] [[resin]]s. The company was an industry leader in [[metallocene catalyst]] technology to make unique polymers with improved performance.{{cite}}
War began again in [[1883]], when the British ship ''Nisero'' was stranded in Aceh, in an area where the Dutch had little influence. A local leader asked for [[ransom]] from both the Dutch and the British, and under British pressure the Dutch were forced to attempt to liberate the sailors. After a failed Dutch attempt to rescue the [[hostage]]s, where the local leader [[Teuku Umar]] was asked for help but he refused, the Dutch together with the British invaded the territory. The Sultan gave up the hostages, and received a large amount in cash in exchange.


In [[1955]] Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Co. and in [[1966]] simply Mobil Oil Corp. A decade later, the newly incorporated Mobil Corporation absorbed Mobil Oil as a wholly owned subsidiary. Jersey Standard changed its name to Exxon Corporation in 1972 and established Exxon as a trademark throughout the [[United States]]. In other parts of the world, Exxon and its affiliated companies continued to use its Esso trademark.
The Dutch Minister of Warfare Weitzel now again declared open war on Aceh, and warfare continued, with little success, as before. The Dutch now also tried to enlist local leaders: the aforementioned Umar was bought with cash, [[opium]], and weapons. Umar received the title ''panglima prang besar'' (upper [[warlord]] of the government).


On [[March 24]] [[1989]], shortly after midnight, the oil tanker [[Exxon Valdez]] struck [[Bligh Reef]] in [[Prince William Sound]], [[Alaska]], [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|spilling more than 11 million gallons (42,000 m³) of crude oil]]. The spill was the largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990]]. At the time of the spill, Exxon paid $300 million immediately and voluntarily to more than 11,000 Alaskans and businesses affected by the Valdez spill.{{cite}} In addition, the company paid $2.2 billion to cleanup Prince William Sound, a process that lasted until 1992, when the State of Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard declared the cleanup complete. Exxon paid $1 billion in settlements with the state and federal governments. Virtually all Valdez compensatory damages were paid in full within one year of the accident, and the trial court commended Exxon for coming forward "with its people and its pocketbook and doing what had to be done under difficult circumstances." However, a $4.5 billion [[punitive damages|punitive]] ruling against Exxon is still under appeal. The punitive damages were set by a Federal court judge in Anchorage,and have twice been vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as excessive.
[[Image:Atjeh-slagveld.jpg|thumb|250px|An Aceh fort after capture by the Dutch in a 1901 photograph]]
Umar called himself rather ''Teuku Djohan Pahlawan'' (Johan the heroic). On [[1 January]] [[1894]] Umar even received Dutch aid to build an army. However, two years later Umar attacked the Dutch with his new army, rather than aiding the Dutch in subjugating inner Aceh. This is recorded in Dutch history as "Het verraad van Teukoe Oemar" (the [[treason]] of Teuku Umar).


In 1998, Exxon and Mobil signed a US$73.7 billion definitive agreement to merge and form a new company called Exxon Mobil Corporation, the largest company on the planet. After [[shareholder]] and regulatory approvals, the merger was completed on [[November 30]], [[1999]].
In [[1892]] and [[1893]] Aceh remained independent, despite the Dutch efforts. Major [[J.B. van Heutsz]], a colonial military leader, then wrote a series of articles on Aceh. He was supported by Dr [[Snouck Hurgronje]] of the [[University of Leiden]], then the leading Dutch expert on Islam. Hurgronje managed to get the confidence of many Aceh leaders and gathered valuable [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] for the Dutch government. His works remained an official secret for many years. In Hurgronje's analysis of Acehnese society, he minimised the role of the Sultan and argued that attention should be paid to the hereditary chiefs, the ''Ulee Balang'', who he felt could be trusted as local administrators. However, he argued, Aceh's religious leaders, the [[ulema]], could not be trusted or persuaded to cooperate, and must be destroyed.


In 2000, ExxonMobil sold a refinery in Benicia, California and 340 Exxon-branded stations to [[Valero Energy Corporation]], as part of an [[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]]-mandated divestiture of California assets. ExxonMobil continues to supply petroleum products to over 700 Mobil-branded retail outlets in the state.
This advice was followed: in [[1898]] Van Heutsz was proclaimed [[governor]] of Aceh, and with his lieutenant, later [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Hendrikus Colijn]], would finally conquer most of Aceh. They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative ''uleebelang'' that would support them in the countryside. Van Heutsz charged Colonel Van Daalen with breaking remaining resistance. Van Daalen destroyed several villages, killing at least 2,900 Acehnese, among which were 1,150 women and children. Dutch losses numbered just 26, and Van Daalen was promoted. By [[1904]] most of Aceh was under Dutch control, and had an indigenous government that cooperated with the colonial state. Estimated total casualties on the Aceh side range from 50,000 to 100,000 dead, and over a million wounded.


In 2005, its stock price surged in parallel with rising oil prices, surpassing [[General Electric]] as the largest corporation in the world in terms of [[market capitalization]]. At the end of 2005, ExxonMobil reported record profits, reporting U.S $36 billion in annual income, up 42% from the previous year (the overall annual income was an all-time record for annual income by any business, and included $10 billion in the third quarter alone, also an all-time record income for a single quarter by any business). The company and the [[American Petroleum Institute]], the Oil and Chemical industry's lobbying apparatus, however tried to downplay its success in order to avoid criticism from consumers by putting up page-long ads in major American newspapers, such as ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', comparing Oil Industry profits to that of other large industries such as pharmaceuticals and banking. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/business/31exxon.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4662474.stm]
Colonial influence in the remote [[highland]] areas was never substantial, however, and limited [[guerrilla]] resistance remained. Lead mostly by the religious [[ulema]], intermittent fighting continued until about [[1910]], and parts of the province were still not pacified when the Dutch Indies became independent [[Indonesia]] following the end of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia.
As an illustration, ExxonMobil's $36 billion in profits came on top of $370.6 billion in revenue, for a profit margin of 9.7%. In other words, Exxon netted 9.7 cents on each dollar of revenue it brought in. By contrast, [[Microsoft]] earned 30.8 cents for each dollar of revenue, and [[Google]] earned 23.9 cents for each dollar of revenue. [[Starbucks]]' profit margin was slightly lower than ExxonMobil's, at 7.8 cents for each dollar of revenue.
Exxon's long-time mascot is a [[Tiger]]; Mobil's mascot is a [[Pegasus]] which dates back to the late 19th century and is one of the oldest marketing symbols still in use.


==Allegations against ExxonMobil==
=== Independence===
[[Image:Banda Aceh's Grand Mosque, Indonesia.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Banda Aceh's Grand Mosque. A noted landmark of Aceh]]
During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] after [[World War II]], when the Dutch military attempted to regain control of [[Dutch East Indies|its former colony]], Dutch forces did not attempt to invade Aceh.<ref name="ricklefs2001p185"/> Upon independence, Indonesian troops were dispatched to [[annexation|annex]] the region, causing resentment over what some Acehnese viewed as foreign occupation by forces from [[Java (island)|Java]]. From then until the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Tsunami]], there were periodic armed conflicts between the [[Indonesian military]] and local forces fighing for greater separation from the central government.


{{SectNPOV}}
In [[1959]] the Indonesian government yielded in part and gave Aceh a "special territory" (''daerah istimewa'') status, giving it a greater degree of [[Wiktionary:autonomy|autonomy]] from the central government in Jakarta than most other regions of Indonesia have. For example, the regional government is empowered to construct a legal system independent of the national government. In [[2003]], a form of ''[[sharia]]'', or Islamic law, was formally introduced in Aceh. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2816785.stm]


ExxonMobil has been accused of several unethical business practices. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13137529/] Exxonmobil has further alienated many people through PR missteps and a corporate philosophy perceived as confrontational and "take no prisoners" in nature.
===Tsunami disaster===
[[Image:Sumatra devastation1.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Tsunami has left a devastating effect in Aceh.]]
The western coastal areas of Aceh, including the cities of [[Banda Aceh]], Calang, and [[Meulaboh]], were among the areas hardest-hit by the [[tsunami]] resulting from the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] on [[December 26]] [[2004]]. While estimates vary, approximately 230,000 people were killed by the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh, and about 400,000 were left homeless.


Allegations levied against the company include:
The population of Aceh before Dec 2004 tsunami was 4.271 million (Data from KPU (General Election Committee) in 2004). The population now is 4,031,589 (As [[September 15]], [[2005]]), almost two percent of the Indonesian population.


*Global Warning: the World's COMPLEXXON/Gasgate 1963, post-war seizure of the european public sector by means of technology advantage ('pipeline lock-ins') and abusive conduct / industrial dominance in the energy-sector: the Public-Private Partnership 'Gasunie' [http://www.europaque.eu]
As of February [[2006]], more than a year after the tsunami, a large number of people are still living in barrack-style temporary living centers (TLC) or [[tent]]s. [[Reconstruction]] is visible everywhere, but due to the sheer scale of the disaster, logistical issues, and the lack of funding, progress is slow.
*Intentional negligence and indifference to the environmental consequences of the Valdez disaster; [http://www.house.gov/reichert/press06/3.24.06.shtml]
*Underfunding its pension plan, although Exxon Mobil currently has enough cash on hand to fund the difference several times over. [http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/provider/providerarticle.asp?Feed=FOOL&Date=20060602&ID=5767150]
*Price gouging in the United States at a retail level; [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0928-03.htm]
*Indifference to the needs of homosexual employees -- domestic partner benefits were ended following Mobil's merger with Exxon. Mobil employees who already had domestic partner benefits were allowed to keep them, but other employees could not add their domestic partners to the benefit plans after the merger. ExxonMobil does offer domestic partner benefits in countries where [[same-sex marriage]] is legal. [http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/09/news/companies/pluggedin_fortune/index.htm]
*Shortchanging retail fuel marketing and lubricants marketing partners (known in the industry as "distributors" or "jobbers") (The marketers won a $1.4 billion judgment against ExxonMobil for anticompetitive practices in federal court in 2003) [http://www.senate.gov/~gov_affairs/042902gasreport/sectioni.pdf]
*Abuse of U.S. corporation law and perpetration of clever marketing schemes to avoid proper responsibility for its actions (For example, after the Valdez disaster, the company took the name "Exxon" out of its tanker shipping subsidiary, renaming it "SeaRiver Maritime," and giving it a separate (but wholly Exxon-controlled) corporate charter and board of directors. The former Exxon Valdez is now the "SeaRiver Mediterranean" and is legally owned by a small, allegedly undercaptialized, stand-alone company, which would have minimal ability to pay out on claims in the event of a further accident. [http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/oil/newsclips/101602exxonv.pdf]
*Human rights violations in the [[Indonesia]]n territory of [[Aceh]]. In June 2001, ExxonMobil became the target of a lawsuit in the Federal District Court of the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]], under the [[Alien Tort Claims Act]]. The suit alleged that the company knowingly assisted human rights violations, including [[torture]], [[murder]] and [[rape]], by employing and providing material support to Indonesian military forces, who committed the alleged offenses in [[Aceh]]. Human rights complaints involving ExxonMobil's relationship with the Indonesian military first arose in 1992; the company denies these accusations and has filed a motion to dismiss the suit, which is still pending [[as of 2005]]; [http://www.laborrights.org/projects/corporate/exxon/]
*Callous treatment and prejudicial termination of former Mobil employees in favor of their Exxon counterparts during and after the Exxon & Mobil merger;
*Violation of the Bribes & Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km²) off the coast of [[Angola]] that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km³) of crude. [http://www2.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Newsreleases/Corp_xom_nr_071201.asp] Questions have been raised about ExxonMobil's actions in securing these concessions&mdash;[[Forbes Magazine]] alleging that "ExxonMobil handed hundreds of millions of dollars to the corrupt regime of President [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] in the late 1990s". [http://www.forbes.com/forbes/free_forbes/2003/0428/084.html]; and
* Trade in violation of economic sanctions against regimes hostile to the United States (In 2003, the [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] reported that ExxonMobil engaged in illegal trade with [[Sudan]] and along with dozens of other companies had to settle with the United States government for US$50,000 [http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/04/14/enemy.trading/index.html].)


==Corporate governance==
Most Acehnese however, are very optimistic for the future. Many see the tsunami as a mixed blessing, bringing peace and an international presence to Aceh. As homes are being built and peoples' basic needs are met, the people are also looking to improve the quality of [[education]], increase tourism, and develop responsible, sustainable industry. Well-qualified educators are in high demand in Aceh.
The current Chairman of the Board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corporation is [[Rex Tillerson]]. Tillerson assumed the top position on [[January 1]], [[2006]] on the retirement of long-time chairman and CEO, [[Lee Raymond]], who received a [http://dorgan.senate.gov/newsroom/record.cfm?id=254000 highly controversial] retirement and severance package of approximately $400 Million.


===Board of directors===
While parts of [[Banda Aceh]], the capital, were unscathed, the areas closest to the water, especially in Kampung Jawa, were completely destroyed. Most of the rest of the western coast and outlying islands were severely damaged, and many towns completely disappeared. Other towns on Aceh's west coast hit by the disaster include [[Leupung]], Lamno, [[Patek]], [[Calang]], [[Teunom]], and the island of [[Simeulue]]. Affected or destroyed towns on the region's north & east coast include [[Pidie]], [[Samalanga]], and [[Lhokseumawe]].
Current Exxon Mobil [[Board of Directors|board]] members are:
*[[Michael Boskin]]
*[[William W. George]]
*[[James R. Houghton]]
*[[William R. Howell]]
*[[Reatha King]]
*[[Philip Lippincott]]
*[[Henry McKinnell, Jr.]]
*[[Marilyn Nelson]]
*[[Walter Shipley]]


==Incorporated governance:==
The area is slowly being rebuilt after the disaster. The government initially proposed the creation of a two-[[kilometer]] [[buffer zone]] along low-lying coastal areas, within which permanent construction is not permitted. This proposal was unpopular among some local inhabitants and proved impractical in most situations, especially [[fishing]] families that are dependent on living near to the [[sea]].
The World's COMPLEXXON: http://www.europaque.eu


==Organization==
Most of the [[reconstruction]] work is being performed by local people using a mix of traditional methods and partial prefabricated structures, with funding coming from many international organizations and individuals, governments, and the people themselves.


ExxonMobil is organized functionally into a number of global operating divisions. These divisions are grouped into three categories for reference purposes:
== Secession movement ==
[[Image:2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake relief2.jpg|thumb|250px|Indonesian refugees gather under an approaching helicopter to receive food and supplies.]]
Aceh has a long history of resistance to [[Belligerent occupation|control]] by outside forces; since Indonesian independence, this has meant resistance to control by the national government in [[Jakarta]]. This resistance has both economic and sociocultural roots.


* Upstream
Many Acehnese people feel that most of the economic benefits of the region's great natural resources, especially [[Petroleum|oil]], leave the region and benefit the Jakarta government and foreign corporations instead of the local area. Aceh possesses one of Indonesia's largest reserves of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]]. A number of [[multinational corporation]]s, such as [[Exxon Mobil]], maintain a presence in Aceh.
* Downstream
* Chemical


Operating divisions by category are as follows:
The sociocultural divide between Aceh and the rest of Indonesia exists for several reasons. The Acehnese practice fully the teaching of [[Islam]], while the rest of the [[archipelago]] tend to blend Islam with [[animism]] and local tradition, due to its historical trade links with the [[Middle East]]. The [[secular]] nationalism espoused by [[Suharto]]'s New Order regime ([[1965]]-[[1998]]), which promoted 'Indonesian culture', was viewed by many Acehnese as merely a cover for [[Javanese]] [[chauvinism]] and a threat for their [[Islam]]ic tradition.


* Upstream
This dissatisfaction has led to movements to push for greater [[Autonomous region|autonomy]] or complete separation. It was out of these groups that the armed secessionists of the [[Free Aceh Movement]] (GAM) emerged. Conflict between the GAM and Indonesian forces led to the province being subject to martial law and being named a "military operational zone" by the Suharto's government.
** ExxonMobil Exploration Company
** ExxonMobil Development Company
** ExxonMobil Production Company
** ExxonMobil Gas and Power Marketing Company
** ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company


* Downstream
After the Suharto regime fell in 1998, Aceh quieted down substantially leading to a [[2002]] Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA) between the GAM and the Indonesian military. This collapsed in May 2003, however, and the government introduced [[martial law]] and began a large-scale offensive in the region. In November 2003, martial law was extended for a further six months. According to a [[Human Rights Watch]] report [http://hrw.org/reports/2003/indonesia1203/5.htm#_Toc58915047], the Indonesian military committed widespread [[human rights abuses]] during the invasion and occupation, with more than 100,000 people being displaced in the first seven months of [[martial law]] and extra-judicial killings being common.
** ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company
** ExxonMobil Fuels Marketing Company
** ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties Company
** ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
** ExxonMobil Global Services Company


* Chemical
After the devastating tsunami in [[December 2004]], both sides declared a cease-fire and reiterated the need to resolve the conflict. Because of the past separatist movement in the area, the Indonesian government used to have access restrictions in place on the press and aid workers. The Indonesian government has now, however, opened the region up to all [[tourist]]s and other visitors able to enter other parts of Indonesia.
** ExxonMobil Chemical Company


Upstream and Chemical operations are headquartered in Houston, Texas, and the downstream operations are headquartered at the heritage-Mobil headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia.
The administration of President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]], inaugurated in late [[2004]], has also expressed a somewhat greater willingness to negotiate with rebel forces in the aftermath of the disaster. Yudhoyono has suggested the possibility of further increased [[Wiktionary:autonomy|autonomy]] for the region, and of [[amnesty]] for former [[rebel]]s.


==Largest Shareholders==
In [[2005]] peace talks held in [[Finland]] resulted in a peace agreement that would end the long war in Aceh. The Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) , led by Mr Pieter Feith from the EU, was established to monitor the implementation of various aspects of the peace agreement set out in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) on 15 August 2005 in Helsinki, Finland. The European Union, together with five contributing countries from ASEAN ( Thailand , Malaysia , Brunei , Philippines and Singapore ), and Norway and Switzerland , are providing monitors for the peace process in Aceh ( Indonesia ).
As of March 31, 2006:


{| border="0"
Following a brief interim presence (IMP) since the signing of the MoU, the AMM was officially launched on 15 September 2005, covering an initial period of 6 months. On 27 February 2006, the EU Council extended the duration of the mission for a further 3 months, until 15 June 2006. The presence of AMM is based on an official invitation from the Government of Indonesia and with the full support of the leadership of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM).
|-
!Owner
!Percent
|-
|[[Barclays Global Investors]]
|align=center| 4.1
|-
| [[State Street Global Advisors]]
|align=center| 3.1
|-
| [[Vanguard Group]]
|align=center| 2.6
|-
| [[JPMorgan Chase]]
|align=center| 1.5
|-
| [[Wellington Management Company]]
|align=center| 1.3
|-
| [[Northern Trust Company]]
|align=center| 1.4
|-
| [[AllianceBernstein]]
|align=center| 1.4
|-
| [[Fidelity Management and Research]]
|align=center| 1.3
|-
| [[Wellington Management Company]]
|align=center| 1.3
|-
| [[Capital Research & Management Company]]
|align=center| 1.1
|-
| [[Bank of America]]
|align=center| 0.9
|-
| [[Merrill Lynch Investment Management]]
|align=center| 0.9
|-
| [[TIAA-CREF Investment Management]]
|align=center| 0.8
|-
| [[Mellon Financial]]
|align=center| 0.7
|-
| [[Lord Abbett]]
|align=center| 0.6
|-
| [[State Farm Insurance]]
|align=center|0.6
|}


==External links==
It remains to be seen if the peace treaty will be effective as fighting has continued during the peace talks, however in December 2005, the military wing of GAM was formally disbanded as a fighting force while at the same time, the final pull out of Jakarta troops took place, leaving in place in Aceh a military force composed of "organic" (i.e. indigenous Acehnese) troops.
===General information===
*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/ ExxonMobil corporate website]
**[http://www.exxon.com Exxon USA website]
**[http://www.mobil.com Mobil global website]
**[http://www.esso.com Esso global website]
*[http://www.us-highways.com/sohist.htm History of Standard Oil spinoffs and their brands]
* [http://www.knowmore.org/index.php/Exxonmobil Exxonmobil] entry at [http://www.knowmore.org Knowmore.org]
* [http://seekingalpha.com/transcripts/for/xom ExxonMobil's most recent conference call transcripts]
*[http://www.europaque.eu The World's COMPLEXXON]


===ExxonMobil responses to issues===
Although Indonesian law bans solely regional parties contesting [[election]]s, even at a regional level, as part of the peace agreement, the Jakarta government has agreed to modify legislation which will allow GAM - a purely Acehnese organisation - to contest elections on a provincial level. As of February 2006, there has been a steady peace in Aceh.
*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Global-English/HR/Operations/HR_GL_Proud_ethics.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Business Ethics & Standards]
*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Europe-English/Citizen/Eu_VP_climate.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Climate Change]
*[http://www.exxonmobileurope.com/Corporate/Newsroom/Newsreleases/xom_nr_071003.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Domestic Partner Policies]
*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/Newsroom/NewsReleases/Corp_NR_Valdez.asp ExxonMobil Web Page on Valdez Oil Spill]


===Funding given by ExxonMobil===
== Administration ==
* [http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html Mother Jones expose on ExxonMobil ties to global warming deniers: "Some Like it Hot"]
Within the Republic of Indonesia, Aceh is governed not as a province but as a special territory (''daerah istimewa''), an administrative designation intended to give the area increased [[Wiktionary:autonomy|autonomy]] from the central government in [[Jakarta]].
*[http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/files/corporate/giving_report.pdf ExxonMobil's list of funded organizations].
*[http://soc.hfac.uh.edu/artman/publish/article_375.shtml World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for Another Government Handout," April 2006.]
*[[Greenpeace]]'s [http://www.exxonsecrets.org/html/listorganizations.php list of organizations] that have received funds from ExxonMobil, with evidence of that funding.
*''[[Mother Jones]]''' overview, May 2005, [http://www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2005/05/exxon_chart.html Chart on ExxonMobil funding of think-tanks: "Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank"]


===Anti ExxonMobil Websites===
The capital and largest city in Aceh is [[Banda Aceh]], located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. Other major cities include Sabang, Lhokseumawe, and Langsa. Administratively, the province is subdivided into seventeen [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] and four municipalities.
*[http://www.stopesso.org Stop Esso]
*[http://www.exxposeexxon.com ExxposeExxon]
*[http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/climate/climatecriminals/esso/index.cfm Greenpeace UK's page on Esso]
*[http://www.exxonsecrets.org Exxonsecrets.org]
*[http://www.Europaque.eu COMPLEXXON]
*[http://home.comcast.net/~plutarch/exxon.html Exxon's investments in disinformation campaigns]


==Bibliography==
Some local areas are pushing to create new autonomous areas, usually with the stated goal of enhancing local control over politics and development.


*Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. ''An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse''. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
== Ethnic and Cultural groups ==
*Exxon Corporation. ''Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album''. 1982.
Aceh is a diverse region occupied by several ethnic and language groups. The major ethnic groups are the [[Acehnese]] (who are distributed throughout Aceh), Gayo (in central and eastern part), Alas (in southeastern), Tamiang (in Aceh Tamiang), Aneuk Jamee (concentrated in southern and southwestern), and Simeulue (on [[Simeulue]] Island). There is also a significant population of [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]], who are influential in the business and financial communities.
*Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. <i>The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
*Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. <i>Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
*Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. ''History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth''. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
*Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles S. Popple. <i>Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
*McIntyre, J. Sam. ''The Esso Collectibles Handbook: Memorabilia from Standard Oil of New Jersey''. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1998.
*Sampson, Anthony. ''The Seven Sisters: The 100-year Battle for the World's Oil Supply.'' New York: Bantom Books, 1991.
*Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). <i>Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II<i>. 1946.
*Tarbell, Ida M., and David Mark Chalmers. ''The History of the Standard Oil Company''. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
*Wall, Bennett H. ''Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 1950-1972 and Exxon Corporation (1972-1975)''. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
*[[Daniel Yergin|Yergin, Daniel]]. ''[[The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power]]''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.


<!--corporate art sponsorshop-->
The [[Acehnese language]] (''Basa Aceh'') is widely spoken within the Acehnese population. This is a member of the [[Aceh-Chamic]] group of languages, whose other representatives are mostly found in Vietnam and Cambodia, and is also closely related to the [[Malay language|Malay]] group of languages. Basa Aceh has many words borrowed from Malay and [[Arabic]] and traditionally was written using [[Jawi|Arabic script]]. Basa Aceh is also used as local language in Langkat and Asahan ([[North Sumatra]]), and Kedah (Malaysia), and once dominated Pulau Pinang. Alas and Kluet are closely related languages within the [[Batak]] group. The Jamee language originated from [[Minangkabau|Minang language]] in [[West Sumatra]], with just a few variation and differences.


[[Category:1999 establishments]]
Aceh was once a meeting point for people from many nations, and among the present day Acehnese can be found some individuals with blue eyes, as well as others of [[Arab]], [[Turkey|Turkish]] and [[India]]n descent. Before the tsunami, the region of Daya (Lamno) area used to have an unsually high number of people with fair complexions, and local traditions attributed this to Portuguese ancestry. [http://www2.rnw.nl/rnw/en/currentaffairs/region/asiapacific/ino050214?view=Standard]
[[Category:Companies based in Texas]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
[[Category:Energy companies of the United States]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil]]
[[Category:Multinational companies]]
[[Category:National Medal of Arts recipients]]
[[Category:Oil companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Oil companies]]
[[Category:Chemical companies]]
[[Category:Chemical companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Automotive companies]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Automotive fuel brands]]
[[Category:Fortune 1000]]
[[Category:Forbes Global 2000]]


[[de:Exxon Mobil]]
== External links ==
[[es:ExxonMobil]]
*{{id icon}} [http://www.NAD.go.id Official website]
[[fr:Exxon Mobil]]
* [http://www.aceh.net Aceh.Net]&mdash;Information about Aceh
[[id:ExxonMobil]]
* [http://www.achehtimes.com The Acheh Times]
[[it:ExxonMobil]]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/aceh.htm GAM at globalsecurity.org]
[[nl:ExxonMobil]]
* Siegel, James T. 2000. ''The rope of God''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472086820
[[ja:エクソンモービル]]
** A classic [[ethnography|ethnographic]] and historical study of Aceh, and Islam in the region. Originally published in 1969
[[no:Exxon Mobil]]
*[http://www.preventconflict.org/portal/main/maps_sumatra_conflict.php Building Human Security in Indonesia]&mdash;Overview of the conflict from the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University, USA
[[nn:Exxon Mobil]]
* [http://www.language-museum.com/a/aceh.php Aceh Sample Language at Language Museum]
[[pt:ExxonMobil]]
* [http://www.acehinstitute.org/english_version.htm Aceh Institute]
[[ru:ExxonMobil]]
*{{id icon}} [http://www.serambinews.com Serambi Online]
[[fi:Exxon Mobil]]
*{{id icon}} [http://www.mediacenteraceh.org Media Center Aceh]
[[sv:ExxonMobil]]

[[zh:艾克森美孚]]
{{Indonesia}}

[[Category:Disputed territories]]
[[Category:Provinces of Indonesia]]

[[ar:آتشيه]]
[[da:Aceh]]
[[de:Aceh]]
[[eo:Aceh]]
[[fi:Aceh]]
[[fr:Aceh]]
[[hi:आचे]]
[[id:Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam]]
[[it:Aceh]]
[[ja:アチェ]]
[[jv:Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam]]
[[ms:Aceh]]
[[nl:Atjeh]]
[[no:Aceh]]
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[[pt:Aceh]]
[[ru:Ачех]]
[[sv:Aceh]]
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[[zh:亞齊特別行政區]]

Revision as of 21:09, 14 July 2006

Exxon Mobil Corporation
Company typePublic (NYSE: XOM)
IndustryOil and Gas
Founded1999 (merger)
1911 (Standard Oil of New Jersey)
1911 (Standard Oil of New York)
1882 (Standard Oil)
HeadquartersIrving, Texas, USA
Key people
Rex W. Tillerson (Chairman/CEO)
ProductsFuels, Lubricants, Petrochemicals
Revenue$370.680 Billion USD(2005)
Increase $36.130 Billion USD (2005)
Number of employees
83,700
Websitewww.exxonmobil.com

Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM) is the largest publicly traded, integrated oil and gas company in the world, formed on November 30, 1999 by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. It is the sixth-largest company in the world as ranked by the Forbes Global 2000 and the largest company in the U.S. as ranked by the Fortune 500. It is the largest of the six oil "supermajors," which also include BP (formerly British Petroleum), Shell, Chevron, ConocoPhillips and Total. It has the highest market value of any publicly traded company in the world, and in 2005 was the most profitable. Its operating profit in 2005 was $.08 per gallon of sales for a total of $36.13 billion (an all-time record for any publicly traded company), slightly less than the gross domestic product of Azerbaijan, while its revenues were slightly less than the GDP of Belgium. ExxonMobil is a component of the

.

The company is bifurcated into a "Downstream" division (marketing, refining, and retail operations) headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia (a Washington DC suburb), and an "Upstream" division (oil exploration, extraction, shipping, and wholesale operations) headquartered in Houston, Texas. Although most internal operations are divided along these lines, the company also has several smaller divisions such as Chemicals, Coal & Minerals, and Lubricants.

The upstream division dominates the company's cashflow, accounting for approximately 70% of revenue. The company employs over 100,000 people worldwide with approximately 4,000 employees in its Fairfax downstream headquarters and 27,000 people in its Houston upstream headquarters.

Overall corporate headquarters are located in Irving, a suburb of Dallas, Texas, a comparatively small office of a few hundred (primarily very senior) employees. The company markets products around the world under the brands of Exxon, Mobil, and Esso; it also owns hundreds of smaller subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited (an oil retailer in Canada) and SeaRiver Maritime.

The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it brought together once again the two largest companies of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey/Exxon and Standard Oil Company of New York/Mobil.

In 2005, ExxonMobil replaced Wal-Mart as the world's largest publicly held corporation when measured by revenue, although Wal-Mart remains the largest by number of employees. (Both Wal-Mart and ExxonMobil are smaller than certain government-controlled corporations such as Saudi Aramco.)

History

Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the John D. Rockefeller monopoly, Standard Oil. The reputation of Standard Oil in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida Tarbell's classic novel "The History of Standard Oil" in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company.

By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard, which eventually became Exxon, and Socony ("Standard Oil Company of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.

In the same year, the nation's kerosene output was eclipsed for the first time by gasoline. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920.

Over the next decade, both companies grew significantly. Jersey Standard acquired a 50 percent share in Humble Oil & Refining Co., a Texas oil producer. Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter. In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right.

In the Asia-Pacific region, Jersey Standard had oil production and refineries in Indonesia but no marketing network. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the region into a 50-50 joint venture. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from East Africa to New Zealand, before it was dissolved in 1962.

Mobil Chemical Company was established in 1960. As of 1999 its principal products included basic olefins and aromatics, ethylene glycol and polyethylene. The company produced synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, propylene packaging films and catalysts. Exxon Chemical Company became a worldwide organization in 1965 and in 1999 was a major producer and marketer of olefins, aromatics, polyethylene and polypropylene along with specialty lines such as elastomers, plasticizers, solvents, process fluids, oxo alcohols and adhesive resins. The company was an industry leader in metallocene catalyst technology to make unique polymers with improved performance. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)

In 1955 Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Co. and in 1966 simply Mobil Oil Corp. A decade later, the newly incorporated Mobil Corporation absorbed Mobil Oil as a wholly owned subsidiary. Jersey Standard changed its name to Exxon Corporation in 1972 and established Exxon as a trademark throughout the United States. In other parts of the world, Exxon and its affiliated companies continued to use its Esso trademark.

On March 24 1989, shortly after midnight, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling more than 11 million gallons (42,000 m³) of crude oil. The spill was the largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. At the time of the spill, Exxon paid $300 million immediately and voluntarily to more than 11,000 Alaskans and businesses affected by the Valdez spill. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help) In addition, the company paid $2.2 billion to cleanup Prince William Sound, a process that lasted until 1992, when the State of Alaska and the U.S. Coast Guard declared the cleanup complete. Exxon paid $1 billion in settlements with the state and federal governments. Virtually all Valdez compensatory damages were paid in full within one year of the accident, and the trial court commended Exxon for coming forward "with its people and its pocketbook and doing what had to be done under difficult circumstances." However, a $4.5 billion punitive ruling against Exxon is still under appeal. The punitive damages were set by a Federal court judge in Anchorage,and have twice been vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals as excessive.

In 1998, Exxon and Mobil signed a US$73.7 billion definitive agreement to merge and form a new company called Exxon Mobil Corporation, the largest company on the planet. After shareholder and regulatory approvals, the merger was completed on November 30, 1999.

In 2000, ExxonMobil sold a refinery in Benicia, California and 340 Exxon-branded stations to Valero Energy Corporation, as part of an FTC-mandated divestiture of California assets. ExxonMobil continues to supply petroleum products to over 700 Mobil-branded retail outlets in the state.

In 2005, its stock price surged in parallel with rising oil prices, surpassing General Electric as the largest corporation in the world in terms of market capitalization. At the end of 2005, ExxonMobil reported record profits, reporting U.S $36 billion in annual income, up 42% from the previous year (the overall annual income was an all-time record for annual income by any business, and included $10 billion in the third quarter alone, also an all-time record income for a single quarter by any business). The company and the American Petroleum Institute, the Oil and Chemical industry's lobbying apparatus, however tried to downplay its success in order to avoid criticism from consumers by putting up page-long ads in major American newspapers, such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, comparing Oil Industry profits to that of other large industries such as pharmaceuticals and banking. [1] [2] As an illustration, ExxonMobil's $36 billion in profits came on top of $370.6 billion in revenue, for a profit margin of 9.7%. In other words, Exxon netted 9.7 cents on each dollar of revenue it brought in. By contrast, Microsoft earned 30.8 cents for each dollar of revenue, and Google earned 23.9 cents for each dollar of revenue. Starbucks' profit margin was slightly lower than ExxonMobil's, at 7.8 cents for each dollar of revenue. Exxon's long-time mascot is a Tiger; Mobil's mascot is a Pegasus which dates back to the late 19th century and is one of the oldest marketing symbols still in use.

Allegations against ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil has been accused of several unethical business practices. [3] Exxonmobil has further alienated many people through PR missteps and a corporate philosophy perceived as confrontational and "take no prisoners" in nature.

Allegations levied against the company include:

  • Global Warning: the World's COMPLEXXON/Gasgate 1963, post-war seizure of the european public sector by means of technology advantage ('pipeline lock-ins') and abusive conduct / industrial dominance in the energy-sector: the Public-Private Partnership 'Gasunie' [4]
  • Intentional negligence and indifference to the environmental consequences of the Valdez disaster; [5]
  • Underfunding its pension plan, although Exxon Mobil currently has enough cash on hand to fund the difference several times over. [6]
  • Price gouging in the United States at a retail level; [7]
  • Indifference to the needs of homosexual employees -- domestic partner benefits were ended following Mobil's merger with Exxon. Mobil employees who already had domestic partner benefits were allowed to keep them, but other employees could not add their domestic partners to the benefit plans after the merger. ExxonMobil does offer domestic partner benefits in countries where same-sex marriage is legal. [8]
  • Shortchanging retail fuel marketing and lubricants marketing partners (known in the industry as "distributors" or "jobbers") (The marketers won a $1.4 billion judgment against ExxonMobil for anticompetitive practices in federal court in 2003) [9]
  • Abuse of U.S. corporation law and perpetration of clever marketing schemes to avoid proper responsibility for its actions (For example, after the Valdez disaster, the company took the name "Exxon" out of its tanker shipping subsidiary, renaming it "SeaRiver Maritime," and giving it a separate (but wholly Exxon-controlled) corporate charter and board of directors. The former Exxon Valdez is now the "SeaRiver Mediterranean" and is legally owned by a small, allegedly undercaptialized, stand-alone company, which would have minimal ability to pay out on claims in the event of a further accident. [10]
  • Human rights violations in the Indonesian territory of Aceh. In June 2001, ExxonMobil became the target of a lawsuit in the Federal District Court of the District of Columbia, under the Alien Tort Claims Act. The suit alleged that the company knowingly assisted human rights violations, including torture, murder and rape, by employing and providing material support to Indonesian military forces, who committed the alleged offenses in Aceh. Human rights complaints involving ExxonMobil's relationship with the Indonesian military first arose in 1992; the company denies these accusations and has filed a motion to dismiss the suit, which is still pending as of 2005; [11]
  • Callous treatment and prejudicial termination of former Mobil employees in favor of their Exxon counterparts during and after the Exxon & Mobil merger;
  • Violation of the Bribes & Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km²) off the coast of Angola that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km³) of crude. [12] Questions have been raised about ExxonMobil's actions in securing these concessions—Forbes Magazine alleging that "ExxonMobil handed hundreds of millions of dollars to the corrupt regime of President José Eduardo dos Santos in the late 1990s". [13]; and
  • Trade in violation of economic sanctions against regimes hostile to the United States (In 2003, the Office of Foreign Assets Control reported that ExxonMobil engaged in illegal trade with Sudan and along with dozens of other companies had to settle with the United States government for US$50,000 [14].)

Corporate governance

The current Chairman of the Board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corporation is Rex Tillerson. Tillerson assumed the top position on January 1, 2006 on the retirement of long-time chairman and CEO, Lee Raymond, who received a highly controversial retirement and severance package of approximately $400 Million.

Board of directors

Current Exxon Mobil board members are:

Incorporated governance:

The World's COMPLEXXON: http://www.europaque.eu

Organization

ExxonMobil is organized functionally into a number of global operating divisions. These divisions are grouped into three categories for reference purposes:

  • Upstream
  • Downstream
  • Chemical

Operating divisions by category are as follows:

  • Upstream
    • ExxonMobil Exploration Company
    • ExxonMobil Development Company
    • ExxonMobil Production Company
    • ExxonMobil Gas and Power Marketing Company
    • ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company
  • Downstream
    • ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company
    • ExxonMobil Fuels Marketing Company
    • ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties Company
    • ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
    • ExxonMobil Global Services Company
  • Chemical
    • ExxonMobil Chemical Company

Upstream and Chemical operations are headquartered in Houston, Texas, and the downstream operations are headquartered at the heritage-Mobil headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia.

Largest Shareholders

As of March 31, 2006:

Owner Percent
Barclays Global Investors 4.1
State Street Global Advisors 3.1
Vanguard Group 2.6
JPMorgan Chase 1.5
Wellington Management Company 1.3
Northern Trust Company 1.4
AllianceBernstein 1.4
Fidelity Management and Research 1.3
Wellington Management Company 1.3
Capital Research & Management Company 1.1
Bank of America 0.9
Merrill Lynch Investment Management 0.9
TIAA-CREF Investment Management 0.8
Mellon Financial 0.7
Lord Abbett 0.6
State Farm Insurance 0.6

External links

General information

ExxonMobil responses to issues

Funding given by ExxonMobil

Anti ExxonMobil Websites

Bibliography

  • Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
  • Exxon Corporation. Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album. 1982.
  • Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
  • Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
  • Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
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  • Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II. 1946.
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